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Today — 24 December 2024News

Part of Santa Cruz Wharf in California Collapses in High Surf

Three people were rescued after part of the wharf, a major tourist attraction, collapsed in powerful surf, the authorities said.

© Nic Coury/Associated Press

Part of a former restaurant floated away from the end of the wharf, and washed ashore nearby, in Santa Cruz, Calif. on Monday.

朝鲜援俄军队为何伤亡惨重?

24 December 2024 at 11:17

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朝鲜援俄军队为何伤亡惨重?

CHOE SANG-HUN
朝鲜官方媒体提供的一张照片显示,去年,参加阅兵式的朝鲜军人。
朝鲜官方媒体提供的一张照片显示,去年,参加阅兵式的朝鲜军人。 Korean Central News Agency, via Reuters
多年来,朝鲜军队帮助其领导人金正恩保持对人民的控制,并充当了与该国宿敌韩国之间的缓冲。朝鲜军队拥有130万兵力,是世界上规模最大的常规武装力量之一。
现在,超过1.1万名朝鲜军人与俄罗斯军队一起与乌克兰作战,朝鲜军队在金正恩为获得急需的现金和外交筹码而进行的地缘政治博弈中扮演着更为重要的角色。
朝鲜部署到俄罗斯的部队来自“暴风”军团,这是朝鲜军队中训练最精良、思想灌输最彻底的特种部队之一。但据韩国国家情报院称,他们对无人机袭击和远离与世隔绝的祖国的陌生地形准备不足。
韩国国家情报院在周四的简报会上告诉韩国议员,朝鲜军队在第一次战斗中就有100多人阵亡,超过1000人受伤。据在闭门简报会后接受记者采访的议员李成权(音)称,情报院表示,阵亡者中可能包括一名将军。
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情报院称,金正恩似乎准备向俄罗斯派遣更多军队,因为他将这场“二战”以来欧洲最大规模的冲突视为推进其军事和外交雄心的机会
以下是有关朝鲜军力,以及金正恩首次大规模干预海外冲突所派遣军队的一些信息。
朝鲜军队的弱点是什么?
朝鲜特种部队主要接受狙击任务、城镇战,以及经由海上、空中及穿越朝鲜众多山区的渗透战训练。这些部队没有接受过足够的训练,无法在俄罗斯-乌克兰前线这样地势大多开阔平坦的区域进行无人机和战壕战,位于首尔的韩国国防分析研究所高级分析师都镇浩(音)表示。
朝鲜官方媒体提供的照片显示,士兵们正在朝鲜某个未披露地点的特种作战部队基地进行训练。
朝鲜官方媒体提供的照片显示,士兵们正在朝鲜某个未披露地点的特种作战部队基地进行训练。 Korean Central News Agency, via Agence France-Presse — Getty Images
都镇浩称,在朝鲜因疫情而实施封锁的两年时间里,朝鲜特种部队在中朝边境的哨所轮流执勤,错过了一些常规训练。
韩国情报官员告诉议员,朝鲜军队的部署非常仓促,俄罗斯可能需要一些时间才能将其适当地整合到军队中。他们说,朝鲜军队在学习了一点点俄语军事术语(如“开火”、“炮兵”和“就位”)后就被派往战场,这可能会给战场上的沟通带来问题。
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“从上到下,朝鲜军队几十年来都没有实战经验,”目前居住在韩国的朝鲜前陆军中尉安灿一说。“部队肯定接受了无人机和步兵战的速成培训,但问题是他们对此到底有多熟悉。”
谁在统帅?
一些外部观察者曾认为朝鲜领导人金正恩年轻且缺乏经验,但事实证明,他是一位强有力的总司令,对朝鲜实行韩国政府所称的“恐怖统治”。
他的父亲、前任领导人金正日以“军事第一”的先军政策领导国家。在20世纪90年代的饥荒之后,金正日依靠朝鲜人民军维系国家。作为回报,他允许朝鲜人民军占用政府资源,经营采矿、渔业和走私等盈利业务。
金正恩在其父于2011年去世后接掌政权,他开始收服军方精英,放逐或处决高级将领。据韩国情报官员称,2015年,时任国防部长玄永哲将军在金正恩面前打瞌睡后被高射炮枪决。
2017年,金正恩将朝鲜军方最高政治官员黄炳誓副元帅排挤到一边。去年叛逃到首尔的朝鲜驻古巴外交官李一奎称,在长达两个月的时间里,黄炳誓被迫清扫平壤一座党组织大楼的前院。
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李一奎还说,朝鲜官员一直生活在恐惧之中,因为他们不知道自己什么时候会成为金正恩冲动行为的牺牲品。
外界分析人士密切关注陪同金正恩参观军事单位和武器试验场地的人员,以其发现哪些人得势哪些人失势。
9月,分析人士开始注意到金正恩身边的高官圈中出现了两张新面孔:金永福上将和李昌镐上将。他们对金正恩的重要性在后来随军出访俄罗斯时显露无遗。
10月,韩国民众在电视上看到据信来自朝鲜的士兵在排队领取来自俄罗斯的补给品。
10月,韩国民众在电视上看到据信来自朝鲜的士兵在排队领取来自俄罗斯的补给品。 Ahn Young-Joon/Associated Press
据首尔韩国国家统一研究院分析师洪敏(音)称,在2017年的一次阅兵式上,金永福被确认为朝鲜特种部队司令。李昌镐领导着军方的侦察总局,该局参与军火贸易、网络犯罪和其他非法活动,以充实金正恩的国库。
周一,因为这两名将军在俄罗斯的战争中扮演了重要角色。美国及其盟国将他们列入黑名单。他们与朝鲜政府的其他重要成员一样,已被联合国安理会决议列入黑名单。
士兵冒着生命危险来换取更高的地位。
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被派往俄罗斯的士兵可能来自贫困家庭。安灿一说,出国和得到现金的机会对他们来说是强大的动力。据韩国情报机构称,俄罗斯每月可能向每名朝鲜士兵支付多达2000美元。虽然预计朝鲜政府会拿走其中的大部分,但剩余部分对普通士兵来说仍然是一笔巨款。
在韩国经营一家广播电台的前朝鲜陆军上尉金成民(音)援引朝鲜内部线人的话说,朝鲜还向在前线作战的军人许诺可以快速加入劳动党,以此来鼓舞士气,这在朝鲜是个令人垂涎的身份象征。
“军人对他们在朝鲜的未来不抱什么希望,”另一名脱北者金光镇(音)说,他在首尔由政府管理的国家安全战略研究所担任高级分析师。“他们冒着生命危险去那里,但他们仍会将此视为赚钱的机会,如果他们死于战场,还可以将他们家人的社会地位提升为战死者家属。”
脱北者说,即使他们伤亡惨重,金正恩的极权控制也会让公众无法表达不满。
“朝鲜会认为伤亡是理所当然的,”居住在首尔的前朝鲜陆军中校沈珠日(音)说。“它会认为这是积累现代战争经验的必然代价,以防有朝一日在朝鲜与美军作战。”

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House Ethics Panel Report Accuses Gaetz of ‘Regularly’ Paying for Sex and Using Drugs

The Florida Republican resigned from the House and withdrew as Donald J. Trump’s attorney general pick in the weeks before the report’s release.

© Kenny Holston/The New York Times

The House Ethics Committee accused Matt Gaetz, a former representative of Florida, of an array of allegations.

Hochul Orders Firing of 14 Prison Workers After Fatal Attack on Inmate

24 December 2024 at 10:15
Video of the deadly assault on Robert L. Brooks was “horrific,” “disturbing” and “devastating,” a lawyer for his family said after they watched it.

© Nathaniel Brooks for The New York Times

Officials have released few details about the assault that led to the death of Robert L. Brooks at the Marcy Correctional Facility in central New York.

“地沟油”身价飙升:从餐厨废油到“减碳明星”

“当前国内的可持续航空燃料产业还是一片蓝海。但在中国,一切蓝海都会迅速红海化。如果你的速度不够快,基本就赶不上趟了。洗牌会来得很快”

(本文首发于南方人物周刊)

南方人物周刊记者 陈洋

责任编辑:陈雅峰

(卢俊杰/图)

飞升的“地沟油”

35岁的探油是在油堆里长大的。他的父亲在广东从事润滑油、润滑脂行业已有35年。小学三四年级起,每逢节假日,探油常会跟车送货,初中肄业后正式入了行。

餐厨废油是生产润滑脂的主要原料。在探油的儿时记忆中,餐饮店未经处理的餐厨废油会被随意倾倒,随城市的雨水管道汇入江河。一旦天气转冷,凝固的油水残渣常会堵塞下水道。后来,出于环保要求,餐饮店才陆续安装了油水隔离池等设备,待积满后雇专人清理。

此后,随着技术发展,这些在食品经营加工过程中产生的油脂或油水混合物逐渐被回收利用。首批收油者应运而生。由于废油的来源零散,收集费时费力且工作环境恶劣,从业者多为个体,市场集中度低。

2010年,媒体曝光了地沟油黑幕,引起轩然大波,使用“地沟油”加工食品的行为被严令禁止。润滑脂厂、皮革厂、肥料厂、饲料厂成为餐饮废油的主要需求方。2013年,随着农业部将饲料级混合油从饲料原料目录中删除,潲水油等废弃油脂也被禁止添加进饲料中。在探油看来,虽然钻空子的行为仍然存在,但相较于国内的产量,此前基于餐厨废油的需求一直十分有限。

然而,过去几年间,平静的水面开始沸腾起来。因被赋予了碳减排价值,这些国人眼中可能引发食品安全和环保担忧的餐厨废油,已成为广受海外市场追捧的“减碳明星”。

中国海关的数据显示,2023年中国出口了超200万吨废弃食用油(注:即UCO,Used Cooking Oil,也称工业级混合油),占国内废弃食用油生产的一半以上,较2018年的58万吨实现大幅增长。2024年前9个月,中国UCO累计出口已达212.5万吨。目前,美国为最大购入国,其次是新加坡和欧盟。外销的UCO主要被用来生产生物柴油和可持续航空燃料(注:即SAF,Sustainable Aviation Fuel)等交通用油。

在全球脱碳进程加速的背景下,UCO因为兼具了碳减排效益和成本优势,被认为是最具市场前景的生物质柴油原料之一。根据欧盟颁布的《可再生能源指令(RED)》规定,相对于以菜籽油、棕榈油等食用油为原料的第一代生物柴油,以废弃油脂为原料生产的生物质能源,可双倍计算二氧化碳排放减排量。

据叶彬介绍,2016年前后,中国UCO出口价就开始上涨。叶彬是四川金尚环保科技有限公司董事长。自2013年完成了从饲料级混合油向工业级混合油的产品转型后,金尚环保近四年来的UCO出口量始终保持着60%到70%的年化增长。

探油在自家工厂检查油脂品质(受访者

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On patrol with Kenyan forces inside Haiti's gang warzone

24 December 2024 at 08:18
Jack Garland, BBC A small emaciated child lies in a bed hooked up to a drip while her mother sits by her bedside. The mother is clutching a cloth in her hands.Jack Garland, BBC
Venda hopes her two-year-old daughter Shaina will pull through

Two-year-old Shaina is hooked up to an intravenous drip at one of the few functioning hospitals in Haiti's capital, Port-au-Prince. Her mother, Venda, desperately hopes it will alleviate the acute malnutrition the emaciated young girl is suffering from.

Shaina is one of 760,000 children who are on the brink of famine in Haiti.

Terrified of the gang warfare raging in her neighbourhood, for weeks Venda was too frightened to leave her home to seek treatment for her daughter.

Now that she has made it to the paediatric ward, she hopes it is not too late for Shaina.

"I want to get proper care for my child, I don't want to lose her," she says tearfully.

Haiti has been engulfed in a wave of gang violence since the assassination in 2021 of the then-president, Jovenel Moïse, and now an estimated 85% of the capital is under gang control.

Even inside the hospital, Haitians are not safe from the fighting, which the UN says has killed 5,000 people this year alone and left the country on the verge of collapse.

The hospital's medical director explains that the previous day, police clashed with gang members in the emergency ward among terrified patients.

The victims of the violence are everywhere. One ward is full of young men with gunshot wounds.

Pierre is one of them.

Jack Garland, BBC A man lies on a narrow hospital bed looking at an x-ray, other patients are lying in beds next to him. Jack Garland, BBC
Pierre was caught in the crossfire of a gang battle

He says he was walking home from work when he was caught in the crossfire of one street battle, with a bullet ripping through his collar bone.

"I think if the government were more stable and had put in place better youth programmes, they would not get involved in the gangs," he says of the young men who make up a large proportion of the groups terrorising the capital.

To combat the growing violence, the UN Security Council authorised the establishment of a Multinational Security Support Mission (MSS) in October 2023.

Funded primarily by the US, the Kenyan-led force deployed to Haiti six months ago tasked with restoring law and order.

On a patrol in downtown Port-au-Prince, the ferocity of the gang violence is clear.

Kenyan officers drive along the streets in heavily armoured personnel carriers (APC) through once bustling areas of the capital that now lie deserted. Shops and houses are boarded up.

Burnt out cars and debris are piled high along the side streets - barricades built by the gangs to block access.

Jack Garland, BBC Burnt out vehicles litter a street in Port-au-Prince, an armoured vehicle can be seen driving ahead. Jack Garland, BBC
The patrol has to manoeuvre through the improvised barricades

The convoy weaves its way through the rubble when suddenly it comes under fire.

Bullets slam into the APC's armour as the Kenyan police shoot back with their assault rifles through gun ports in the vehicle's walls.

After nearly an hour of back-and-forth gunfire, the convoy moves on.

But it is not long before there are signs of more horrific gang violence. A human body burns in the middle of the street.

Jack Garland, BBC A man crouched in a vehicle fires an assault rifle through a small opening in the armoured side of the car. Jack Garland, BBC
The Kenyans fire back through small openings in their armoured vehicle

One of the Kenyan police in our APC says he suspects it was a gang member cornered and killed by a rival group, his body set alight to send a gruesome warning.

The Kenyan officers on our patrol are by now well accustomed to seeing this sort of brutality on the streets of Port-au-Prince, but they also tell us they are exhausted.

Four hundred officers arrived in June - but they are hugely outnumbered. In July, Haiti's government estimated there were 12,000 armed gang members in the country.

The Kenyans were promised additional personnel. When the UN authorised the mission, a force of 2,500 was envisioned, but that support, which was supposed to arrive in November, has yet to materialise.

Despite the situation, the force's leadership remains optimistic. Commander Godfrey Otunge is under pressure from the Kenyan government to make a success of this mission.

Jack Garland, BBC Godfrey Otunge, in military uniform, sits in a chair. The Kenyan is visible on the sleeve of his uniform shirt. Jack Garland, BBC
Godfrey Otunge is the commander of the Kenyan-led multi-national force in Haiti

The mission commander says there is "overwhelming support" for the MSS in Haiti.

"The population are demanding that our team extend and go to other places and pacify," he says.

The uphill struggle they face is clear at a former Haitian police station, which had been occupied by a gang but has now been re-taken by the Kenyan forces.

It is still entirely surrounded by gangs and, as officers head up to the roof, they come under sniper fire.

The Kenyan officers shoot back while urging everyone to remain low.

Jack Garland, BBC Two burnt out cars on a road by a wall which has graffiti on it Jack Garland, BBC
Much of the capital looks dystopian

The Kenyan officers say some of their much-delayed additional forces will arrive by the end of this year, bringing their total to 1,000.

And the support is urgently needed. There are areas in Port-au-Prince which are under such tight gang control they are virtually impenetrable for the police.

In one such area, Wharf Jérémie, almost 200 civilians were killed by a single gang over the space of one weekend earlier in December.

In total, as many as 100 gangs are estimated to be operating in the Port-au-Prince area, with boys as young as nine joining their ranks.

And the problem only appears to be growing. According to the UN children's agency, Unicef, the number of children recruited to the gangs has soared by 70% in a year.

One of the gang leaders to whom they flock is Ti Lapli, whose real name is Renel Destina.

