Aid agencies have reiterated calls for Israel to allow more tents and urgently needed supplies into Gaza after the first heavy winter rainfall, saying more than a quarter of a million families need emergency help with shelters.

"We are going to lose lives this winter. Children, families will perish," says Jan Egeland, Secretary General of the Norwegian Refugee Council (NRC).

"It's actually so frustrating that we've now lost so many crucial weeks since the adoption of the Trump peace plan, which said humanitarian aid would flow and the Palestinians would not needlessly continue to suffer."

With a majority of the population displaced by two-years of a devastating war, most Gazans now live in tents - many of them makeshift.

They have been clearing up after widespread flooding due to a winter storm that began on Friday.

There are fears that diseases could spread as rainwater has mixed with sewage water.

"My children are already sick and look at what happened to our tent," said Fatima Hamdona, crying in the rain over the weekend, as she showed a BBC freelance journalist the ankle-deep puddle inside her temporary home in Gaza City.

"We don't have food - the flour got all wet. We're people who've been destroyed. Where do we go? There's no shelter for us to go to now."

The story was the same in the southern city of Khan Younis.

"Our clothes, mattresses and blankets were flooded," said Nihad Shabat, as she tried to dry out her possessions there on Monday.

Her family has been sleeping inside a shelter made of sheets and blankets.

"We're worried about getting flooded again. We cannot afford to buy a tent."

A recent UN report found that across Gaza more than 80% of buildings had been destroyed and 92% in Gaza City.

According to the NRC - which has long led the so-called Shelter Cluster in Gaza, made up of some 20 non-governmental organisations (NGOs) - about 260,000 Palestinian families, or about 1.5 million people, are in need of emergency shelter assistance, lacking the basics to get through winter.

The NGOs say they have been able to get only about 19,000 tents into Gaza since the US-brokered Israel-Hamas ceasefire took effect on 10 October.

They say they have 44,000 pallets of aid - containing non-food items, including tents and bedding - blocked from entering. Supplies that have been bought are currently stuck in Egypt, Jordan and Israel.

Jan Egeland blames what he calls "a bureaucratic, military, politicised quagmire" running "counter to all humanitarian principles" for the hold-up.

In March, Israel introduced a new registration process for aid groups working in Gaza, citing security reasons. It requires that they give lists of their local Palestinian staff.

However, aid groups say that data protection laws in donor countries prevent them from handing over such information.

Many items, including tent poles, are also classed as "dual-use" by Israel, meaning they have a military as well as civilian purpose, and their entry is banned or heavily restricted.

The BBC has asked Cogat, the Israeli defence body that controls the border crossings, for details on numbers of imported tents but it has yet to respond.

On Sunday it posted on X: "Over the last few months, in preparation for the winter and protection from the rain, COGAT coordinated with the international community and facilitated close to 140,000 tarpaulins directly to the residents of the Gaza Strip."

"We call on international organizations to coordinate more tents and tarpaulins and other winter humanitarian responses."

It says it is working with the new US-led Civil-Military Coordination Center (CMCC) that has been set up in southern Israel and other international partners to plan "a catered humanitarian response for the upcoming winter".

International aid groups are hoping that the CMCC - which will oversee implementation of President Trump's 20-point Gaza peace plan - will help ease restrictions on their work.

With a foreign donor conference on reconstruction in the Palestinian territory expected to take place in Egypt soon, they say basic shelter supplies must be allowed to enter while longer-term plans are developed.

"It would not be a good thing if all these nations meet in Cairo to discuss long-term reconstruction for Palestinians in great need if they die before their high-rise buildings can be reconstructed," says Mr Egeland, who was previously the UN's Emergency Relief Coordinator.

"They need a tent today, they don't need a promise of a beachfront structure in five years."

Palestinians have told the BBC that many tents - brought in by international agencies and Gulf donors - have been stolen and are available on the black market in Gaza.

They say that with a small increase in supply, prices have dropped from about $2,700 (2,330 euros; £2,050) before the ceasefire, to around $900-$1,000.

There are pleas for international help to distribute more shelters, more fairly.

"I hope everyone will join with us to end this crisis we're living through," says Alaa al-Dirghali in Khan Younis. "The tents endured two years under the sun and two years under the rain and they couldn't last this downpour."

"Until this moment, people are re-erecting these broken tents because they don't have any alternative. I pray to God that those responsible for handing out tents will give them to those who actually need them. They're getting stolen and sold to people at a very expensive price."

In Gaza City, Rami Deif Allah, who was displaced from Beit Hanoun, was drying out soaked mattresses in the weak sunshine, with his elderly mother and children.

He said a relative had given him a waterproof tent but that it was still flooded.

"We evacuated about 11 times and there was no safe place for us so we took shelter in these humble tents but it was all in vain. When the rain came they couldn't protect us," he said. "The water flooded us from above and below."

Like all Gazans, Rami longs for a permanent dwelling.

"We pray for this war to be fully over, and for everyone to return to their homes," he went on. "Even if we don't find our houses standing, with our sweat and blood we will rebuild. This situation of living out on the streets is unbearable."

Long the scourge of water companies for blocking pipes, a ban on the sale of wet wipes made of plastic will be signed into law later today.

The new rules will come into force in 2027 and will bring England into line with legislation across the rest of the UK.

Plastic wipes don't disintegrate when flushed down the toilet, so when oil and fat congeal on them, so-called fatbergs form in sewers, which water companies say cost them £200m a year to clear.

Most of the wipes that are sold in the UK are now made of non-plastic materials but the government and water companies say they should not be labelled as "flushable" because they can still cause blockages.

The wet wipe manufacturers contacted by the BBC said their non-plastic "flushable" wipes have been thoroughly tested and comply with all the rules.

Fatbergs can become huge if the blockage is not cleared.

Just last month a massive stinking lump of wet wipes, fat and oil was removed from a west London sewer. It weighed the same as eight double-decker buses and took a specialist team more than a month to break down.

The market for wet wipes has been growing steadily for years. According to government figures in 2023, 32 billion wipes were sold to UK consumers of which about 12 billion contained plastic. If they were all laid out flat that's enough to cover 2,200 football pitches with plastic wipes.

Though they welcomed the new legislation for England, water industry sources were also quick to point out its limitations.

UK companies will still be able to manufacture and export plastic wet wipes, and they will still be available for people to buy from pharmacies both in person (behind the counter) and online. Businesses like hotels will be allowed to buy the wipes, without restrictions.

The medical profession successfully argued for an exemption from the wet wipe ban, arguing that non-plastic wipes absorb too much of the detergents and disinfectants impregnated in them, with potential consequences for patient safety.

At Minworth Wastewater Treatment works in the Midlands the scale of the current problem can be both seen and smelt.

Minworth serves a population of more than two million people across Birmingham and the Black Country and Severn Trent, who run the facility, say 10 tonnes a day of wet wipes end up here.

"It's a nightmare," Grant Mitchell, Severn Trent's head of blockages says, as we survey a small mountain of wipes.

He's just shown us the area where the "un-flushables" are filtered out from the sewage. It's grotty stuff. There are dead rats, a rubber duck as well as a huge ball of soiled wipes.

"Wet wipes are a problem because they're made to not break down like toilet paper," he says. "So they stay in one piece, and they gather together with fat, oil, and grease from kitchens, congeal and create a fatberg which causes flooding."

Also on hand at Minworth is Emma Hardy the Minister for Water and Flooding.

"It's going to make a huge difference," Emma Hardy, the Minister for Water and Flooding, said of the ban as we sheltered from the rain at Minworth. "I think people maybe underestimate the amount of problems that these wet wipes cause."

While many brands say their wipes are "flushable" and environmentally friendly, whether they can and should be disposed of down the toilet is being questioned.

Daniel Jolly is researching how fast these biodegradable wet wipes break down. In a lab at the University of East Anglia in Norwich we watch as he simulates what a toilet flush does to a wipe.

"This isn't toilet paper" he says as the wipe slowly breaks apart into fibres while he stirs the water inside an tank. "Even though it's the same basic materials, this is built completely differently and it's much stronger."

Jolly has been carrying out tests on the banks of the River Yare to see how quickly the plastic-free wipes disintegrate.