As head of the Gran Ravine gang, he commands more than 1,000 men from his fortified headquarters high above Port-au-Prince.

Gangs like his have exacerbated an already dire situation in Haiti, and are known to slaughter, rape and terrorise civilians.

Gran Ravine is infamous for carrying out kidnappings for ransom, a practice which has earned Ti Lapli a place on the FBI's wanted list.

Jack Garland, BBC A woman in body armour sits next to a man in a baseball cap wearing a gold chain. Jack Garland, BBC
The leader of the Gran Ravine gang, Ti Lapli, spoke to the BBC's Nawal Al-Maghafi

Ti Lapli tells us that he and his gang members "love our country a lot" - but when pressed on the rapes and murders gangs like his inflict on civilians, he claimed his men "do things they weren't supposed to do [to members of rival gangs] because the same is done to us".

The reason children join Gran Ravine is simple, he says: "The government doesn't create any jobs, it's a country with no economic activity whatsoever. We are living on trash, it's basically a failed state."

He failed to acknowledge the strangulating impact gangs like his have on Haiti's economy. Often afraid to leave their homes for work, civilians are regularly extorted for money, too.

With 700,000 residents forced to flee their homes due to the violence inflicted by groups such as Gran Ravine, the capital's schools have become camps for internally displaced people.

Negociant is one of those who has had to seek shelter.

Jack Garland, BBC A woman sits with her child on her knee next to her other childrenJack Garland, BBC
Negociant (centre) now lives with her family in a camp for displaced people

She sits with her five children, squeezed onto the small section of a school balcony they now call home.

"Just weeks ago I was living in my own house," she says. "But gangs took over my neighbourhood."

She explains that she left for an area of the city called Solino, until that too was overrun by gangs and she fled along with hundreds of other people.

"Today, again, I'm on the run to save my life and my children," she says.

Spacecraft attempts closest ever approach to Sun

24 December 2024 at 08:07
NASA Artist's impression of Parker Solar Probe spacecraft flying past the SunNASA
Parker Solar Probe will break records as it makes its burning hot fly-by

A Nasa spacecraft is attempting to make history with the closest ever approach to the Sun.

The Parker Solar Probe is plunging into our star's outer atmosphere, enduring brutal temperatures and extreme radiation.

It's out of communication for several days during this burning hot fly-by and scientists will be waiting for a signal, expected on 27 December, to see if it has survived.

The hope is the probe could help us to better understand how the Sun works.

Dr Nicola Fox, head of science at Nasa, told BBC News: "For centuries, people have studied the Sun, but you don't experience the atmosphere of a place until you actually go visit it.

"And so we can't really experience the atmosphere of our star unless we fly through it."

NASA Image of Sun from Nasa's Solar Dynamics Observatory  NASA
The spacecraft will be flying into the Sun's outer atmosphere

Parker Solar Probe launched in 2018, heading to the centre of our Solar System.

It has already swept past the Sun 21 times, getting ever nearer, but the Christmas Eve visit is record-breaking.

At its closest approach, the probe is 3.8 million miles (6.2 million km) from our star's surface.

This might not sound that close, but Nasa's Nicola Fox puts it into perspective: "We are 93 million miles away from the Sun, so if I put the Sun and the Earth one metre apart, Parker Solar Probe is four centimetres from the Sun - so that's close."

The probe will have to endure temperatures of 1,400C and radiation that could frazzle the onboard electronics.

It's protected by a 11.5cm (4.5 inches) thick carbon-composite shield but the spacecraft's tactic is to get in and out fast.

In fact, it will be moving faster than any human made object, hurtling at 430,000mph - the equivalent of flying from London to New York in less than 30 seconds.

PA Media Aurora borealis in Howick, Northumberland PA Media
Dazzling cosmic displays on Earth are caused by the solar wind

So why go to all this effort to "touch" the Sun?

Scientists hope that as the spacecraft passes through our star's outer atmosphere - its corona - it will solve a long standing mystery.

"The corona is really, really hot, and we have no idea why," explains Dr Jenifer MIllard, an astronomer at Fifth Star Labs.

"The surface of the Sun is about 6,000C or so, but the corona, this tenuous outer atmosphere that you can see during solar eclipses, reaches millions of degrees - and that is further away from the Sun. So how is that atmosphere getting hotter?"

The mission should also help scientists to better understand solar wind - the constant stream of charged particles bursting out from the corona.

When these particles interact with the Earth's magnetic field the sky lights up with dazzling auroras.

But this so called space weather can cause problems too, knocking out power-grids, electronics and communication systems.

"Understanding the Sun, its activity, space weather, the solar wind, is so important to our everyday lives on Earth," says Dr Millard.

NASA Image of solar flare from Nasa's Solar Dynamics Observatory  NASA
Scientists hope the probe will help us to solve some solar mysteries

Nasa scientists face an anxious wait over Christmas while the spacecraft is out of touch with Earth.

Nicola Fox says that as soon as a signal is beamed back home, the team will text her a green heart to let her know the probe is OK.

She admits she's nervous about the audacious attempt, but she has faith in the probe.

"I will worry about the spacecraft. But we really have designed it to withstand all of these brutal, brutal conditions. It's a tough, tough little spacecraft."

Former US President Bill Clinton admitted to hospital with fever

24 December 2024 at 08:07
Getty Images Bill Clinton gesturing while sitting in a chair during a lectureGetty Images

Former US President Bill Clinton has been admitted to a hospital after developing a fever, according to a spokesman for the Democrat.

"He remains in good spirits and deeply appreciates the excellent care he is receiving," Angel Ureña wrote on X, formerly Twitter.

He said Clinton was admitted to Georgetown University Medical Center in Washington, DC on Monday evening for tests and observation after developing the fever.

Mr Ureña's statement did not give more details on the Arkansas Democrat's condition, though US media reports indicate Clinton is expected to recover.

A source close to Clinton told NBC News that the situation is "not urgent" and the former president would be "fine." The news network reported Clinton was awake and alert.

This is the latest health scare for the 42nd US president, who served in the White House from 1993 to 2001.

Clinton, 78, was last admitted to the hospital for six days in 2021 in California after developing an infection in his blood. He is also known to have suffered with heart issues in the past.

In 2004, aged 58, he had a quadruple bypass surgery after doctors found signs of extensive heart disease and, ten years later, he had a clogged artery opened after complaining of chest pains.

Not long after his second surgery, the ex-president - known for his love of fatty foods - went vegan. He told Politico in 2016, "I might not be around if I hadn't become a vegan. It's great."

Clinton was active on the presidential campaign trail this year, as he travelled the country to boost Vice-President Kamala Harris's bid for president.

Last month, he released his latest book, Citizen: My Life After the White House.

‘Rust’ Prosecutor Withdraws Appeal of Alec Baldwin Case

24 December 2024 at 09:25
The decision ends the criminal prosecution of the actor for the fatal shooting on a film set. During his trial, the judge dismissed the involuntary manslaughter charge against him.

© Julia Demaree Nikhinson/Associated Press

The prosecutor in Alec Baldwin’s criminal case said she was abandoning her appeal because she did not have the full backing of the New Mexico attorney general’s office.

National Security Committee Forgoes Decision on U.S. Steel Acquisition

The Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States kicked a decision over the merger with Japan’s Nippon Steel to President Biden, who is expected to block the deal.

© Brendan Smialowski/Agence France-Presse — Getty Images

The committee’s move paves the way for President Biden to terminate the $14 billion acquisition of U.S. Steel.

Israel confirms it killed Hamas leader Haniyeh in Tehran in July

24 December 2024 at 06:10
Reuters Ismail Haniyeh speaking into a microphone with the Palestinian flag in the background.Reuters
Ismail Haniyeh was Hamas's overall leader until the group confirmed his death in Iran in July

Israel's defence minister has for the first time acknowledged that Israel killed Hamas's political leader Ismail Haniyeh in Tehran in July.

Israel Katz made the comments in a speech vowing to target the heads of the Iran-backed Houthi movement in Yemen, which has been firing missiles and drones at Israel.

Haniyeh was killed in a building where he was staying in the Iranian capital in an attack widely attributed to Israel.

Separately, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said some progress had been made towards agreeing a ceasefire in Gaza with Hamas, but he could not give a timeline for when a deal would be reached.

It comes after a senior Palestinian official told the BBC that talks between Hamas and Israel were 90% complete, but key issues remained.

In his speech, Katz said Israel would "strike hard" at the Houthis and "decapitate" its leadership.

"Just as we did with Haniyeh, [Yahya] Sinwar, and [Hassan] Nasrallah in Tehran, Gaza, and Lebanon, we will do so in Hodeida and Sanaa," he said, referring to Hezbollah and Hamas leaders who have all been killed this year.

Haniyeh, 62, was widely considered Hamas's overall leader and played a key role in negotiations aimed at reaching a ceasefire in the Gaza Strip.

After his assassination, Hamas named Yahya Sinwar, its leader in Gaza and one of the chief architects of the 7 October attacks, as the group's overall leader.

Sinwar was killed by the Israeli military in a chance encounter in Gaza in October and the group is still in the process of choosing a new leader.

Hassan Nasrallah meanwhile was the leader of the Iran-backed Lebanese group Hezbollah - he was assassinated in Beirut in September as Israel dramatically escalated its military campaign against Hezbollah, with which it had been trading near daily cross-border fire since the day after the 7 October attacks.

The Houthis, an Iran-backed rebel group that controls north-western Yemen, began attacking Israeli and international ships in the Red Sea shortly after Israel began targeting Hamas in Gaza last October.

The group has vowed to continue until the war in Gaza ends.

On Saturday, Israel's military said its attempts to shoot down a projectile launched from Yemen were unsuccessful and the missile struck a park in Tel Aviv. A Houthi spokesman said the group hit a military target using a hypersonic ballistic missile.

Last week Israel launched strikes against what it said were Houthi military targets, hitting ports as well as energy infrastructure in the Yemeni capital Sanaa. The US and UK have also attacked Houthi targets as part of an operation to protect international shipping.

Hamas attacked Israel in October last year, killing about 1,200 people and taking 251 people hostage.

In response, Israel launched a military campaign to destroy Hamas in Gaza which has continued for more than a year and has killed 45,317 people according to the Hamas-run health ministry in the Strip.

That figure includes 58 people killed by Israeli attacks over the past 24 hours, Hamas officials said. Local medical officials said that at least 11 people were killed in three separate strikes on the al-Mawasi area, which had been designated a "safe zone" by the Israeli military. Israel said it was targeting a Hamas fighter.

On Monday Israel said three of its soldiers had been killed in the northern Gaza Strip.

Humanitarian and rights groups have warned of a catastrophic situation for civilians in Gaza.

On Sunday Oxfam said just 12 trucks had distributed food and water in northern Gaza over the past two-and-a-half months and blamed the Israeli military for "deliberate delays and systematic obstructions".

"For three of these, once the food and water had been delivered to the school where people were sheltering, it was then cleared and shelled within hours," Oxfam added.

The Israeli authorities said the report was "deliberately and inaccurately" ignoring the "extensive humanitarian efforts made by Israel in the northern Gaza Strip".

Israel insisted that specific shipments "including food, water, and medical supplies" had been sent to northern areas of Gaza, including Beit Hanoun, Beit Lahia and Jabalia, where the Israeli military has for several months been carrying out a military operation that it says is targeting Hamas fighters who had regrouped there.

The Oxfam report comes after rights groups Amnesty accused Israel of committing genocide in Gaza and Human Rights Watch (HRW) accused Israel of committing "acts of genocide" by deliberately depriving Palestinian civilians in Gaza of adequate access to water.

Israel's foreign ministry described the Amnesty report as "entirely false and based on lies" while the Israeli foreign ministry's spokesman said Human Rights Watch was "once more spreading its blood libels... The truth is the complete opposite of HRW's lies".

Teenager who lost legs walking again for Christmas

24 December 2024 at 06:46
Adam is now adapting to life with his new prosthetic legs

A promising teenage footballer who lost both lower legs after a car crash is home from hospital and walking again - in time for Christmas with his family.

Adam Golebiewski was 17 when he was injured in the crash in Macduff, Aberdeenshire, in September.

After undergoing the double amputation he celebrated his 18th birthday during his rehabilitation in hospital in Aberdeen, and was fitted for prosthetics.

He told BBC Scotland News he was "thankful and grateful" to have succeeded in his ambition to be home by Christmas.

Golebiewski family Teenage boy with two prosthetic legs below his knee walking out of hospital on a pair of crutches.Golebiewski family
Adam was recently able to walk out of hospital

Apprentice builder Adam, from Banff, was a passenger in a car which crashed in Macduff's Union Road in the early hours of Sunday 8 September.

Police Scotland said a 19-year-old man was later charged in connection with the crash.

Three other teenagers were also injured in the crash.

Adam was taken to hospital, where his legs were amputated below the knee.

The football-obsessed goalkeeper - whose manager at junior side Deveronside described as having great potential - underwent intensive rehabilitation at Woodend Hospital in Aberdeen for about three months.

Older man smiling at camera with green T-shirt on with a large letter G on it it white with a yellow trim, with his arm round a smiling younger man - his son - smiling at camera and wearing a white T-shirt.
The teenager's dad - also Adam - said the family was glad to have him back home

The teenager, who is one of four siblings, has previously told BBC Scotland that he was just happy to be alive.

Now back home, he is going to the gym and looking at his future sporting options.

He described walking again and getting home as the "best feeling", adding that he had been "so excited" when he first stood up.

Adam said the first weekend back at home had been difficult because it was the first time he had sat and spoken properly about the accident.

"I just thought in my head: 'Why was it me? Why did it happen to a guy that was just trying to do well in life?'

"It's a bit crazy to be walking already. I was just so happy to get out. I am very happy with them [the prosthetics], I get to do normal things again.

"If I am with people I am the happiest person alive. Even when I cry I will smile."

Teenage boy smiling at camera, standing using crutches, with two prosthetic legs below his knee, decorated Christmas tree in the corner.
Adam's target was to get home for Christmas

Adam said his goal was to try new things, including sports that he would not have tried before the accident.

"It's been three months of pain, being trapped in hospital, but I am home now, so that's the most important thing," he said.

"People say we're so proud of you, you must be proud of yourself. I'm just like 'I am' but I would keep that to myself."

Adam has become a bit of an unwitting local celebrity as people try to keep track of his recovery.

"I can't even walk five steps without people coming up to me asking how I am getting on," he said.

He was recently invited to a special festive service at Aberdeen's St Machar's Cathedral by Andrew Simpson, the lord lieutenant of Banffshire.

Golebiewski family Teenage boy with ginger hair wearing light blue jeans, a light T-shirt and black casual jacket and trainers, standing on crutches, next to an older man with grey hair, smiling, wearing a dark Lord Lieutenant uniform, both standing in the aisle of a cathedral.Golebiewski family
Adam was invited to a special festive service in Aberdeen

Mr Simpson said: "When I heard about Adam's progress I wanted to invite him to it.

"It was terrific, the service theme was empathy. Adam was the right person to be there. He has had great support."

Adam's mum and dad, Joanne and Adam snr, said renovations had been made at home, such as removing doors, to help him when he is using a wheelchair.

"It's been great to have him back, he was ahead of the game," his dad said.

Adam's solicitor, Lisa Gregory, described him as "one of the most positive individuals you could hope to meet".

She said: "Considering the injuries that he has sustained, we have all been blown away by his spirit and resilience.

"Those injuries are, however, life-changing and we need to ensure now that Adam gets the medical, emotional and financial security he needs so that he can continue to live his life to the full and maintain his positivity."

Adam Golebiewski, teenager with both legs removed below the knee, in shorts and a green T-shirt and holding a weight in his right arm, with orthopaedic rehabilitation physiotherapist Owen Cairns, in blue trousers and a blue T-shirt, both sitting on a hospital bed and smiling.
Adam was helped by orthopaedic rehabilitation physiotherapist Owen Cairns

Adam was assisted in hospital by orthopaedic rehabilitation physiotherapist Owen Cairns.

"I could not be more thankful and grateful for everything he did, helped me through everything, and got me on my feet again before Christmas which was my goal," the teenager said.

"I was a bit upset to leave as me and Owen chatted about football."

He said he appreciated the help of everyone in hospital.

"They made me feel sort of special in there, even though I was just a boy from Banff that ended up in there."

Teenage boy with ginger hair and black T-shirt smiling at camera, a decorated Christmas tree behind him in the corner.
Adam is sure he will enjoy Christmas

He is now anticipating the Christmas festivities back home, as he had dreamed.

Asked what his hopes were of how it would go, Adam said: "To enjoy it like every other Christmas, and spend time with my family.

"We are going to my grandma's.

"I am sure I will enjoy it, and opening presents."

He added: "They still see me as the same person. I am still the same, I just don't have legs any more."

The Papers: Reeves needs 'Christmas miracle' and King's 'message of unity'

24 December 2024 at 07:58

Financial Times headline reads "Reeves' new year challenge laid bare as economic growth grinds to a halt"
The Financial Times leads with Chancellor Rachel Reeves admitting she has a "huge" task to turn around the economy after it saw zero growth between July and September, with business warning of a tough start to 2025. The shadow chancellor, Mel Stride, is calling for Reeves to revisit her "disastrous Budget", which included a rise in national insurance contributions. The broadsheet's main image shows young choristers at St Paul's Cathedral practising for the Christmas services, with girls included for the first time in 900 years.
The i front page reads "Reeves 'needs a Christmas miracle' to boost economy as growth stalls"
Also focusing on the economy, the i headlines that Reeves "needs a Christmas miracle" to boost the economy, according to one economist. If current trends continue she may have to increase taxes, the paper reports. Reeves said the Budget and the government's plan for change would deliver sustainable long-term growth.
Daily Express headline reads: "King's message of unite and hope at Xmas"
The Daily Express splashes on a picture of the King as it reports his annual Christmas Day speech message will "call for togetherness and hope". This year the monarch will deliver his pre-recorded speech from a former hospital chapel "amid his ongoing cancer battle", the paper observes. Also pictured is British Tennis number one Katie Boulter who has announced her engagement to world number nine Alex de Minaur.
The Daily Mail front page reads: "King's message of national healing"
"King's message of national healing" headlines the Daily Mail as it too leads on the monarch's Christmas message. It writes that the content of his speech has been inspired by the way the UK pulled together after the Southport riots. The paper adds he will also reflect on a difficult year for his family following cancer diagnoses for him and the Princess of Wales, as well as those who have suffered in the UK and abroad. Elsewhere pictured is Bashar al-Assad, the deposed leader of Syria who fled to Russia, and his London-born wife Asma. The paper asks: "Does Assad's wife want to divorce him and return to Britain?"
Sun front page reads: "Good health, Your Majesty"
The Sun also splashes on a picture of the King delivering his speech in the former hospital chapel. It reports he recorded the speech at Fitzrovia Chapel in central London a fortnight ago amid high security. The paper notes it is the first Christmas broadcast in 14 years to be filmed away from the royal estate.
Times headline reads: "Fifth of the forces can't be relied on to fight"
More than 10,000 serving sailors, soldiers and air crew cannot go to war because they are medically unfit, the Times reports. Nearly 15,000, it says, can only be deployed if the mission meets certain criteria, like the weather is not too hot or too cold. The shadow armed forces minister, Mark Francois, said the figures were "deeply worrying" and called for urgent action. The Times says research suggests that among drivers aged 17-25, 21% of males and 15% of females are committing insurance fraud by falsely claiming that they are not the main driver on their policy.
The Daily Mirror headline reads: "Honour the brave"
"Honour the brave" headlines the Daily Mirror as it leads with a call for an extra bank holiday to mark next year's 80th anniversary of the end of World War Two. A poll by the paper suggests 73% back a day off to honour the remaining veterans of the conflict. Also on the front page are characters Nessa and Stacey from show Gavin and Stacey ahead of the screening of a Christmas special and its final episode.
Daily Star headline reads: "Boffins warn of a techno meltdown on festive big day"
A mock-up of a boy visiting Santa and asking for an internet connection is on the front of the Daily Star. Quoting "boffins", the paper writes there are fears there could be a "techno meltdown" this Christmas as people stream TV. Also making an appearance on the front page is the reptile that featured in the film Crocodile Dundee. Burt the crocodile died over the weekend at the age of 90.
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Riverside Sheriff’s Deputies Missed Signs Before Detainee Hanged Himself

24 December 2024 at 09:00
Reports and video footage newly released in Riverside County, Calif., indicate that a man was able to cover his cell window and camera without intervention.

© Alex Welsh for The New York Times

A Riverside County coroner’s report had inaccuracies and discrepancies.

美国对中国传统芯片启动贸易调查

24 December 2024 at 09:17

简繁中文
纽约时报 出版语言
字体大小

美国对中国传统芯片启动贸易调查

ANA SWANSON, 孟建国
中国正在建设的新半导体工厂数量超过任何其他国家,美国官员认为,这对欧洲和美国芯片工厂的生存构成威胁。
中国正在建设的新半导体工厂数量超过任何其他国家,美国官员认为,这对欧洲和美国芯片工厂的生存构成威胁。 VCG, via Getty Images
拜登政府周一启动了对中国生产的传统计算机芯片的贸易调查,这些芯片是汽车、洗碗机、电信网络和军用武器不可或缺的一部分。
这项调查可能最终导致阻止中国芯片进入美国市场的关税或其他措施,但是否采取任何措施将由即将上任的特朗普政府做出决定。
中国正在将大量资金注入从钢铁和船舶、从太阳能电池板到电动汽车等一个又一个行业,以建设世界一流的制造能力,生产大量最终涌入全球市场的低成本产品。美国公司和许多其他国家的公司已发现它们无法与中国竞争,纷纷倒闭,让中国公司在很大程度上控制了全球市场。
美国官员一直担心半导体行业可能是中国要进军的下一个市场。中国公司一直在大规模提高芯片产量,尤其是那些继续为各种机械和电器提供智能的传统芯片。中国正在建设的新半导体工厂比任何其他国家的都多,美国官员将这种发展视为对欧美芯片工厂的生存构成威胁。
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美国贸易代表戴琪在周日的电话会议上表示,中国的政策正在使本国企业得以迅速扩张,让它们“提供人为压低价格的芯片,可能严重损害甚至消除以市场为导向的竞争对手”。
她说,这让供应链“更加脆弱,更易受到供应链瓶颈的影响,它们可以用来对其他国家进行经济胁迫”。
此类调查允许美国政府对给美国商业造成重累的外国政府歧视性做法采取一系列行动。调查将由美国贸易代表办公室根据1974年的《贸易法》第301条进行。专家表示,通常需要六个月到一年的时间才能出调查结果。
中美之间的紧张关系在拜登政府执政期间加剧。美国出于国家安全考虑限制了向中国出口先进技术,中国则采取了反制措施,限制用于汽车、半导体和武器生产的矿产品出口
拜登政府近年来颁布了一系列出口管制措施,试图扼杀中国制造最先进计算机芯片的能力。美国政府的理由是这些先进芯片能帮助中国政府研发新武器,以及增强军事能力的人工智能。
但拜登政府尚未针对中国生产传统芯片的能力采取太多措施。中国政府和总部设在中国的公司为这类芯片的生产投入了大量资金,这些芯片仍对当代经济和现代化的军队至关重要。
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中国重视传统芯片生产也能给国家带来其他好处。比如帮助芯片制造商在技术上取得进步:随着中国生产商吸引新客户,它们可能会吸收有关制造的新知识。这类芯片的大量生产还蚕食了与中国竞争的外国芯片制造商的利润,外国制造商需要来自传统芯片的利润,以补贴研究尖端半导体的费用。
中国生产的芯片也将让美国更难控制全球的半导体贸易。近年来,拜登政府一直在努力阻止美国的低端芯片流入俄罗斯,这些芯片被用于俄罗斯的导弹和无人机。如果中国把自己变成了传统芯片生产中心的话,流入俄罗斯的这种芯片数量可能会增加。
今年7月,俄罗斯的一枚导弹击中了基辅一家儿童医院后,救援人员在废墟中寻找幸存者。拜登政府一直在努力阻止传统芯片流入俄罗斯,这些芯片被用于导弹和无人机。
今年7月,俄罗斯的一枚导弹击中了基辅一家儿童医院后,救援人员在废墟中寻找幸存者。拜登政府一直在努力阻止传统芯片流入俄罗斯,这些芯片被用于导弹和无人机。 Brendan Hoffman for The New York Times
在过去几年里,在政府上万亿元投资的帮助下,大量芯片生产厂在中国各地迅速涌现。美国政府表示,全球生产传统芯片产能的近一半将来自中国未来三到五年修建的新工厂。
虽然中国尚未主导全球的芯片生产,但其市场份额正在迅速增长。据美国政府估计,到2032年时,中国的基础芯片生产可能占到全球产能的40%以上,某些芯片的生产可能占到全球产能的一半以上。
美国商务部在今年11月发给政府其他部门的备忘录中写道,中国正在走上到2030年时主导传统芯片供应链的道路。《纽约时报》看到了这份备忘录。商务部称,这可能会给美国国家安全带来严重风险,比如侵蚀美国的工业基础,制造供应链瓶颈和潜在的网络威胁。
该备忘录还表示,中国扩大芯片产能对美国政府正在投资建设的新芯片工厂构成威胁。商务部一直在用2022年通过的CHIPS法案提供的资金与企业签定合同,为在美国本土建设芯片制造设施投资了数百亿美元,其中包括为传统芯片生产投入的40亿美元。
拜登总统在亚利桑那州钱德勒市的英特尔Ocotillo园区发表讲话。美国商务部的一份备忘录称,中国扩大芯片生产对美国政府正在投资的芯片设施构成威胁。
拜登总统在亚利桑那州钱德勒市的英特尔Ocotillo园区发表讲话。美国商务部的一份备忘录称,中国扩大芯片生产对美国政府正在投资的芯片设施构成威胁。 Tom Brenner for The New York Times
商务部的备忘录称,其CHIPS项目办公室用来预测未来的模型暗示,中国的新产能可能意味着,美国和盟国正在建设的工厂未来生产的芯片数量将少于维持经济可行性所需的数量。
“我们已看到,芯片公司在这些趋势面前不愿在美国投资,”商务部长吉娜·雷蒙多在周日的电话会议上说。
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据美国政府的一项调查,中国供应商提供的芯片价格比美国供应商的低30%至50%,有时甚至低于生产成本,备忘录称。
曾在特朗普政府担任官员、现在帕兰提尔技术公司担任高级顾问的马特·特平说,中国的芯片生产对美国政府正在为建设新工厂投入的数十亿美元投资构成了威胁。
如果半导体公司的收入“因无法将芯片卖到中国而受到损害——因为它们正在被中国芯片取代,那么整个CHIPS法案就将付诸东流,”特平说。
中国的计划也已在全球半导体之都台湾敲响了警钟。台湾国家科学及技术委员会主任委员吴诚文今年12月在记者会上说,“自由世界的所有人”都认为中国的市场行为不公平。
半导体专家吴诚文说,中国芯片的低造价对芯片设计师有吸引力,这些设计师反过来会教给中国工厂如何以更高效的方式生产更高质量的芯片。
“这是一个非常重要的技术泄漏,”他说。
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如果中国能在制造先进芯片方面积累大量专业知识的话,它也能在对抗美国上“获得越来越大的筹码”,台湾民主、社会与新兴技术研究中心执行长张智程说。“中国能通过扰乱供应链对美国及其盟友实施制裁,最终扭转芯片战争的态势,”他补充道。
几年来,拜登政府一直在考虑对传统芯片生产采取行动。美国政府已在近几个月里认真考虑或根据301条款启动调查,该条款的重点是不公平贸易行为,或使用与一项国家安全威胁有关法律,由商务部进行232条款授权的调查。
知情人士称,对不公平贸易行为的调查被认为激怒盟友的可能性小,而且可能也不会招致中国采取与国家安全相关的反制来进行报复。
 一些官员对没有更早地开启调查,而且最终如何处理调查结果的决定权将落在候任总统特朗普手中表示失望。
特朗普的许多顾问似乎对中国的传统芯片生产带来的挑战有一致意见,但政府和芯片行业的一些人推测,特朗普可能会用关税来解决所有的问题,他将关税视为贸易谈判的筹码,这是他在第一个任期内经常采取的策略。

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Israel confirms it killed Hamas leader Haniyeh in Tehran

24 December 2024 at 06:10
Reuters Ismail Haniyeh speaking into a microphone with the Palestinian flag in the background.Reuters
Ismail Haniyeh was Hamas's overall leader until the group confirmed his death in Iran in July

Israel's defence minister has for the first time acknowledged that Israel killed Hamas's political leader Ismail Haniyeh in Tehran in July.

Israel Katz made the comments in a speech vowing to target the heads of the Iran-backed Houthi movement in Yemen, which has been firing missiles and drones at Israel.

Haniyeh was killed in a building where he was staying in the Iranian capital in an attack widely attributed to Israel.

Separately, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said some progress had been made towards agreeing a ceasefire in Gaza with Hamas, but he could not give a timeline for when a deal would be reached.

It comes after a senior Palestinian official told the BBC that talks between Hamas and Israel were 90% complete, but key issues remained.

In his speech, Katz said Israel would "strike hard" at the Houthis and "decapitate" its leadership.

"Just as we did with Haniyeh, [Yahya] Sinwar, and [Hassan] Nasrallah in Tehran, Gaza, and Lebanon, we will do so in Hodeida and Sanaa," he said, referring to Hezbollah and Hamas leaders who have all been killed this year.

Haniyeh, 62, was widely considered Hamas's overall leader and played a key role in negotiations aimed at reaching a ceasefire in the Gaza Strip.

After his assassination, Hamas named Yahya Sinwar, its leader in Gaza and one of the chief architects of the 7 October attacks, as the group's overall leader.

Sinwar was killed by the Israeli military in a chance encounter in Gaza in October and the group is still in the process of choosing a new leader.

Hassan Nasrallah meanwhile was the leader of the Iran-backed Lebanese group Hezbollah - he was assassinated in Beirut in September as Israel dramatically escalated its military campaign against Hezbollah, with which it had been trading near daily cross-border fire since the day after the 7 October attacks.

The Houthis, an Iran-backed rebel group that controls north-western Yemen, began attacking Israeli and international ships in the Red Sea shortly after Israel began targeting Hamas in Gaza last October.

The group has vowed to continue until the war in Gaza ends.

On Saturday, Israel's military said its attempts to shoot down a projectile launched from Yemen were unsuccessful and the missile struck a park in Tel Aviv. A Houthi spokesman said the group hit a military target using a hypersonic ballistic missile.

Last week Israel launched strikes against what it said were Houthi military targets, hitting ports as well as energy infrastructure in the Yemeni capital Sanaa. The US and UK have also attacked Houthi targets as part of an operation to protect international shipping.

Hamas attacked Israel in October last year, killing about 1,200 people and taking 251 people hostage.

In response, Israel launched a military campaign to destroy Hamas in Gaza which has continued for more than a year and has killed 45,317 people according to the Hamas-run health ministry in the Strip.

That figure includes 58 people killed by Israeli attacks over the past 24 hours, Hamas officials said. Local medical officials said that at least 11 people were killed in three separate strikes on the al-Mawasi area, which had been designated a "safe zone" by the Israeli military. Israel said it was targeting a Hamas fighter.

On Monday Israel said three of its soldiers had been killed in the northern Gaza Strip.

Humanitarian and rights groups have warned of a catastrophic situation for civilians in Gaza.

On Sunday Oxfam said just 12 trucks had distributed food and water in northern Gaza over the past two-and-a-half months and blamed the Israeli military for "deliberate delays and systematic obstructions".

"For three of these, once the food and water had been delivered to the school where people were sheltering, it was then cleared and shelled within hours," Oxfam added.