"It's a period of most likely months to a year, or two years, depending on the environmental conditions that they're in," he says.

"That's much slower than toilet paper which is between weeks to several months, but much better than a plastic wipe which can last hundreds, even thousands of years in certain situations."

Research commissioned by the government found that some non-plastic wipes failed tests on how fast they disintegrated, meaning they could still block sewers.

Jolly is now looking at what impact the biodegradable wipes have on aquatic life as they fall apart.

Until March 2024 the water companies ran a certification scheme which gave the green light for some wipes to be put in the toilet, called "Fine to Flush". But that was discontinued because of fears it was causing confusion among consumers and replaced with a new slogan "Bin the Wipe".

Now the advice from the government and the water companies is very clear. Only the three P's - pee, paper and poo should be put down the toilet.

"Restricting the sale of wet wipes containing plastic is a step in the right direction," said a spokesperson for Water UK, the industry's trade body. "But we really need a ban on their manufacture and mandatory 'do not flush' labelling on all wet wipes."

Some of the manufacturers who market "flushable" wipes told the BBC that they were in fact moist toilet tissues, but Water UK said it still viewed them as wet wipes so they shouldn't be flushed.

"I would encourage them [the wet wipe manufacturers] to show leadership on this right now," says Minister Hardy.

"Instead of marketing them as being flushable, provide labelling to inform the public that they need to bin them and not flush them down the toilets."

Additional reporting by Gwyndaf Hughes

This is part of the Global Women series from the BBC World Service, sharing extraordinary interviews and stories from around the globe.

"I hated that I looked Asian, that I didn't have blue eyes and blonde hair, because that's what was beautiful at the time," says Arden Cho, the actress who voiced Rumi, star of Netflix's chart-topping animated film, KPop Demon Hunters.

Cho, 40, is describing her childhood in Texas, as the eldest daughter of Korean immigrant parents and her struggle for acceptance in American society.

In the film, which tells the story of a female K-Pop trio who must save the world from evil forces, Rumi has to come to terms with her identity as part human, part demon - and when Cho first read the script this resonated powerfully.

"Being born in America, feeling American but having people treat me like I'm not, trying to figure out my identity as an Asian-American, as a Korean-American, as a woman," she says.

These were all elements of her early life that mirrored Rumi's journey.

"I can honestly say that at different points in my life, I hated a lot of myself and I wanted to be someone else.

"As kids, what you see shapes who you become and I feel like I just didn't see enough people that look like me."

When it launched on Netflix in June, KPop Demon Hunters registered 33 million views in just two weeks, and reached the top 10 of the Netflix charts in 93 countries. To star in the first Hollywood animated film set in Korea, with Korean leads, was for Cho "a dream come true" – but it has also made her a powerful role model for Asian-American children, of the kind that she lacked when she was young.

Cho says many Korean-Americans have told her it's "such a refreshing moment", making them proud for the first time of their dual heritage and culture.

"I feel like K-Pop really, truly, has paved the way. K-beauty has had such a big impact on Korea being loved. But I feel like this movie is the one that tipped it over the edge of, everybody wants to go to Korea, now," Cho says.

But the film's success was not guaranteed and Cho says she felt the team making it were "sometimes facing an uphill battle".

"I feel like it kind of sucks to say this, but any time there's an Asian-led project, people feel like it's a risk," she says.

So, when she took on the role, she made an effort to meet everyone working on the film in person, she says.

The film was released against the backdrop of increased immigration raids in the US as part of the Trump administration's mass deportation effort, which sparked protests in many states.

As an Asian-American living in the US "it's heartbreaking and disappointing," says Cho. "Immigrants have made America what it is."

Korean news sources have estimated that up to 150,000 Korean immigrants without proper documentation, including adopted children, are among those who could be deported.

As an adult, Cho came to realise that the racism she had experienced when she was younger stemmed mainly from a lack of education, as people didn't know what it meant to be Korean or Asian.

"But now in this day and age, when I feel like the world and people should know better, it is beyond disappointing and sometimes I feel like we feel so hopeless," she says.

Because of this, it feels very special, she says, that KPop Demon Hunters could bring "hope and joy and love to all these different communities".