The Israeli authorities said the report was "deliberately and inaccurately" ignoring the "extensive humanitarian efforts made by Israel in the northern Gaza Strip".

Israel insisted that specific shipments "including food, water, and medical supplies" had been sent to northern areas of Gaza, including Beit Hanoun, Beit Lahia and Jabalia, where the Israeli military has for several months been carrying out a military operation that it says is targeting Hamas fighters who had regrouped there.

The Oxfam report comes after rights groups Amnesty accused Israel of committing genocide in Gaza and Human Rights Watch (HRW) accused Israel of committing "acts of genocide" by deliberately depriving Palestinian civilians in Gaza of adequate access to water.

Israel's foreign ministry described the Amnesty report as "entirely false and based on lies" while the Israeli foreign ministry's spokesman said Human Rights Watch was "once more spreading its blood libels... The truth is the complete opposite of HRW's lies".

Matt Gaetz Finds Support in His Former District in Florida

Republicans in the Panhandle district he represented before stepping down last month said Mr. Gaetz had done good work in Congress and criticized the report as partisan.

© Haiyun Jiang for The New York Times

Matt Gaetz represented Florida’s First Congressional District.

An Architect of Trump’s Tough Latin America Policies Is Named Envoy

24 December 2024 at 07:05
A longtime proponent of harsh sanctions, Mauricio Claver-Carone was forced out of his job at the Inter-American Development Bank in 2022.

© Jim Lo Scalzo/EPA, via Shutterstock

President-elect Donald J. Trump has named Mauricio Claver-Carone to be a special envoy to Latin America.

Money for 9/11 Health Care Was Dropped from Year-End Spending Bill

A plan to ensure long-term funding to address health needs stemming from the terrorist attacks fell to the wayside after President-elect Donald Trump and Elon Musk objected to a bipartisan budget deal.

© Todd Heisler/The New York Times

Firefighters in New York on the 20th anniversary of the Sept. 11 terrorist attack on the World Trade Center.

Here Comes Santa Claus’s Approval Rating

24 December 2024 at 06:23
Despite some debates in the news, Americans’ views on Santa haven’t really changed, polls show. Most parents still say he’ll visit on Christmas Eve.

© Eduardo Munoz/Reuters

For the most part, today’s parents aren’t raining on Santa’s parade.

前党报记者也走线:一家人永远在一起!|新移民

新移民播客

【旁白】各位朋友好!这里是播客《新移民》!这期播客播出的时间恰逢圣诞夜,祝各位圣诞快乐。

【旁白】来自山东滨州“小舞”夫妇今年春节期间,带着三个年幼的孩子,通过墨西哥走线入境了美国,目前已进入了移民的申请程序。

记者:我就叫你小舞吗?

小舞:呃,可以,可以。 但我这个“小舞”跟实名也差不多了。因为我国内那些账号,包括我这个推特,在出来之前就用大陆手机号注册的,他就把我所有的账号锁定、封禁了。

记者:小舞,那你能够首先把你自己的情况简单介绍一下吗?

小舞:我是80后,大学毕业之后,就去当地的报社做记者,做到了差不多2015年的国庆节前后。 我不是在报社一直从事摄影记者的工作吗?当时自媒体平台需要大量的内容创作。我就用我摄影的优势,开始进入了自媒体的 创作行业。2020年疫情之后呢,创作的内容发生了一个变化,就是从之前的以摄影技术为主,改为进写评论的方式点评中国的社会事件。直到帐号被封禁。

记者:那你能否介绍一下,这一次移民你是什么时候到达美国的吗?

小舞:我是今年的二月份,就是中国农历春节之后,我开始从中国出来,先后经过了英国、墨西哥,从美墨边境的蒂华纳、圣地亚哥入境美国。具体的 时间应该是2月24号。

记者:这个日子记得很清楚啊!

小舞:对,对,对,因为我从中国出来的时间就是农历大年的初六,一路上正好是十天时间,抵达了圣地亚哥。所以对我来说,这个旅程非常重要吧。

记者:你这次出来是带着你的家人,是吧?你的妻子和儿女,你们总共几个人?

小舞:就是我们这个小家庭全家一块儿过来了,我和我的妻子,还有我的三个小孩,两个女儿,一个儿子。

记者:你的三个小孩多大?

小舞:我们老大今年是正好十四周岁,老二是八周岁,老三当时是两岁多,现在是三周岁了。

记者:其实,我们知道走线算是一个潮流吧,这几年很兴盛,有各种各样的人在走线,像你们这样的一家来走线的也不在少数,也有很多例子。所以我很想从您这个家庭知道,就是说,你在国内是处于中年,是吧,属于事业的巅峰状态,属于正是打拼的时候,而你的小孩儿又很小,这种情况下你是怎么做的这个决定?

小舞:我在2020年武汉疫情之后,就特别关注中国的社会事件嘛。特别是一些突发性的、悲剧性的、影响很大的社会事件,我在国内的平台上,包括百度、今日头条、微博这些账号上,粉丝大概加起来有4、500万了。所以呢,这些账号就受到中国网信 办、各级网信办的一些威胁、骚扰和恐吓,删帖、封号比较频繁。也有派出所的电话约谈,网信办约谈,导致我的家人特别担惊受怕,他们总是劝我不要在网络上发声了。但是我这个人,包括从报社一直都非常愿意在网络平台表达的,那么我觉得对我来说言论自由非常重要,我就产生了带着家人一块儿出来的想法。

记者:你说的恐吓,你觉得最让你最感到恐惧的是什么样的情形?他们是如何恐吓你的?

小舞:最让人恐怖的是,我记得2023年六月份,就是中国的贵州省有几个老师在河道捡鹅卵石,被大水冲走死亡了。当时有一个四川的记者就去现场调查这个事情,结果这个记者被打了。我们作为在网络上发声的博主们等等,就写了一些针对这个记者被打的评论。结果就是遭到了警方的特别关照,他 就是通过电话约谈、警告,让你不要参与这些社会公共事件。后来我还得知,这个事情不是警告了我一个人,他们可能通过微信啊或者是微信的聊天群锁定了一大批人,让人产生了一种很深的恐惧,因为就是如果我一直不断地在中国写下去的话,可能最终的结局也是要被抓起来。

记者:你是真的有被约谈吗?

小舞:约谈也不是说非常严肃。因为经过前期的交锋,大家都认识了嘛,虽然不是朋友,但至少是熟人,就告诉你说,这是我们的工作呀,也不能太过份了,因为这样你好,那我们大家都好。他那个意思呢,就是说你不听话的话,下一步就有更进一步的措施,就不会像这样客气的这种交流了。

记者:这样的约谈在你身上发生了多少次 ?

小舞:具体我没统计,但是疫情这几年一直受到这种电话约谈,当面的约谈,加起来至少能超过上百次。

记者:上百次?包括电话的骚扰和约谈,一共有上百次?

小舞:它也不是固定时间,不是上班时间,可能就是深夜、晚上或凌晨,任何时间都有可能打,这种高频度的被他们找上门了,我们家属就感觉这个在 中国是非常可怕的事情,都非常担心。

记者:你有想过没有,如果你放弃这种做这种事情,就是通过自媒体去传播在你看来是比较正确的看法,放弃这样的工作,你通过其他方式去谋生呢? 你就可以避免这样的危险啊,你不必要出国呀,是不是这样?

小舞:换工作呢,可能就是骚扰比较频繁的时候,我家属、家人就会劝我 不要干这个了,干点别的什么不能养活一家子呀?但是就我自己的意愿来说,我是不愿放弃这个公开发声的这个机会的,因为我感觉我还是愿意说话,愿意表达的,抑制不住这种冲动。

记者:你觉得你抑制不住这种冲动,跟你的个性有关吗?还是说因为你的职业的影响?

小舞:可能跟人的这个性格也有一定的关联,当我通过一些海外平台或者是 海外的华文媒体的传播,了解到中国共产党从建政之前到建政之后的一些做法,你了解到这些事情不对,你自然而然有一种责任在里面,你要有责任去 告诉大家,就是这个共产党不像它宣传的那样,它整个就是一个欺骗,或是愚民的这样一个过程。

记者:这里你讲到了你通过学习,通过翻墙去了解到了中共建政的一些事实,这个我可以说是一个你更新自己的认识,甚至可以说是觉醒的过程吗?可以这样说吗?

小舞:说实话,就是我那时候就是在小学五年级这个阶段,我自己一直都在农村,也没有接触太多媒体,在农村的时候能收到的电视节目也非常少。但是从初中开始,到了镇上,镇上的资讯相对发达一点,包括《南方周末》呀,而且我那个时候买了一台短波收音机,就听到了包括自由亚洲电台、美国之音,BBC之类的海外中文台的一些节目,我一听之后就发现说,共产党的 做法跟他现在宣传的一些政策完全是背道而驰的。其实我,觉醒得还算是比较早吧,十几岁的时候就对共产党产生一个很明确的认知。他的独裁政权一直就是靠着欺骗老百姓、愚弄老百姓延续下来。

记者:你的这种认知对于你后来人生的发展有没有什么实际的影响?对于后来你人生的选择有没有什么影响?

小舞:最重要的影响就是我择业这方面。大家都知道,在中国做新闻这个行业薪水比较低,但是,接触了一些信息之后,我还是愿意从事新闻这个行业,用自己的观察给大家提供一些真实的报道。当然我一直是在地方媒体,在当地的传媒集团,相当于地方的党报。

记者:那这个是不是和你的新闻理想也是有差距的呀?因为你说你想通过这种媒体的方式,通过新闻从业去揭示真相。但是,你当时在党报所感觉到的 那种氛围和体制,和你心目当中的新闻理想是有差距的吧?

小舞:这个肯定会有一定的落差的。但是,在中国那个舆论环境下,它只要是公开出版的任何一种刊物,它都是党报,它 没有 第二家 不是 党报 的 报纸。但是,我在那里的时候,正赶上中国网络平台开始出现。我在报社的时候,也不太遵从报社的一些宣传纪律,比如说你掌握的一些负面消息或者是 新闻资源,他不让你报。但是那个时候我还是通过网络论坛什么的这样一些渠道,把自己了解的所谓的负面新闻,或者是他们不愿意公开的,通过网络的渠道进行大量的传播。 我因此在报社的时候也受到了好多次处分。

记者:所以当时你离开党媒,然后一步跨到了自媒体,是吧? 你离开是你自己选择离开,还是说有其他原因?

小舞:就是在报社不断的受到这些宣传指令的批评,而且他还是在全体职工或是集团的大会当面批评你。那种环境如果你天天遭遇的话,普通人、同事就会对你另眼相看了。在那种环境,我自己感觉也不太自在了。虽然他不能开除你,或者是让你下岗,但是他冷落你,边缘化你。

记者:所以,当你从传统媒体跨步到了自媒体的时候,你觉得让你松了一口气吗?就是至少从你的小环境来讲,要比以前在党报要好一些了吗?

小舞:自媒体的好处就是,无论是我从那个采集到传播,到作品的呈现这都是我一个人就可以决定的。这个自由度或者说裁量权对我来说是最大的,一 开始的时候是有非常自由的感觉。但是,到了后期进行评论报道的时候,因为它关涉的都是中国社会的一些负面的消息,他会不希望曝光一些事情。到 了这个阶段就没有非常自由的感觉 了。因为平台有一审核机制或者审核程序,在这个过程中就逐渐有了自我审核。比如说你不敢直接批评中国共产党,或者是批评体制,你要说得委婉一些。你自己就是对自己都有一种很深的自我审查了。

记者:你从一个传统的媒体,一个地方党报,它实际上是一个比较稳定的工作,然后一步跨越到自媒体上,这个时候你职位的稳定性是受到了影响的, 对吧?就是说可能对你家庭的收入也会受到影响。这个时候你多少岁?

小舞:2015年的时候,我应该正好是三十多岁, 正好是压力开始比较大的时候,小孩要上学了,然后我很快有了二胎,反正辞职的时候正好是我自身压力比较大的时候。我逃离那个工作,或是逃离那个体制、那个环境,对未来也没有太多的预期。我当时想的事情是,这个工作反正也实现不了理想,不做就不做了,我做点什么工作不可以养家糊口呀?就这样,正好遇到了自媒体风口期,其实从收入方面来说,还是远远超过在报社的,可能一个月的收入就是报社一年的收入这样一个状况。

【旁白】在经历了职场排挤、媒体钳制等多重职业困境,并对中国舆论环境感到绝望之后,小舞离开中国的决心似乎不难理解。但这个决定还要面临整个家庭的考验。

记者:前面你也提到了,你决定要出国,是你这个小家庭,那你的父母是怎么来考虑你的这个出走的计划的呢?他们有什么样的意见呢?

小舞:我一开始把这个我出国或者说来美国这种观点丢给这个家庭的时候,包括我的妻子,还有我的父母,他们都是非常惊讶的,他们第一反应不是说这个事情可行不可行。他们以为我就是精神出现了障碍,他们觉得是不是天天在网络上跟别人进行观点的交锋,再加上一些外部力量的干扰,让我思考问题神经或是脑子出现了问题。

记者:你当时是怎么回应的呢?他们认为你有病。那你是怎么跟他们解释呢?

小舞:其实我也非常简单,我举一些现实的例子,你像做我那个工作的,谁谁谁因为什么事情又被判刑了,被抓了,他们听了之后觉得也这样一个社会状况。不过,我的妻子我就对她说,一个是我自己,还有就是我们有三个小孩,如果说我们不能在中国这些平台上进行公开发声,切掉了收入来源,我们要养活这三个孩子可能也非常费劲。综合来说,无论是从人生,还是孩子未来的教育、前景来说,我们一家人出国是最合理的一种渠道。

记者:但是你这个出国的途径并不是一个正常的途径,可以这样说,对吧?你选择的是走线,走线前几年兴起之后,受到了很多的关注,然后也有很多人相继奔赴这条走线的道路。其实,我们也看到新闻当中,这个过程是艰辛的,甚至有危险的,这个时候你们一家人,包括你,你妻子,还有你的父母,你们是怎么考虑这个风险问题的?

小舞:我出国也并不是一下就选择走线的渠道,我也是一开始的时候就是申请了护照之后,就着手申办美国的签证。但是,很遗憾的是申请提交上去后,在北京大使馆面谈,就碰到被大家叫作光头签证官的,一个问题没有问,我一句话也没说,到了他面前了也就站了两分钟吧,就收到了拒签的单子,可以说去美国的合法途径就破灭了,当然不是说完全破灭,可能说接下来再第二次申请,或者以后申请,成功的概率还不知道。焦虑之后呢,就想了一个其他路径。我了解到去美国呢,可以先到墨西哥,但是到墨西哥,墨西哥的签证又非常难办。又了解到一个途径,就是日本的三年多次签证,申根的多次签证,还有英国的两年多次签证,这些签证都可以到墨西哥。这样呢,我就自己把一家人的英国签证递交上去了。结果这个英国签证,由于是材料签, 很顺利地通过了。在春节前就拿到了来英国的签证,这样就是拿着英国签证先到英国,再到墨西哥,然后从墨西哥呢,翻墙进入美国。

记者:2024年初的时候,你们从英国到达墨西哥,你感觉当时对你们有限制吗?因为我们知道这几年因为有大量的人走线,美国政府也是在逐渐的加紧边境的限制。墨西哥政府方面似乎也是有这样的一些限制措施。你们当时在墨西哥的感觉是怎么样的?

小舞:我对整个行程最担心的就是墨西哥能不能让我们进入的这个问题。但是结果,行程还是非常顺利的,我们在英国待了五天之后就飞墨西哥城。当时因为我们孩子比较小,下飞机的动作比较慢,我们已经站到了航班队伍的最后。我观察了一下,前面入关的时候,对中国人呀,或者说中国家庭,墨西哥的边境官员审核的确实是非常细致,我当时还有些担忧,但是轮到我们的时候,那个签证官拿到我们那个护照,就马上卡了一个180天(允许停留时间)。后来我了解到,当时的墨西哥已经很少给中国人这种半年的居留时间。

记者:你们到达墨西哥城之后,又是怎么到达美墨边境的呢?