"Maybe that's why it's sort of like this movie of the summer, because we just needed some hope and something to unite us all together."

The growth of AI is a major concern for the film industry, raising the possibility that in future it could be used to make a film like KPop Demon Hunters.

Cho says she is aware that AI is already being used to replicate actors' voices, but wants to "have hope in humanity" that people will still seek out art created by humans.

"Sure, I'm sure they're going to have AI actors and singers. I know they already exist. I know our voices are already being manipulated, but I hope people have some respect and want and love for something real."

KPop Demon Hunters has also been dominating the global music charts, with seven tracks from its soundtrack featured on the Billboard Hot 100. It has its own fan art, and audiences around the world are demanding a sequel.

Cho tells us she wishes she could answer the question of whether that will happen - but both she and fans will have to wait for Netflix or Sony Pictures Entertainment, which made the film, to give it the green light.

"I know there's lots of murmurs, I've heard wonderful things," she says. "So we shall see, and I think everyone in the world would riot if there wasn't."

• Starting conversations, building connections and challenging misinformation through features, investigations, interviews and extraordinary stories

Broadcaster and journalist Dan Wootton has responded to a court claim against him, denying that he catfished a man who says he was a former colleague.

Earlier this year, the man filed a case claiming that in 2009 he was tricked by Wootton into sending him explicit photographs of himself as well as an explicit video.

He says Wootton did this by sending him sexualised messages, pretending to be a woman called Maria Joseph.

In documents filed at the High Court, Wootton denies ever communicating "via any medium" with the man, who has been granted anonymity by the court.

Wootton also denies that he "ever has been in possession" of any "explicit photographs or video" portraying the man.

Explicit photos and video

The anonymous claimant has previously told the court that in 2009 Wootton communicated with him via email, SMS and Facebook.

The man says that at the time he believed he was communicating with a woman called Maria Joseph, and did not know that he was, in fact, communicating with Wootton, according to the claim.

The man says that the messages soon became "sexualised and flirtatious", and that Wootton sent him photographs of a female which, he claims, Wootton falsely pretended were of the woman the claimant thought he had been communicating with.

He says that some of the photographs showed the female partially or fully naked.

The man also said Wootton sent him a video of a man and a woman having sex, again pretending that the female in the video was the woman whom the anonymous claimant thought he was communicating with.

Wootton denies the claims

In documents filed recently at the High Court, Wootton said it was denied that he "communicated with the claimant via any medium - including email, SMS or Facebook; and denied that he sent the claimant any images or videos".

The anonymous man also previously said in his claim that believing that he was communicating with a woman, he responded to the messages in a flirtatious and sexualised manner.

He said Wootton (pretending to be Maria Joseph) encouraged him to send explicit photographs of himself.

The man added that "in the induced belief that he was communicating with Maria Joseph, an unknown female who was interested in a sexual relationship", and who had already sent explicit images of herself, he was "persuaded to and did send" explicit photographs of himself as well as an explicit video.

Wootton says in court documents it is denied that he "was or ever has been in possession of any flirtatious or sexualised messages from the claimant, or explicit photographs or video portraying the claimant".

He also said in the documents that the anonymous claimant did not believe that the recipient of his messages was called Maria Joseph.

Wootton added that the claimant stated to Maria Joseph: "Maria (if that is really your name)... we are in a catch 22. i can't play without finding this out. won't tell them as i'm not gonna advertise the fact i have apparently started to chatting to hot strangers on the internet. or tell me your real name then? [sic]".

Pain, injury and humiliation

The anonymous claimant is suing Wootton, saying that he has suffered pain, injury, humiliation and hurt to his feelings. And that he has sustained loss and damage because of Wootton's actions.

He says that he has suffered from major depressive order and use of alcohol.

Wootton has said that he does not accept that the anonymous claimant has suffered "any injury as a result of any communication of messages, images, and/or videos between him and 'Maria Joseph'."

He has denied that he and the man were former colleagues, and said the man's claim should not be allowed, because any case should have been brought years before.

Teachers' wellbeing across the UK is at its lowest level since 2019, according to the charity Education Support.

Its latest report says the education workforce is in "crisis" and warns "young people's education will suffer" if more is not done to keep teachers in the job.