小舞:之前不是在网络上已经定好了酒店了吗?我就在墨西哥城停留了两个晚上,最后决定到蒂华纳,从蒂华纳直接翻墙进入美国。

记者:当时你是通过网上知道有蒂华纳这个渠道,所以就直接去了蒂华纳是吗?

小舞:对,因为我来之前,我对行程也做了一定的攻略,我也知道在蒂华纳和圣地亚哥之间有一个缺口是可以入境的,但是毕竟这个攻略你没有亲身经历过,你只是看别人这样说,还是有一丝担忧的。 到了蒂华纳在以后,我 也不知道接下来怎么办。就询问之前过境的那些朋友, 他说你可以去哪个地方、哪个酒店,这里有中国的类似蛇头的人,可以把你带到边境墙的那一面。我寻找了一圈,结果就是蛇头报价非常高,花费比较大,就没有找蛇头了,根据坐标点,自己打Uber到达了那个坐标点。

记者:你们到那个坐标点,是一个什么样的地貌, 离边境有多远?

小舞:我们到了墨西哥这一侧的这个点、开始翻墙的时候天已经亮了,我们是7点了。我就先观察那个地貌,发现是一个v字型山谷,需要在墨西哥这边先下去,到那个谷底之后呢,再爬上去。那个美墨边境墙有两道,但那个山路都是起伏的嘛,很大的那个坡度,我看了一下,没有什么好走的路,就从边境上那几户人家的院子里就穿过去了。 穿的时候虽然惊动了狗啊什么的,有叫声,但是很顺利,就到达了第二道铁墙那里,当时已经累得不行了。这个过程当中,本来身上还提着两个行李箱,也扔掉一个,然后还有小推车,小孩走在路上不用抱嘛,小推车也扔掉了。我们一家五口都累得不行了,大人孩子都很累了。我就说我们已经到美国了,过了美国这一趟,我们就坐在墙身上喘口气吧。结果就在这里发生了行程中最大的危险,就是墨西哥当地的一个人,也就是五六十岁,他用手势比划着,说让我们回去,他说他有枪,这个地方不能通过。沟通的一个结果,他就说你们要过去,一个人要交 500美金,说实话这一路上,我们在家出门前兑换了一千美金,一直装在身上,没舍得花,因为路上都可以刷卡消费,就一直没有动这个现金。但是,在这个地方遇到麻烦了,他要现金。我那时候带着孩子也比较害怕,我不知道他是真有枪,还是假有枪,最后我就把那1000块钱都掏出来给他了。他还是不满足,不让走,我一看也没办法了,如果这样回去的话,我们真的就前功尽弃了,我就拖着老二的手,跟我的家属说快跑,我就丢了行李箱往下跑了。其实我跑的时候,那个人他也没有抢,他就朝我们扔石块儿。匆忙当中,剩下的那一个行李箱也丢掉了。那个人也就把我丢掉的那个行李箱捡走了,也没有再追上来,我们就慢慢地一直走,过了这个墙,走了大概有五英里左右,就走到了圣地亚哥的公路上,就这样,等于进了美国了。

记者:那你们就是走了五英里啊?

小舞:我当然想的是在美国是不是能打一个车?到了墙这边是不是有司机来接我们。结果和墨西哥城一样,没人接这个单,接了这个单子也会很快取消。就这样,就是沿着步行的模式,顺着那个路,其实那个路就是很多人走这个地方,就踩出了这个小路,那个路旁边也有扔的一些行李箱呀,或者是衣服什么的。

记者:那个情况其实也挺危险的吧?因为你是带着三个小孩,而且你最小的 孩子才两岁,就是你们抱着他一直往前走?

小舞:对,我那个小孩还非常黏他妈妈,不要我抱,非要他妈抱。小孩的裤子在下山的时候也在石头上磕破了,我胳膊上那个衣服也擦破了,就这样比较狼狈地到了圣地亚哥的公路上,就开始有关卡出现了。这个时候非常幸运的就遇到一对美国夫妇,跟他们寒暄了几句,我也告诉了他们我在中国做什么呀,就是在中国做记者,为了自由来到美国了。这对夫妇当时就说,我可以送你们一程,就是说你们要去机场或车站,我们可以送你们到那里。就这样我们就上了他们的皮卡车,他们就带着我们,把我们带到市区了。 我们就这样比较幸运的,自己没有找蛇头的情况下,过了边境墙,还躲过了这个移民局的巡查车,没有进移民局。

记者:把你们送到市区之后,你们下一步是怎么做的呢?

小舞:当时我也不知道我要去哪里啊?我想起来之前在中国的抖音上,有山东的老乡提前过来了,在这边开民宿,我就跟开民宿的那个老板要了个地点。这对夫妻俩就把我带到了711门店, 我就在那里去了钱,他说要$500美金把我们送到洛杉矶,我就说给你600块钱,就是表达我们的感谢,我知道这个钱对你们可能不 重要,你们就是想帮助我们。就这样,我们就非常顺利地到了洛杉矶的这个城市,叫阿卡迪亚(Arcadia),一直在这里住到现在。

记者:我之前采访几位嘉宾,我都会问他们一个问题,就是说当你跨过边境之后,你有觉得你是获得了自由吗?你有这样的实际的感受吗?

小舞:来之前,就是我来美国之前,我也曾设想了一些仪式性的表达,比如说,会不会跪在土地上亲吻一下脚下的土地这样的。但是从边境过来之后,除了松口气之外,就感觉一路颠簸,成功了,就是看到希望了,也没有那些仪式性的动作了,因为也累的不行了,一下就坐在地上,心里就是,就像我对象说得,我们一路过来,终于成功了,总算是来到这里了,不管什么方式。

记者:那你的小孩呢?他们是什么样的感受和表现?

小舞:小孩当然是非常开心了,她们在学校的时间比国内要短了很多。而且我们住的是华人区,在学校里的学生群体当中,可能中国人的孩子或者是华裔占到了60%以上。她也很容易就找到说中国话的这些新朋友。但是我那老二可能年龄比较小,她在国内有一些意识形态的灌输,她还是对中国有点惦念。

记者:惦念家乡的是老二,老大呢?

小舞:老大平常她就没有这个表达了,他不会说什么回国呀,像我们老二呢,有时候说会话都会哭了,她可能就是因为想着那边的小朋友,想回去一下。再就是,可能我们来的这个方式,对我们老二也有一定的心理压力。 她对爬山都产生了一定的心理阴影了。

记者:那你妻子呢?她始终是支持你的吗?

小舞:对对对,其实就是这一点来说,我是非常感激他的,因为对她来说,她是完全没有想过要出国定居,或者说来美国的。大家也都知道,现在我们的庇护,不管通过不通过,对我们来说,见到亲人、回国探亲的机会也是很低的。她能支持我,而且还支持我带着小孩儿,一块儿通过翻越边境这样一个比较危险的方式,离开中国,确实是必须感谢她的理解,因为我很明确的一个观点就是,我到美国去不了,可以去欧洲,也可以新西兰或者澳大利亚,但不管哪个地方,我们这个小家庭这五口人必须待在一块儿,一起走,一起留,或一起去其他地方。

记者:你的政治庇护有可能批准,有可能不批准。但是其实无论是哪一个, 你即使批准了,你还要很多年才能拿到绿卡,乃至拿到身份。那如果不批准呢?又有很多不定的因素。那你有没有想过,那么艰辛的一个过程,你觉得你自己准备好了吗?

小舞:其实就是来之前,我也告诉父母了,告诉亲戚了,这个选择呀,就是说离开中国之后,短期内是见不到亲戚了,就是这个预期。我当时预期的是八到十年,我说这就是一个代价,我说我的能力呢,也比较有限,照顾一个小的家庭就比较辛苦了,就是只能向下兼顾,不能向上兼顾了,我只能说带 着老婆孩子一块儿走出来。父母呢,这个就是,不是说抛弃了父母,但是很多事情确实照顾不到了......嗯,但是我对未来还是比较抱有信心的。这些代价,或者说这些风险,包括这个翻越边境的风险,嗯,都是可以承受的。

【旁白】小舞最后告诉我,来美国不到一年,他们一家人的经济生活还未完全稳定。他打算重操旧业,依然通过社媒贡献他对中国时事的分析和观察。

【旁白】以上是这一期的播客《新移民》,我是王允,我们下次节目再见。

编辑:安克

© 美联社

2024年5月8日从墨西哥进入美国的一批中国移民

评论 | 何清涟:“特朗普回归”之后的中美互动

By: 何清涟
24 December 2024 at 06:59

2024年近百场选举,美国大选当之无愧成为Top.1,世界熟悉的特朗普总统回归美国政坛峰顶,尽管还没有正式走马上任,但无论是国内政策还是针对国际关系的各种发言,已经让他各国开始调整自己的姿态,无论是盟友、竞争对手还是关系较为疏远的国家,都做好了应变准备。但在美国所有的对外关系中,美中关系当然是重中之重。

特朗普的现实主义外交战略:以实力为后盾的利益外交

特朗普邀请习近平参加他的就职典礼因为在美国算史无前例,媒体集中猜测习近平是否会来,懂点中国文化的则认为特朗普此举有上国君王登基、万邦来朝的意涵,因此断定习近平不会来。其实,特朗普已经邀请好些国家元首来华府观礼,他的邀请这一姿态表明的就是特朗普2.0政府的外交战略。这一战略其实已经由特朗普的新闻秘书 卡罗琳·莱维特(Karoline Leavitt)在12月12日的Fox and Friend的节目中明白阐释,“这是特朗普总统与其他国家——不仅是我们的盟友,还包括我们的对手和竞争者——的领导人建立公开对话的一个例子”。她将这项邀请称为加强美中两国关系的努力。

再考虑到特朗普对盟友墨西哥、加拿大、中国都说过要加征关税,而且是单边谈判,这种做法实际上是否定WTO成员国的贸易普惠原则,特朗普的外交不再以意识形态划分敌友,只以利益为外交杠杆就非常清楚了。12月22日,特朗普在凤凰城演讲被视为“第二任期预告”。12月22日,在亚利桑那州凤凰城举行的一场保守派大会上,特朗普发表了一场时长75分钟的讲话,演讲中称,一场“常识革命”即将在美国上演,这次演讲只是一个小小预演,除了表明优先发力内政,还阐述了外交政策的基本原则是“美国优先”、单边胜多边,加征关税、表示要“收回”巴拿马运河、表达解决俄乌冲突的决心。

从这场讲话中可看出,中美关系是特朗普2.0的要务但非急务(特朗普当选后我就如此判断),特朗普所谓“中美合作可以办成许多大事”,充其量是种愿望与表态,落实到实处有多少行得通,基本是未知数。

中国对“现实主义外交”抱持接受态度

众所周知,《大国政治的悲剧》一书的作者米尔斯海默近年是中国常客,他的进攻性现实主义外交战略更是为中国研究国际关系尤其是中美关系的人士熟知,加上2019年以来的美中贸易战,与美国的欧盟盟友在特朗普胜选后的失望怨怼相比,中国对特朗普以利益(关税)为杠杆的现实主义外交反而更能接受。

12月16日,美国候任总统特朗普在海湖庄园举行的记者会上谈及美中关系时表示,“中国和美国合作可以共同解决世界上所有的问题”,并表示他准备继续与北京对话次日,中国外交部长王毅在“2024年国际形势与中国外交研讨会”上强调,中国对美政策“没有改变”,并指出过去一年两国关系的进展“充分证明,只要中美合作,就可以成就许多大事和好事”。然而,王毅也重申,台湾问题、道路制度、民主人权以及发展权利是中方“四条不容挑战的红线”。

考虑到特朗普1.0基本不提意识形态对抗,以及拜登政府强调对华外交不以改变中国制度为目标,中方划出的四条红线当中,只有台湾问题与发展权利是真正的障碍。台湾问题的三个要角对此的态度有微妙差别:台湾强调独立是事实但担心武统;中国押宝在渗透,去年11月旧金山拜习峰会,习近平暗示中国并未计划攻击台湾;美国强调的是维持现状,但不同的总统有不同的维持方式。也因此,重点就是所谓“发展权利”,这是中国近几年出现频率较高的外交辞汇,尤其是中方在芯片问题上受到美国多方制裁之后,成为官方正式外交用语。

从中国国内各种舆论来看,中国官方在选前就已经做好特朗普回归的准备的B方案:特朗普2.0将加强对中国的经济和军事压力,采取征收更多关税、限制投资等政策。但中国官方学者多认为,特朗普的孤立主义外交(这是北京与盟友对MAGA的概括)和对盟友的不稳定承诺,反而可能为北京创造战略机遇。因为特朗普缺乏意识形态上的对抗意图,以MAGA为核心的外交政策将削弱美国对盟友的支持,促使欧洲和亚洲国家更倾向于与中国建立经济合作关系,在此条件下,美中对抗不会演变成冷战2.0。

这一态度,中国官方通过国内智囊在美国外交期刊上清楚表达。最近,清华大学国际关系学系主任阎学通以《为什么中国不害怕特朗普》(Why China Isn’t Scared of Trump)为题,在《外交事务》(Foreign Affairs)期刊发表专文,其基本观点是就是上述表达的集中体现,只是明确说明:特朗普将以遏制中国的意图进入白宫,但中国并不畏惧特朗普。理由是:1、由于特朗普的外交政策从未表现出任何深刻的意识形态承诺,竞争不太可能演变为类似冷战那样具有破坏性的局面。2、特朗普不想卷入战争,更愿意专注于国内改革。

美国对华外交必然面临战略调整

鉴于拜登政府事实上继承了特朗普对华经济政策,加上形格势禁,特朗普对华外交不会有翻烙饼的举动,但对华芯片战可能会改章程。

自拜登政府上台以来,遏制中国芯片产业发展一直是其政策重点之一。美国商业部长雷蒙多一直认为,对华芯片战分为防御战与进攻战。防御战指美国拜登任内出台的《芯片与科学法案》对美国国内创新的资金支持,该法案提出在半导体制造、研发和劳动力等方面投资近530亿美元,鼓励半导体产业到美国投资。进攻性是指对芯片生产实行出口管制,阻挠中国获得芯片生产的最新技术。据《华尔街日报》12月22日报道,雷蒙多认为,美国试图限制中国获得先进半导体技术的努力并没有阻碍中国的进步,在芯片竞赛中“试图阻挠中国是‘白费工夫’(a fool’s errand)”,对华半导体出口管制只不过使中国向全球技术主导地位迈进的步伐“减速”而已。

今年10月,特朗普曾批评《芯片与科学法案》“实在糟糕”。他反对通过补贴政策鼓励半导体企业建厂,认为这吸引到的都不是“好公司”。他建议征收高额关税,迫使企业“自愿”回流美国。他还提议,加速对投资额超过10亿美元的企业项目的审批,包括豁免相关环境审查程序等,鼓励企业投资。这一点,倒是与美国国内舆论一致,美国塔夫茨大学弗莱彻学院教授、《芯片战争》一书的作者克里斯·米勒(Chris Miller)指出,《芯片与科学法案》划拨资金的80%都是建厂补贴,这种“不平衡”多少有些“令人失望”。英特尔公司得到的补贴甚多,但几乎没有什么成果,成为批评重点。

特朗普本人对华主张基本没有意识形态偏好,但他的重要阁员当中,对华政策软硬不一。对华鹰派有国务卿卢比奥马可·卢比奥(Marco Rubio);国家安全顾问迈克·华尔兹(Mike Waltz);CIA局长提名人约翰·拉特克利夫(John Ratcliffe),这些人将贯彻特朗普的“美国优先”外交政策。情报总监图尔西·加巴德(Tulsi Gabbard)可能更能理解特朗普的意图,因为她称卢比奥“代表新保守主义、好战的建制派”。

简单总结一下,那就是特朗普政府2.0内任期的对华政策可能更多集中于经济和战略竞争,但不太可能引发意识形态对抗。在这个过程中,两国内部的改革与形势变化将决定未来的竞争走向。

(本文仅代表作者个人观点立场)

© 路透社

世界熟悉的特朗普总统回归美国政坛峰顶

Trump ally Gaetz paid for sex and drugs while in office, ethics report says

24 December 2024 at 06:15
Reuters File image of Matt GaetzReuters

A long-awaited report into former Republican US Representative Matt Gaetz is expected to be released on Monday.

It follows an investigation by the House Ethics Committee into allegations of sexual misconduct and illicit drug use by Gaetz, who was briefly lined up for a top job in the cabinet of President-elect Donald Trump.

A draft of the report seen by the BBC's US partner CBS News - described as a final version - reportedly says there is "substantial evidence" that Gaetz broke state laws relating to sexual misconduct while in office.

Gaetz, 42, has repeatedly denied wrongdoing, saying he is the victim of a smear campaign. He has not commented on the latest developments.

The 37-page draft seen by CBS is quoted as saying: "The committee determined there is substantial evidence that Representative Gaetz violated House rules and other standards of conduct prohibiting prostitution, statutory rape, illicit drug use, impermissible gifts, special favours or privileges, and obstruction of Congress."

From 2017 to 2020, Gaetz made payments totalling more than $90,000 (£72,000) to 12 different women "that the Committee determined were likely in connection with sexual activity and/or drug use", CBS quotes the draft as saying.

The draft also reportedly contains testimony that Gaetz paid for sex with a 17-year-old at a party in 2017, giving her $400 "which she understood to be payment for sex". Gaetz has denied having sex with a minor.

The Department of Justice (DoJ) - which Trump had initially planned for Gaetz to lead - also investigated an allegation that he had sex with a minor but ultimately did not file any criminal charges against him.

Gaetz represented Florida's first congressional district in the US House of Representatives, having come to power in the same election in 2016 that propelled his ally Trump to the White House the first time.

He was named last month as Trump's DoJ nominee. Gaetz promptly resigned from Congress, seemingly putting him out of reach of the ethics committee.

But an intense debate erupted over whether or not the report should be released. Gaetz then withdrew his name from consideration for the DoJ role, saying he hoped to avoid a "needlessly protracted Washington scuffle".

Gaetz's slated role as attorney general was one of those that required the confirmation of US senators - which looked increasingly unlikely.

The secretive ethics committee had investigated Gaetz on and off since 2021 - not only on the claims about sex and drugs, but also on allegations he accepted bribes and misused campaign funds. In all cases, he strongly denied any wrongdoing.

House Republicans previously blocked Democratic efforts to unveil the results of the report, but two of them later voted to do so, according to CBS.

Responding last week to news that the document would be released after all, Gaetz posted on X: "I was charged with nothing: FULLY EXONERATED. Not even a campaign finance violation. And the people investigating me hated me."

He added: "Instead, House Ethics will reportedly post a report online that I have no opportunity to debate or rebut as a former member of the body."

Gaetz also wrote: "It's embarrassing, though not criminal, that I probably partied, womanised, drank and smoked more than I should have earlier in life. I live a different life now."

Israel confirms it killed Hamas leader Haniyeh in Tehran

24 December 2024 at 06:10
Reuters Ismail Haniyeh speaking into a microphone with the Palestinian flag in the background.Reuters
Ismail Haniyeh was Hamas's overall leader until the group confirmed his death in Iran in July

Israel's defence minister has for the first time acknowledged that Israel killed Hamas's political leader Ismail Haniyeh in Tehran in July.

Israel Katz made the comments in a speech vowing to target the heads of the Iran-backed Houthi movement in Yemen, which has been firing missiles and drones at Israel.

Haniyeh was killed in a building where he was staying in the Iranian capital in an attack widely attributed to Israel.

Separately, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said some progress had been made towards agreeing a ceasefire in Gaza with Hamas, but he could not give a timeline for when a deal would be reached.

It comes after a senior Palestinian official told the BBC that talks between Hamas and Israel were 90% complete, but key issues remained.

In his speech, Katz said Israel would "strike hard" at the Houthis and "decapitate" its leadership.

"Just as we did with Haniyeh, [Yahya] Sinwar, and [Hassan] Nasrallah in Tehran, Gaza, and Lebanon, we will do so in Hodeida and Sanaa," he said, referring to Hezbollah and Hamas leaders who have all been killed this year.

Haniyeh, 62, was widely considered Hamas's overall leader and played a key role in negotiations aimed at reaching a ceasefire in the Gaza Strip.

After his assassination, Hamas named Yahya Sinwar, its leader in Gaza and one of the chief architects of the 7 October attacks, as the group's overall leader.

Sinwar was killed by the Israeli military in a chance encounter in Gaza in October and the group is still in the process of choosing a new leader.

Hassan Nasrallah meanwhile was the leader of the Iran-backed Lebanese group Hezbollah - he was assassinated in Beirut in September as Israel dramatically escalated its military campaign against Hezbollah, with which it had been trading near daily cross-border fire since the day after the 7 October attacks.

The Houthis, an Iran-backed rebel group that controls north-western Yemen, began attacking Israeli and international ships in the Red Sea shortly after Israel began targeting Hamas in Gaza last October.

The group has vowed to continue until the war in Gaza ends.

On Saturday, Israel's military said its attempts to shoot down a projectile launched from Yemen were unsuccessful and the missile struck a park in Tel Aviv. A Houthi spokesman said the group hit a military target using a hypersonic ballistic missile.

Last week Israel launched strikes against what it said were Houthi military targets, hitting ports as well as energy infrastructure in the Yemeni capital Sanaa. The US and UK have also attacked Houthi targets as part of an operation to protect international shipping.

Hamas attacked Israel in October last year, killing about 1,200 people and taking 251 people hostage.

In response, Israel launched a military campaign to destroy Hamas in Gaza which has continued for more than a year and has killed 45,317 people according to the Hamas-run health ministry in the Strip.

That figure includes 58 people killed by Israeli attacks over the past 24 hours, Hamas officials said. Local medical officials said that at least 11 people were killed in three separate strikes on the al-Mawasi area, which had been designated a "safe zone" by the Israeli military. Israel said it was targeting a Hamas fighter.

On Monday Israel said three of its soldiers had been killed in the northern Gaza Strip.

Humanitarian and rights groups have warned of a catastrophic situation for civilians in Gaza.

On Sunday Oxfam said just 12 trucks had distributed food and water in northern Gaza over the past two-and-a-half months and blamed the Israeli military for "deliberate delays and systematic obstructions".

"For three of these, once the food and water had been delivered to the school where people were sheltering, it was then cleared and shelled within hours," Oxfam added.

The Israeli authorities said the report was "deliberately and inaccurately" ignoring the "extensive humanitarian efforts made by Israel in the northern Gaza Strip".

Israel insisted that specific shipments "including food, water, and medical supplies" had been sent to northern areas of Gaza, including Beit Hanoun, Beit Lahia and Jabalia, where the Israeli military has for several months been carrying out a military operation that it says is targeting Hamas fighters who had regrouped there.

The Oxfam report comes after rights groups Amnesty accused Israel of committing genocide in Gaza and Human Rights Watch (HRW) accused Israel of committing "acts of genocide" by deliberately depriving Palestinian civilians in Gaza of adequate access to water.

Israel's foreign ministry described the Amnesty report as "entirely false and based on lies" while the Israeli foreign ministry's spokesman said Human Rights Watch was "once more spreading its blood libels... The truth is the complete opposite of HRW's lies".

【404文库】“大家好像漏骂了什么”(外二篇)

By: elijah
24 December 2024 at 06:17

CDT 档案卡
标题:【404文库】“大家好像漏骂了什么”(外二篇)
来源:六神磊磊读金庸基本常识往事与随想

主题归类:妇女权益拐卖妇女
CDS收藏:时间馆
版权说明:该作品版权归原作者所有。中国数字时代仅对原作进行存档,以对抗中国的网络审查。详细版权说明

《404档案馆》讲述中国审查与反审查的故事,同时以文字、音频和视频的形式发布。播客节目可在 Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, Spotify 或泛用型播客客户端搜索“404档案馆”进行收听,视频节目可在Youtube“中国数字时代· 404档案馆”频道收看。

欢迎来到404档案馆,在这里,我们一起穿越中国数字高墙

尽管中国的言论审查和舆论管控日趋严峻,国家对公民的监控也无处不在,但我们依然可以看那些不服从的个体,顶着被删号、被约谈、甚至被监禁的风险,对不公义勇敢发出自己的声音。

中国数字时代在“404文库”栏目中长期收录这些被当局审查机制删除的声音。如果您也不希望这些声音就这样消失,请随手将它们转发给您可以转发的任何人。

在本期的【404文库】栏目中,我们将选读过去一周中引起舆论关注的三篇404文章。

一、六神磊磊读金庸|年轻人已经够老老实实服服帖帖了

近期,中国人民大学的一位学者王宪举在公开场合询问哈萨克斯坦官员“如何让女大学生多生孩子”,此消息引发网民怒批。

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对此,微信公众号“六神磊磊读金庸”发布文章对该学者进行嘲讽,并为中国年轻人发声

作者提到:

一位专家问老外客人,怎么让年轻人老老实实服服帖帖生孩子,引发很多讨论。

专家原话的槽点特别多。就没忍住,简单聊几句吧。

这届年轻人其实已经够老老实实服服帖帖了。

他们有情绪、有压力,以自己化解为主,不怎么制造麻烦。换句话说,本届年轻人在自我开导方面特别会。

最近某宝上的二十大年度商品,知道都有些什么吗,水培香蕉,谐音梗“禁止蕉绿”,一个链接卖十万加。大家就这样自己宽慰自己,怎么不老实呢。

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让玩,他们就玩一下,走到玉林路的尽头,走到小酒馆的门口;不让玩也不说什么。允许过的节日过一下,不提倡过,就收起道具,低头假装路过。多好的人儿。

他们爱网上骂骂老板,但好像也没真对老板做什么。你看那些报复社会的糟心事件,还是中老年干的多。年轻人干什么了。

他们看的诗歌、小说、摇滚、嘻哈,哪一样不老实的,我觉得我小时候看的东西都刺儿得多。连网络小说现在都是以“苟”为主,苟道流行。早几年的男频网络小说,主角都要“在生死之间磨砺”“越级挑战”,现在不磨砺了,都苟起来。

还要怎么老实服帖呢。

如果一代人很喜欢猫狗,却不想要孩子,说明不是因为缺爱的能力,而是因为后顾之忧。消除后顾之忧才是最有效的。总想靠做思想工作解决问题,不太好使。

教授还忽略了一件事,老老实实、服服帖帖,这八个字是个互相伤害的循环。

想着让人家老老实实,服服帖帖,回头又会有人让你老老实实服服帖帖。可千万不要有自居食物链上游的幻觉。

毕竟生孩子和炒股不一样。想让大家都去炒股,就会有人自告奋勇出来,扮演炒股,直播炒股,回头去邀功,显示引导得多么新鲜卖力。生孩子演不了啊,咋引导,你得真生。

二、基本常识|丰县铁链女之后没有全面清查,所以才有“收留”女硕士的荒唐

12月初,一名失踪15年的女硕士在山西农村被寻回,并被官方称为是被“收留”的新闻在中文互联网上引起网民关注。

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微信公众号“基本常识”发布文章,提及同样是涉及拐卖妇女且被官方严厉审查的铁链女事件。该文很快便被删除。

文章写道:

“收留”一个精神病女人做老婆生孩子,花钱买一个被拐妇女做老婆生孩子,稍有常识的中国人都知道,这种事在很多地方都曾经存在,到现在依然存在。

但是,被舆论公开的有几个,被法律制裁的又有几个?

我们都关注过江苏丰县铁链女的绝望人生,现在也知道了山西晋中一位女硕士的悲惨遭遇,那,还有其他在病痛和禁锢中挣扎的女性等着被解救吗?很显然,还有的,而且数量不会少。

然而,江苏丰县公安部门与山西和顺县公安部门一定会用坚定的口吻告诉大家:

本地没有发现其他受害女性。

丰县没有去全面清查,江苏没有去全面清查,远隔千里的山西,自然就更加没有动力去主动清查了。

也因此,在山西和顺县被“老实男人”强奸禁锢了十多年的女硕士卜某及其家人,很可能在2022年和我们一样看到过铁链女相关的新闻,很可能也在心潮澎湃期待着很快被公安解救。

然而两年多过去了,受害女硕士没有等来警察叔叔的解救,反而成了“被好心老实男人收留”的正能量新闻女主角。

荒谬是真的荒谬,但意外却是一点也不意外。

丰县铁链女事件被定性为偶发个案的那一刻,其他被拐卖、被拘禁的精神失常妇女的命运就已经被宣判了“维持现状”,不太可能再有什么曙光。

从“实用主义”的社会治理角度来考虑,假装不存在,假装看不见,绝对是最稳定、最经济、最省心的做法。

解救一位被拐卖强奸的精神失常妇女,后半辈子治病和养老的钱得地方政府来安排,收买并强奸拘禁妇女的男人得抓起来关几年,家里的孩子可能也得政府来收养。在解救被拐精神失常妇女的过程中,可能遭遇群众的不理解甚至暴力反抗影响社会稳定,还可能会被媒体曝光影响本地领导的仕途……

是的,如果考虑划算不划算,那公安部门主动去清查解救一名被拐卖强奸生了孩子的精神失常妇女,绝对是一件方方面面都严重不划算的事情。

只是他们可能忘了,在判断一件事情划算不划算的时候,还需要考虑人生而为人的尊严价值,在判断一件事情该不该做的时候,还需要考虑国家法律和社会正义。

他们可能忘了,被铁链锁住的八孩母亲小花梅是个人,被“收留”十三年生育多个孩子的女硕士卜某,也是个人。

三、往事与随想|你指望卜小花在低福利的石叠村能得到什么?

微信公众号“往事与随想”同样针对此事进行评论,但文章也很快便被审查删除。

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作者写道:

我在想一个问题:如果不是网络曝光,什么事都不会有。村里人不会觉得有问题,当地警方和宣传系统不觉得有问题,外来的寻亲志愿者也不觉得有问题,甚至卜小花的家人也不觉得有问题。所以,一方面是网络舆论对现实的纠偏,但反过来看,则是网络与现实的断裂。

仅仅是因为他们不懂法,不懂尊重女性,价值观太low?并不是,也许更重要的一点是,他们知道现实是什么?

现实就是:这个政府指望不上。

假设回到2011年7、8月的和顺县青城镇石叠村,你指望卜小花在那里能得到什么?

很多人会说,他们应该去报警,然后警方会把卜小花送到救助站,寻找一段时间后,再把她送回亲人的身边。

而实际上,这里面每个链条都是断的。

你觉得石叠村的村民会有这个认知?谁会告诉他们应该这样做?现实是,在他们的人生经验中,这些都是没人管的,从小到大,他们看见的乞讨人员政府管吗?隔壁村那个精神病人政府管吗?顶多会有长辈做示范给他们打碗饭吃,这就是好人,若有人收留,这就是大善人。在农民眼里,政府从来是令人畏惧的存在,饿死你也没人管的好不好?所以,你准备批评他们认知有问题?

好,即便他们上报了,你觉得警方和救助站就会管?如果找不到家人,你觉得当地精神病院/福利院就会养她一辈子?你觉得当地财政有这笔预算,如果没有这笔预算,上级部门和中央就有这笔拨款?

这就是网络与现实的断裂。我不是说要把现实合理化,我最不满的是,大家好像漏骂了什么。

这一轮网络舆论,被骂得最惨的是那个所谓“丈夫”张瑞军,然后是认可张瑞军“收留”卜小花的当地警方,再有就是麻木不仁的当地村民,但是,最应该骂的,难道不是那个权力最大资源最多牛逼哄哄无所不能的汲取性政府吗?

我最不能忍受的是:这似乎只是一个单纯的刑事案件,只要把张瑞军给判了,把当地警方通报批评一下,这事情就完了。

我们经常听到说中国人口众多,中国是发展中国家,总之中国没钱,这不搞笑吗?中国人这么勤奋,怎么会没钱?