Teaching unions in England said schools were facing a "tsunami of stress and pressure", and teachers were being "driven out of the classroom at a time when children needed them most".

A Department for Education (DfE) spokesperson said the government was "restoring teaching as the highly valued profession it should be", adding that last year had seen one of the lowest rates of teachers leaving the profession since 2010.

Education Support's annual Teacher Wellbeing Index measures the stress, mental health and wellbeing issues reported by teachers and school leaders across the UK.

More than 3,000 education staff registered with the YouGov polling service responded to questions about their mental health and wellbeing between June and July this year.

The charity's findings suggest:

• 76% of education staff who responded reported feeling stressed
• 77% said they had experienced symptoms of poor mental health due to their work
• 86% of senior leaders said they felt stressed, with many reporting signs of burnout and exhaustion

The report also used the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale (WEMWBS), which scores a person's wellbeing according to how often they report feeling optimistic, relaxed, or close with other people, for example. Those scores are then added together to give an overall picture of the respondent's mental wellbeing, with higher scores indicating a more positive mental outlook.

Compared with the general population, the teachers and school leaders who responded to the survey had a lower wellbeing score. The report's education staff wellbeing score was 43, compared with overall population scores of 51 in England and Northern Ireland, 49 in Wales, and 48 in Scotland.

The responses of more than a third (36%) of education staff produced a WEMWBS score of less than 41, indicating probable clinical depression.

Education Support chief executive Sinéad McBrearty said: "We urgently need a national retention strategy that puts staff wellbeing at its core.

"Without this, more teachers will leave the profession, and more children and young people's education will suffer."

Former head teacher Hilary Mitchell left the profession over Easter this year, after 32 years in teaching, including five years as a primary school principal in Walsall.

"It got to the point where that's all there was," she said.

"I was so exhausted when I got home. I couldn't sleep. It was making me very irritable, because of the constant demands and never feeling like you're doing a good enough job."

It's a decision which made her "extremely sad", she said, and which was not part of her career plan.

"In my head I'm a young 56-year-old. I had energy to give, but I just feel like it was being beaten out of me," she said.

"I really enjoyed my job, and it was the best school in the world. But it was more and more demands, more pressure, but less resources and funding."

Simon Hart, principal of Springwest Academy in west London, said his school had brought in a "culture of kindness" to promote feelings of staff belonging, trust and self-esteem.

His school has lessons from 09:00 until 16:00 from Monday to Thursday, which means the school can close at 13:40 for staff and students every Friday.

The school also offers online parents' evenings for staff and parents, something he says is "a huge wellbeing offer that's very popular".

The school encourages staff to get to know one another with regular coffee and cake breaks, and the system for enforcing rules around behaviour is ran by the school's leadership team - rather than the teachers.

"In education, a lot of teachers leave because of behaviour - it's not managed," Simon says.

Taking detentions and other behaviour issues out of the teachers' hands means they "can just get on and teach".

He says the approach has had a positive impact on attainment, school culture and the retention of staff.

Teacher wellbeing is an issue the government is trying to improve as part of its manifesto pledge to recruit 6,500 new teachers.

But earlier this year, analysis by the National Foundation of Educational Research (NFER) said unfilled vacancies were at a record high and recruitment into teacher training remained "persistently low."

Teaching unions are calling for wellbeing, workload and support to be a priority for the government.

The National Education Union (NEU) said it was a "system in crisis", with NASUWT adding that teachers were being "driven out of the classroom".

The Association of School and College Leaders said the "many positives" of teaching were "increasingly being undermined by a tsunami of stress and pressure".

And the National Association of Head Teachers said "real movement is needed to shed some of the huge burdens our dedicated teachers and leaders carry, show they are valued, and restore teaching as a truly rewarding career."

The DfE said it was already delivering on its manifesto pledge around recruiting and retaining teachers, and said the government was "taking action to tackle poor pupil behaviour, high workload and poor wellbeing" among staff.

The UK tax office took a "cavalier" approach to child benefit checks when it decided to strip payments from thousands of claimants after wrongly assuming they had permanently relocated out of the UK, a group of MPs have said.