今日中国,所有人都应该认识的一个问题:我们最大的问题就是分配不公,而最大的不公不是资本家占有太多,而是政府占有太多,然后分给了自己。

以上是本期选读的三篇404文章。文章全文见中国数字时代网站。这些作品版权归原作者所有。中国数字时代仅对原作进行存档,以对抗中国的网络审查。

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结绳志|在创伤的心灵地景中,辨认萦绕于当下的历史

By: elijah
24 December 2024 at 06:10

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·  编者按  ·

彭仁郁老师是中研院民族所的专任副研究员,台大心理系毕业后,她负笈法国,获得巴黎狄德罗大学临床人文学院心理病理即精神分析学博士,回到台湾后,她的研究关切从乱伦性侵受创者的主体经验扩展到慰安妇、白色恐怖政治受难者的创伤疗愈。最近几年,她跨出研究者的舒适区,在台湾树起“政治暴力创伤”的大旗,通过家庭访问、工作坊的方式让深埋于历史的受苦经验得以被诉说,在抚慰伤痛的同时促进代际对话。同时她也积极与艺术家合作,在语言的尽头开辟另类的疗愈空间。在访谈中,彭老师分享了她对“创伤”这个词的理论与社会脉络、以及新冠疫情和台湾MeToo浪潮的看法;我们也聊到了她在促转会进行政治暴力受难者创伤疗愈工作的经验与思考,威权的幽灵如何盘踞当下,疗愈如何成为一项必要的社会工程。和彭老师的对话让我意识到,当我们追溯历史记忆中的伤痛,不只是在哀悼或招魂,也是在思考如何走向未来。

CDT 档案卡
标题:在创伤的心灵地景中,辨认萦绕于当下的历史
作者:小结knottie
发表日期:2024.12.23
来源:微信公众号“结绳志”
主题归类:新冠疫情
CDS收藏:公民馆
版权说明:该作品版权归原作者所有。中国数字时代仅对原作进行存档,以对抗中国的网络审查。详细版权说明

采写 / 安孟竹

采访时间 / 2023年9月

纸版刊于《te:镜中寻步》

这是人们会说起的一年,

这是人们说起就沉默的一年。

老人看着年轻人死去。

傻瓜看着聪明人死去。

大地不再生产,它吞噬。

天空不下雨,只下铁。

——布莱希特 1940《这是人们会说起的一年》

(黄灿然译)

01 灾难时代的集体创伤 

安孟竹(以下简称安)谈到“创伤”这样的概念,人们会联想到PTSD(创伤后应激障碍)。精神医学史上,这个诊断范畴的发明与越战相关。创伤对我们而言曾经是个舶来词,但如今也已进入大众生活、变成日常用语了。在台湾,“创伤”这个词是如何被大众接纳的?人们对于这个概念的一般性理解是什么?

彭仁郁(以下简称彭):PTSD原本是精神医学脉络里一个指称疾病的专有词汇,指的是一种与有生理基础的痛苦所不同的受苦状态。如你所说,这个疾病的建构原本是为了让国家投入公共资源来照顾那些从战场回来后出现暴力、酒瘾、社会适应等困境的军人。当这个概念进入DSM(《精神疾病诊断与统计手册》)之后,这个词汇反而“去脉络化”(decontextualized)了。台湾很早就开始跟随北美精神医学。从1980年代开始,只要有新版DSM手册一出,我们马上就会翻译。

在台湾,“创伤”概念真正流行起来是从1999年的9·21大地震开始。在这场灾害中,第一次有大批精神医学及临床心理学的专业人员投入救灾。他们带着PTSD的创伤量表到达现场,同步进行助人实践和创伤研究。随后,公共媒体上开始广泛谈论PTSD。后来的每一次公共安全事件,从八仙乐园彩色派对火灾到太鲁阁号列车出轨,临床工作者和媒体都共同推动了大众对PTSD的知晓度。

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921震后,救援人员从倒塌的房屋中抬出遗体。图源:端

如今这个词开始被用在所有“生活逆境”场景里,似乎所有负面经验都可以产生创伤,这个词使用的场景光谱开始变得非常广。大家在用这个词的时候,也忽略了它原本是一个非常病理化、标准化的疾病名称。这并不是台湾专属的现象。法国人类学者迪迪埃·法桑(Didier Fassin)的《创伤的帝国》(The Empire of Trauma)里也写到,“创伤”开始入侵我们生活的各个层面,人们已经习惯于用这个词去正当化自己受害者的立场,于是就产生了“受害者竞争”的问题。(【注】:受害者竞争指的是,受害者各自都认为最惨的受害者是自己,且是他人造成了自身的困境,但实际上往往是整体情势在伤害所有人。)

安:“创伤”可以是大规模的共同遭遇吗?比如刚刚过去席卷全球的疫情,在您看来,可以算是我们这代人的集体创伤吗?

彭:狭义来讲,集体创伤源于某个集体共同面对的生死交关、危及存活的事件。最常被提到的例子就是纳粹集中营。无论是酷刑、非人化对待、瘟疫般的屠杀清洗,纳粹的迫害对亲历者来说就是这样一个集体性的创伤事件。

弗洛伊德把“创伤”视为“心灵包被层的大规模破裂”,也就是说,心灵的内容物失去了内外区隔,内在的自我丧失了一个与外在现实对焦的基准,于是会跟当下的现实脱节;当一个人离开了暴力的时空场景,不会把过去的经验带到之后遭遇的新关系中;但创伤状态的人很难再信任其他人,每段新关系的开始都可能是对过往的重复。所以我们会看到一个创伤状态的人会失去对自己所处现实是否安全的判断力。弗洛伊德谈论“创伤”的背景是一战后的欧洲。当时战争在欧洲造成了上千万人的死亡,这种大规模的死亡让作为集体的人类共同面临着一个迫近自我毁灭的危急处境,人们对其他人类他者的基本安全感、信任感已经丧失了。

从这个角度看,我们刚刚经历的Covid算不算集体性的创伤?疫情一开始,由于缺少维护安全的充分条件,大家会进入到了一种“我可能会染疫,染疫之后可能会死”的集体焦虑中:你要一直不断洗手、戴口罩,口罩戴出门一次就要换掉,似乎我们浸泡在一个看不见的病毒环境中,病毒随时会入侵、夺走我们的性命。我们害怕自己因为流动把病毒带给家人,也害怕跟自己接触的人。疫情最严重的时候,这些的确是必要的防疫手段。但现在各国政府和流行病理学家已经告诉我们,Covid病毒经过好几次演化已经流感化了,致死率降低了很多,我们也早就有了疫苗,你可以出门了,不必再那么紧张。但这些科学数据和信息似乎很难进入到大家心里。直到现在台湾还有很多人延续疫情期间的保护措施,公车捷运上依然有大把的人在戴紧口罩,人们好像没办法回到Covid之前那种放松的状态。外在的客观情景转变了,我们的内在却无法跟上外在时空,依然受着死亡焦虑的影响。


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后新冠时代的创伤被媒体称为“风暴之后的风暴”。图源: The Conversation

这样的“过度反应”需要一定的时间去缓和。医学对创伤的恢复期有一个正态分布的描述,告诉我们95%的人过大概多久就恢复常态了。然而PTSD诊断标准给出这个“大多数人”的恢复信任感、安全感的时间是很短的,只有六个月到一年,而且没有对不同形态的创伤事件做出区分。实际上,每个人恢复的时间的确不一样。9.21大地震到现在,还有很多人经过事故现场附近时会感到惊慌。总有少数人落在这个“正常”的恢复时间之外。

02  我们与政治暴力创伤的距离

安:似乎集体创伤是一种共同的存在主义危机,对往下如何继续生活而言,过往的日常仿佛也失去了参照意义。也就是说,“创伤”这个词隐含着某种巨大的断裂感。然而也有一种通俗的看法会强调时间的力量,仿佛随着时间的流逝,伤痕也会慢慢淡化、消失或遗忘。从您作为心理学专家进入促转会后,一直面对和处理的是历史深处的创伤。根据您的工作经验,创伤真的会随时间而消逝吗?经历了几个世代,现在的人要如何去处理这种追溯到遥远过去的创伤?

彭:常民智慧里总说,让过去的留在过去,往前看;英文的俗谚里也有“时间会疗愈一切”的说法。但这样的说法或许恰恰证明了我们的无能为力。积极一点看,它告诉我们,即便在无能为力之中,还是得试着前进。同时它也说明了我们对自愈能力的信念。不止普通大众,临床工作者也相信人有自愈能力。所以即便经过了生死交关的暴力事件,对绝大部分人来说,那些“症状”表现确实可以得到缓解,这也是临床观察的结果。但问题是,所谓自愈能力是不是那么个人化的东西?

我们刚进入政治暴力创伤的工作现场时,各种政治阵营的人,甚至“二二八”(1947年,国民政府的圆环缉烟、公署卫兵开枪事件演变成了2月27日至5月16日间台湾各地因长久对政府不满而爆发激烈的官民冲突,民众要求政治改革,最终中华民国国民政府派遣军队武力镇压,史称二二八事件)、白色恐怖的受难者本人和家属、做转型正义研究的学者,都觉得我们没必要做这些,因为时间已经过去太久。从一般社会标尺来看,这些幸存者有家庭、有小孩,仿佛真和其他人一样过着正常生活,连他们自己都会说“我们能活到现在的人都已经好了”。确实有人可以通过自己的人际网络、资源去完成自我疗愈。尤其是,一些较早站出来作见证的受难者,被视为转型正义中的“台面人物”。大家常以他们的状态来衡量整个社会从政治暴力创伤中恢复的情形。但更多的人是无声的,他们没有以受难者(及家属)的身份进入公共空间,而是选择隐匿。但当他们选择不被看见的时候,我们就根本不清楚他们的状态。

我的策略是,作为一个受过专业训练的人,我要首先现身,先从国外的经验来谈政治暴力创伤。从2014年开始,我开始高强度地阅读一些文本,并且在公共空间谈论这个议题。一开始我也不知道台湾的政治暴力创伤究竟长什么样,但我总认为,大家不可能在经历了半个世纪的威权统治后毫发无伤。国外文献也告诉我们,这样的伤不会因为当事人的过世而终止,留下的家人往往承接了创伤的状态。此外,口述历史文献里开始出现很多关于创伤的描述。我去问这些口述历史学家,你们听到的这些受难者、家属的创伤表述后有做什么处理吗?他们却回答说,自己只是把这些经验记录下来而已。

当我开始通过社群媒体、工作坊谈这个问题,陆陆续续有受难者后代来找我。其中包括我大学班上两个同学,他们是“白色恐怖”(台湾的白色恐怖时期是指1949年《台湾省戒严令》的颁布开始,到1991年《戡乱时期检肃匪谍条例》废除为止。这个时期国民政府借公权力迫害持不同政见者,塑造了全台恐怖的政治氛围)受难者二代,可我在大学期间完全不知道他们的故事,直到二十年后我在脸书上写了一些(这个项目的)东西,他们才私下跟我联系。

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电影《返校》。电影主题曲《光明之日》的演唱者雷光夏也是一位白色恐怖受难者后代。图源:电影宣传海报。

这些一开始来找我的后代里,有许多人是自己或家中兄弟姐妹曾被诊断为严重的精神疾患,但他们直觉上都认为这跟自己父辈的受难经历有关。他们把我拉进他们的家庭,观察那些没有走到台前的受难当事人的实际状态,我才有机会去理解政治暴力创伤究竟意味着什么。他们有的是1950年代的受难者后代,有的则是父亲在“二二八”时被枪杀,当时自己只有十几岁,现在都已是老人家,过去六七十年来从来没有因此哭出来,直到跟我说了之后,郁积在胸口的的东西才得到释放,眼泪才流下来。一个个案例的见证让我发觉这个社会有太多“沉默的幸存者”,他们中间陆续浮现出严重的创伤样态,已经不能不去处理。于是我们开始培训心理工作者进行入家工作。

一开始,“政治暴力创伤”对我而言有一个旗帜效应。我拿了这样一个名词出来,让受难者和家属可以借着它去言说过去一直难以言说的焦虑和恐惧,让他们找到这样一个名词去对应自己的状态。它并不是一个基于科学证据的疾病名称,而是如同“性暴力”或“家内暴力”这种词汇——这些词汇都不能准确涵盖生命经验,但我们需要这样的词汇让自己复杂的难言之隐有个可以指认的方向,它的效益和作用就是帮大家去正当化那些自己认为没有资格被讲述的经验。

一个新名词的出现总是会召唤思考和自我觉察。很多受难者,尤其是那些勇于现身作见证的人,是有一些英雄主义情结的,好像再怎么苦自己已经撑过来了。过了一两年之后,那些之前说自己“完全没事、不需要疗愈”的前辈陆续跑来告诉我,他们才慢慢意识到,自己身上依然有“症状”。比如有人到现在晚上都会做噩梦,大喊大叫、拳打脚踢,还有人说自己能闻得到当初受酷刑时便溺的味道。有时创伤反映在身体的惯性上,比如吃完饭会站起来不自觉地绕着室内走动,因为四十年前坐牢时,狱中的活动空间太狭小,为了保持基本的身体激励,狱友们形成了饭后循着同一个方向绕圈走动的默契

对我来说,最意外的创伤表现是受难家庭对外部社会现实的焦虑。我们2018年开始做家访,原本有六十个家庭愿意接受我们去访问,入户工作从十月份开始,结果到11月底,地方县市长选举国民党大胜,本来答应我们做家访的家庭接连打电话来拒绝。当时我们家访才做了不到一半,第一时间也没意识到究竟发生了什么,才不得不去问一些前辈,他们告诉我,国民党上台,大家害怕了。我们这些没有威权时代生活经验的人会觉得,2018年了,大家还怕什么呢?直到前辈们跟我说了拒绝我们来访的原因,我才意识到他们创伤的程度远超我的想象。那时候我深深感觉到,我们就像在不同海域里生活,这边看起来风平浪静、只有微微波动,但对于那些受难的前辈和他们的家人,已经是风暴等级的恐慌。

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匈牙利纪录片《我不是幸存者》(Born in Auschwitz)讲述在集中营被生下的大屠杀受难者后代如何长大。图源:公视主题之夜

03  难以命名的苦 

安:所以“政治暴力创伤”这个名词的提出在您的工作中更像是一种方法或行动策略,通过发明这个词汇来调动受伤者的言说。这样实践方式与一般临床心理工作有很大不同。临床上,通常是个体创伤浮现后,受创者主动找心理师,干预才开始进行。但您似乎秉持了一种强介入式、行动引领的姿态来做创伤修复工作,不知道这样的策略是否遭遇过争议?

彭:心理工作者在理解一个人的受苦状态时,面对的确实是一个个具体的人,但这并不意味着我们只关注这个人自己的状态。我渴望理解的是,整个社会中长期存在的压迫究竟会造就怎样的心理状态?在我听受难前辈“作见证”的时候,发现他们通常都在诉说别人的苦——家属如何,后代如何,然后召唤大家进行改革。自己的“苦”反而很难命名。当时我就在想,怎样让这些苦有一个更好的出口、让他们可以去自我察觉和指认,而不是停留在对政治立场的强调?“政治暴力创伤”的确是一个粗糙的、功能性的概念,它的提出只是想让更多经验被挖掘出来。先有这样一个词汇,你才可以去经营它的内涵。过去一个人总要先讲一大串故事,才能让听者感受到自己是受伤的。但当这样一个名词出现,你可以用“我有……”这样的句式让别人意识到你在受苦。

我刚开始挥这杆大旗的时候,一些受难者后代会对这个词很生气,因为这让他们直接联想到去脉络化的PTSD、觉得我在用临床医学的方式给他们贴标签,强化受害者消极被动的负面形象。他们会质疑说“你凭什么说我们有伤?”但当他们这样质疑的时候,其实也是在告诉我,他们的苦是更加幽微、无法用一个粗暴的名词就说尽的。但攻击也好、反对也好,当这个概念提出来,大家至少可以在这个旗帜之下开始言说了。当他们开始理解我并没有要去扁平化他们的遭遇、消解他们痛苦的复杂性,态度也发生了变化。

实际上,一些受难者和他们的家人得到过各种精神诊断,从躁郁症、抑郁症、焦虑症到睡眠障碍各种身心症状,但几乎没有人被诊断为PTSD。因此我无法借助现有的诊断范畴去争取关注,只能强调这些人的创伤因“政治暴力”而产生。

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白色恐怖受难者蔡焜霖(1930-2023)。图源:纪录片《有正义感的人活不下去的年代》

安:为什么由政治暴力导致的创伤会变得难以诊断,或是常被指认为其他精神症状?这些精神医学难以捕获的症状在日常生活中有什么体现?