Payments stopped when HM Revenue & Customs (HMRC) ceased cross-checking travel records with claimants' tax data to prove they were in the UK.

Treasury Select Committee chair Dame Meg Hillier said it had made a "costly error" by dropping key assessments.

HMRC boss John-Paul Marks apologised and said several changes had been made to improve the process including reinstating employment checks.

Writing to the Treasury Select Committee, Mr Marks said by the end of October, about 15% or more than 3,600 of the 23,794 claimants who were flagged as potentially ineligible due to their travel history, were confirmed to still qualify for child benefit.

In September, HMRC began a crackdown on child benefit fraud which it believes could save £350m over the next five years.

Child benefit is paid to 6.9m families but runs out after eight weeks living outside the UK.

Many people affected complained HMRC had stopped their money after they went on holiday for just a short time. In some cases benefits were stopped because the tax office had evidence of a claimant leaving the UK, but not returning.

The HMRC's pilot programme used Home Office data on passengers departing the UK, as well as other tax payments such as PAYE to identify whether a claimant had arrived back in the UK.

Mr Marks said the additional cross-checks against UK tax and payroll data were dropped after the pilot was extended, in order to "streamline the process".

Dame Meg said: "HMRC is absolutely right to look at innovative ways to fight fraud and error in our system.

"I'm afraid, though, that it appears they have been cavalier with people's finances, making the arbitrary decision to remove necessary checks and causing a mess they are now forced to clean up."

Mr Marks said he apologised to thousands of claimants who stopped receiving funds because of this "streamlining".

The HMRC chief executive also outlined plans to give claimants at least one month to provide proof they are eligible for the benefit if travel data suggests they are no longer in the UK, and payments will not be paused at the start of an investigation.

Welcoming the apology, Dame Meg warned MPs would question HMRC in the new year about "the lessons they have learned from this mistake".

A paralegal who was secretly filmed telling a BBC undercover reporter how he can help businesses avoid fines of up to £60,000 for employing illegal workers, has been sacked.

At a solicitor's office in Huddersfield, Zohaib Hussain said he could "make documents" including "business agreements" for a fee of £3,500 to help dodge immigration fines.

His employer, RKS Solicitors, confirmed he had been "permanently dismissed" a day after the investigation was broadcast and a "police report" had been made.

Mr Hussain previously said he categorically denied "all allegations, insinuations, and claims".

The Home Office announced an "urgent investigation" involving the National Crime Agency and multiple police forces following a series of BBC reports into organised criminal networks operating on High Streets the length of Britain.

They exposed how a Kurdish crime network is enabling migrants to work illegally in mini-marts across the UK.

Our investigation also uncovered a man at the centre of an immigration crime group who said he had "customers in every city" and could enable illegal working.

Following the reports, senior politicians warned that the crime networks were acting as a pull factor for illegal migration to the UK.

In one of the investigations, an undercover reporter posed as a mini mart owner who had received a fine from immigration enforcement worth up to £60,000 for employing illegal workers, and met with Zohaib Hussain.

During the meeting at a solicitor's in Huddersfield, Mr Hussain fired questions at our reporter about his cover story.

"How many illegal workers? So how much is the fine? How many times did they catch you?"

Then, with a chuckle, he asked what was sold in the mini-mart: "Do you sell vapes? Legal or illegal? Bit of both as well?"

Mr Hussain went on to explain how to avoid the fine. He said: "Sometimes we might have to make documents," said Mr Hussain, such as "business agreements".

Our undercover reporter then asked if the fine would be transferred to someone else's name. Mr Hussain said that would be "the last resort."

Before the meeting ended, Mr Hussain warned that the immigration authorities would want to jump on the fine straight away - making a cutting-motion across his throat.

He said his charges would be £3,500 and he "would look after us".

During the whole meeting with Mr Hussain, a man known as Shaxawan was present in the room.

Shaxawan was revealed by the BBC as a man at the centre of an organised crime network involved in the facilitation of illegal working.

He told undercover journalists that he and his associates could help migrants - including asylum seekers - to set up businesses illegally and "confuse" immigration enforcement.

In Companies House listings, Shaxawan is named as Kardos Mateen, a British resident in his 30s, and has been the director of 18 businesses across the north of England, including many High Street mini marts.