彭:PTSD的第一个诊断标准就是要“说出暴力事件”。但受难者避之唯恐不及,因为对他们施暴的人就是这个政权。当他们被政权污名化成为叛乱者、暴徒,要怎么指控?他们怎么能确定这些经验说出来的时候,对方能站在自己的立场,而不是跟从政治宣传机器的话语?因此这些受难者很长一段时间里无法告诉别人自己遭受了什么。**这一点非常像家内性侵或性暴力。**如果不是1970年代女性主义的临床工作者不断强调性暴力造成的伤害,这些受伤的经验就总是销声匿迹,甚至无法言说,因为伤害你的是家人啊!恰恰是这些看似拼贴、不准确的名词构造了一个松散模糊的空间,允许当事人把他们的遭遇说出来,我们才意识到这种暴力带来了多严重的伤害,才能去探究那难以言说的究竟是什么。

很多受难家庭的二代、三代并不知道上一代经历了什么,但在日常亲子相处中,他们会吸纳当事人的负面情绪,变得不相信人、没有安全感。他们承受着家庭带来的影响,却很难讲述,因为他们根本不知道自己的身体接收了什么。上一代人维系安全感的方式会让下一代人不明所以,有的后代从小就收到家人神秘的“禁令”——不可以轻信、不可以交朋友、不可以碰政治。很多二代自己被长辈监控的力度不亚于父辈被情治单位监控的力度。你会看到政治暴力创伤的代际复制。这种复制恰恰是因为他们的上一代没办法讲述自己经历了什么,但又想要保护自己的孩子。

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高雄海洋科技大学教授黄春兰,父亲黄温恭医生曾因“中共台湾省工作委员会燕巢支部案”而遭到枪决,他写给妻子女儿的遗书六十年后才交到黄春兰手中。图源:https://www.nhrm.gov.tw/w/nhrm/News_21090613303649172。

安:心理工作非常重视“讲述”,言说似乎也是疗愈旅程的开始。但带入到政治暴力创伤造就的“失语”情境中,讲述受伤经验或许也是一件非常艰难的事。在您看来,究竟是什么限制了受伤者的表达?您在工作中会用哪些具体的策略和方法来调动难以言说的经验、让它们得以浮现?

彭:的确很难想象受难的前辈以他们的年纪、文化经验,能够在这种西方来的、一对一的治疗空间里对着一个所谓专业人士袒露情绪。复杂的临床状况需要我们准备多元疗愈的情境。所谓“疗愈”,其核心并不是专业的外在形式,而是关系的建立。这个关系要足够安全,可以让当事人放心地把尚未整理好的种种困扰、焦虑吐露出来。伤本来就是破碎的、血肉模糊的,大部分“伤”是很难讲述的。因为一旦开始回忆自己被羞辱对待的经验,还想维持一个“有尊严”的形象就不再容易。关键的是让受创者知道,不管你说什么,都只是你在我心里复杂形象的一个补充。

“创伤”像我们生命中的一块心灵地景(landscape of the mind),一个我们不想回去、却一直影响着我们“当下”的地方。疗愈的过程就是让受伤者在另一个人的陪伴下不断重返那个过去无法言说的暴力场景。很多受伤者此前从未用意识状态重新经历发生的事,也无法使之成为叙事、对它形成某种掌控感。之所以如此,就是因为暴力过于真实地笼罩着他,让他一旦接近,就被淹没。建立了充分的信任关系后,我们在此刻定下一个锚,让受伤者身上先绑一根救生索,然后带着我们回到那个一直在追逐他、但他一直试图逃开的暴力现场,去理解当下的状态和过往经验之间的关联。我们的存在和陪伴就是让他意识到,他不会因为接近自己的内在而变得脆弱,当他被吸进那个伤害发生的黑洞时,旁边有个人能把他拉住。

受创越是严重的人,越是被卡在过去。一开始进到一些前辈家中,我觉得他们好像生活在一个碉堡里、通过一台望远镜来远远观看外在世界的变化。当我们开始重复进入他们家里,让他们通过面对真人而建立对这个世界的安全感,他们对社会的想象也开始变化。

除了诉说,疗愈也可以借助多元媒介。我们请了在地剧团帮我们排一出关于白色恐怖记忆的戏,把这出戏带回当年发生过重大案件的现场去演(注:这里指的是由再拒剧团创作使用声音剧场与说书形式创作的、演绎白色恐怖历史的戏剧《明白歌》)。表演地点不是大剧院,而是社区活动中心、受难者故居,或是某个小学,来看的人都是当年受难者的邻里乡亲。有的老人在白色恐怖的年代还是孩子,只是模糊地听长辈说起村里哪个邻居被抓走了。直到1980年代,国民党的监控体系还密布在各种人际关系里,当下公务员系统里的威权思维也没有完全消失。由于政治环境的钳制,在乡间基层,人们都在避免谈论挑战执政当局的话,很多事只能以私密方式流传。**绝大多数人早已习惯了不去谈论,甚至到今天已经忘记为什么不能讲了。**虽然二二八、白色恐怖的叙事对于生活在台北的人几乎成了政治攻防的工具,可一旦到了乡里一层,这或许是当地人五十年来第一次谈论这件事。他们的某个层面也被封印在过去。在这样的地方,我们没办什么公民论坛,而是用一种软性的、唤起情感的方式制造一个安全的空间,让那些冻结的记忆可以被言说,地方隐没的历史才重新被召唤回来。

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再拒剧团《明白歌》在乡间的演出。图源:再拒剧团facebook

04  言说的悖谬,疗愈的可能 

安:政治暴力的漫长阴影,如同德里达的hauntology(幽灵学)。虽然世界好像变了,但历史的鬼魅一直萦绕于当下。创伤疗愈针对的是这样的历史,但也隐含着未来的面向。一个我们必然会去思考的问题是,伤害已经发生了,往后大家该如何继续共同生活?这样的工作必然要面对年轻世代。出生于不同环境的年轻人如何理解这段历史?在创伤修复工作中构建年轻世代和上一代的对话是可能的吗?

彭:鬼魅之所以会重复出现,就是因为我们拒绝朝向过去、回头看到底发生了什么。于是暴力的记忆就会被冻结在那个地方,让你没办法往前走。

世代差异也的确存在,出生在新世纪的年轻人,从有公民意识之后,就会接收到的大量政治投机客释放的网络信息。对于曾经威权统治的历史缺少感知。但我身边也有不少人从国、高中就开始关心“转型正义”(注:转型正义指的是民主化之后,就前专制政权所做的种族灭绝、人权侵犯等暴行造成的社会创痛进行平反、道歉、赔偿、司法追究等形式来进行弥补,从而为正义的未来奠基。)的人。台湾每年会举办面向年轻一代的共生音乐节,每年会有上千人参加。不止有灭火器、闪灵这样的独立乐团来表演,也有受难者和家属来做见证,表演舞台周围也有各种人权团体举办的活动。“陈文成基金会”举办的“绿岛青年体验营”也一直由年轻的志愿者在维持运转(注:绿岛体验营是通过让参与者重返政治犯被关押的历史现场、倾听受难者讲述,从而体会威权时代历史经验的公共教育活动)。我们还会搞“人权办桌”这样的活动,把政治受难者和无家者、过去和现代的人权议题进行结合,今年已经办到第七年,声量和规模都在持续扩张(注:人权办桌是通过共桌吃饭的方式,促进无家者、政治受难者和公众对话的一种形式,背后的理念在于,无家者和政治受难者在人权被剥夺的角度上有着相似的处境,造成他们苦痛的是同一种暴力体制)。

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长期关注原住民土地权利问题的巴奈在共生音乐节上的表演。图源:共生音乐节

我这一代人的悲剧和限制在于,成长于经济起飞的时代,可以把自己藏在在党国教育提供的安定感里。下一代或许没有那么理想的环境了。但每个时代的年轻人都有对生命的热情和向往。只不过是今天年轻人的欲望、对美好世界的期待很少跟大的政治理想挂钩,反而他们跟脸书、Instagram靠得更近,每个人都在贴私人网志和照片。目前转型正义的推动者,包括受难者们自己,都在提醒我们这些中年人不要把话讲那么沉重。很多前辈甚至问我:“可不可以用搞笑、幽默的方法来推动转型正义?”那部带到乡间的戏剧里有一场蛮地狱梗的,就是把“一个人可以怎样在威权时代活下来”用一种机智问答的方式来呈现。我们原本很担心,受难前辈们看到了会不会觉得被冒犯,没想到他们反而看得很开心。他们认为想让年轻人接受,就要用这种方法。

安:曾经监控密布的社会造成了人与人之间亲密、信任的破坏,理想的疗愈情境却需要身边人去提供亲密的支持。我自己这代人是对“创伤”这个词更加敏感的一代,但常常发生的情况是,我们想帮忙的时候,却会因为没受过专业训练害怕说错话。面对身边人经历的重大创伤,无论它是政治暴力抑或性暴力,我们这些没有受过专业训练的普通人究竟可以为他们做些什么?

彭:我的答案是case by case。对很多人来说,或许什么都不做,光是聆听就好了。但也要看情况,在MeToo运动里,大家会发现,当事人讲述的情绪状态差异很大。很多人觉得“聆听”就是朋友之间的聊天。但聆听创伤经验需要去承接和想象对方的受苦,在这个过程中,我们自己也很难不受冲击

对于受创者来说,Ta们要回到那个被羞辱、对自己产生很多疑惑的场景里,说的时候也会担心聆听的人会怎么看自己。特别是在人际暴力的案例中,受害者会有罪恶感、会自责,因为她们总想拿回一些掌控权,即便是承受暴力、难以反抗的状态下。她们不愿承认自己当时是彻底失控的,因为那是一种非常可怕的生存恐慌。所以受创者在回到暴力场景时,总是努力反思自己“原本应该做什么”、“如果当时做了什么就好了”。这样的话如果善良的人听到,第一反应是跟对方说,“你已经很辛苦了”、“我知道不是你的错”。这种努力的背后是你消除对方的罪恶感,但这样做的时候你有可能也在取消言说者当下复杂的情绪感受,反而让当事人觉得“你不懂我在说什么”。然而,如果不取消对方的感受,聆听的人好像又觉得自己没起什么作用。所以聆听创伤并不是一种舒服的状态,过程中双方都有一些情绪要处理。我们的训练是,需要停在那些复杂的、暂时没办法解决的冲突与不适之中。但现实是,绝大部分聆听者都想带着当事人逃开那个不舒服的状态,这是本能反应。

除了听之外,光是陪在受创者身边做些日常的事,比如吃饭、运动、散步,找回一些基本的生活节奏,就是很重要的事了。恰好这些日常的事也是专业人士不能做的。

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在评论文章《台版MeToo浪起后,我们如何跟上浪,可以一起走多远?》中,彭仁郁老师反思了MeToo浪起之后,对于受创者的创伤平复缺少关注和资源分配、对专业助人者缺少支持的现实。图源:端传媒

安:在台湾这一波Me Too运动中,社群媒体上的许多证言都用清晰的逻辑、真诚而有力的表达来还原事件。网络时代,这种借助社群媒体的公共发言能算一种疗愈吗?

彭:这一波MeToo中,的确有很多人都能用与受伤经验保持一定距离的方式,和强大的叙事能力、细腻的情绪笔触来讲述自己的遭遇。但必须看到的是,往往是经历过对创伤的爬梳、甚至做过临床治疗,才能有这样的表述。那些爆炸式、情绪宣泄的文章很少有人转发。大量转发的都是这种逻辑清晰、表述有力的文章,因为它让我们感受到受害者是有力量的。

一些媒体采访披露过,即便是那些很多人转的帖子——尤其是指名道姓指认作为明星、教授的加害者的时候,留言区也往往会出现大量情绪性发言。身边的朋友会告诉当事者别去看,但有的言说者还是想要知道别人的感觉、忍不住去看。所以在网络上讲出来就有疗愈到吗?或许有,但二次伤害可能也很大。我在给《端》的文章里写,“能说的就说吧”,意思是可以承担言说后果的就去说,还不能说的就不要强迫自己在这个时间、尤其不要用这种平台去说,因为你根本不知道会招来什么反应、也无法掌控别人的评论。

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记者房慧珍基于台湾MeToo的言说浪潮发起的实体信件展览《38号树洞》。图源:38号树洞网站

安:矛盾在于,如果把它视为一场社会运动,见证和言说本身就是重要的行动。可一旦讲出来,就可能演变成对受创者的二次伤害。所以面对难以承受的伤痛、或二次伤害的恐惧,也可以选择/允许“不说”对吗?

彭:没错,“说”本身就是有难度的。我有两个长期谈话的对象,一个谈了六七年,另一个谈了十一年,为什么要花这么长的时间?很多时候当事人诉说的节奏、能说什么、能说到什么程度,并不是我们能控制的。同一个创伤场景可能要回去五六十次,每次被说出来的只有一个面向。所以心理治疗里的诉说并不是一段有前因后果、明确结构的完整叙事。相反,当事人的心理节奏非常重要,每一次我们让她绑着安全绳索陪她回去,到达她暂时可以到达的地方。如此不断循环往复,一点点去推进那个可以被诉说的边界。

安:您作为心理工作者,介入的都是关乎公平正义的社会议题。当然,没有一种痛苦是没有社会面向的。然而当专业心理工作者介入进来,社会苦痛就被放置在了一个封闭空间里去面对、处理。这种微观修复行动的目标并不在于撼动结构。最后一个问题是,当我们选择去用这样的方式处理社会苦痛,在何种程度上,我们还可以说疗愈工作也是在追求社会正义?

彭:我们自己也是人,面对一些议题时我们的身份会变成公民、社会运动参与者,但就心理治疗工作而言,我们的确无法直接调整外在世界。心理学不可能解决社会问题。我们能做的就是跟着受苦的人,看他卡在怎样的处境里,厘清他的向往是什么,帮他们找到替代的可能。

比如在家庭暴力或家内性侵的情境中,我们难以改变这个施害的家庭,但我们处理的首要问题是,受害者为什么离不开这个暴力的结构?我们需要去帮受创者梳理,她在这个结构里难以承认的欲求是什么。很多有累积型暴力创伤的孩子一直卡在自己的受虐经验中,认为自己没有资格获得爱,在受虐中自我工具化为满足他人欲望的物件。这成了她们唯一的价值感来源。治疗师的介入不是去修理好受创者,而是和她一起进行新的关系练习,让她们意识到自己的渴望不必通过受迫害的关系而达成,不让他们继续在未来的其他关系中复制这种受害经验。治疗师与受创者的关系可以成为她建立新关系的雏形。等她们好一点,就可以离开了。

【受访者简介】

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彭仁郁,巴黎狄德罗大学心理病理暨精神分析学博士。现任中研院民族所副研究员。浸淫于交织着个人生命史与社会集体史的人际暴力创伤“临床田野”逾二十年,探索精神分析与人文社会学科的知识论及方法论介面,并致力于与受创主体同行的跨专业疗愈实践。代表作包括《乱伦试炼》(法语专书,2009)《“不要碰政治”?:转型正义疗愈工程的心理学介入》(2022)、《放逐于自身之外:乱伦创伤主体的心灵地景》(2018)、《过不去的过去:“慰安妇”的战争创伤》(2014)等。

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