Mr Hussain asked our undercover reporter to share any future Immigration Enforcement letters with Shaxawan.

In a previous statement to the BBC, Mr Hussain said: "For clarity, the individual named in your correspondence, Mr Shaxawan Jawad, is not associated with me in any capacity; professional, personal, or otherwise."

He added: "I have never been involved in, nor have I facilitated, encouraged, or condoned, any form of illegal or improper activity."

Shaxawan, otherwise known as Kardos Mateen, told us by email that he categorically denied "every allegation, insinuation and claim made" in our reporting, and said that he was "not employed by, associated with, or acting on behalf of RKS Solicitors in any capacity".

In a earlier statement, RKS Solicitors said it had informed the Solicitors Regulation Authority (SRA).

"Mr Hussain is employed as a paralegal under strict supervision… The individual is not authorised or instructed to provide immigration and tax advice."

The firm did not comment on Shaxawan Jawad. It said it did not condone unlawful conduct and was committed to the "highest standards of professionalism, integrity, and public service".

West Yorkshire Police said it "is working in close partnership with the Home Office, which has assumed primacy for the investigation into the matters highlighted in recent BBC reporting".

Since 2018, the United States has been tightening its laws to prevent its rivals from buying into its sensitive sectors – blocking investments in everything from semiconductors to telecommunications.

But the rules weren't always so strict.

In 2016, Jeff Stein, a veteran journalist covering the US intelligence community, got a tip-off: a small insurance company that specialised in selling liability insurance to FBI and CIA agents had been sold to a Chinese entity.

"Someone with direct knowledge called me up and said, 'Do you know that the insurance company that insures intelligence personnel is owned by the Chinese?'" he remembers. "I was astonished!"

In 2015, the insurer, Wright USA, had been quietly purchased by Fosun Group, a private company believed to have very close connections with China's leadership.

US concerns became immediately clear: Wright USA was privy to the personal details of many of America's top secret service agents and intelligence officials. No one in the US knew who might have access to that information now the insurer and its parent, Ironshore, were Chinese-owned.

Wright USA wasn't an isolated case.

The BBC has exclusive early access to brand new data that shows how Chinese state money has been flowing into wealthy countries, buying up assets in the US, Europe, the Middle East and Australia.

In the past couple of decades China has become the world's biggest overseas investor, giving it the potential to dominate sensitive industries, secrets and key technologies. Beijing considers the details of its foreign spending overseas – how much money it's spending and where - to be a state secret.

But on the terms of the Wright USA sale, Stein says: "There was nothing illegal about it; it was in the open, so to speak. But because everything's intertwined so closely in Beijing, you're essentially giving that [information] up to Chinese intelligence."

The Chinese government was involved in the deal: fresh data seen by the BBC reveals that four Chinese state banks had provided a $1.2bn (£912m) loan, routed through the Cayman Islands, to allow Fosun to buy Wright USA.

Stein's story ran in Newsweek magazine. And there was a swift reaction in Washington: triggering an inquiry by the branch of the US Treasury that screens investments, the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS). Shortly after, the company was sold again - back to Americans. It's unclear who ordered that sale.

Fosun and Starr Wright USA, the company that now owns Wright USA, did not respond to a BBC request for comment.

High-level US intelligence sources confirm the Wright USA sale was one of the cases that led the first Trump administration to tighten its investment laws in 2018.

Very few could have understood at the time that this Chinese state-backed spending appears to have been part of a much bigger strategy carried out by Beijing to invest and buy assets in every continent.

"For many years, we assumed that virtually all of China's money flows were going to developing countries," says Brad Parks, executive director of AidData. "And so, it came as a great surprise to us when we realised that actually there were hundreds of billions of dollars going into places like the US, the UK and Germany, happening right underneath our noses."

AidData is a research lab based in Virginia that specialises in tracking how governments spend their money outside their borders. It's based at William & Mary, one of America's oldest universities and it gets its funding from governments and charitable organisations around the world. For the past 12 years, AidData has had a major focus on China.

A four-year effort involving 120 researchers has led to the first known effort to tally all of China's state-backed investments around the world. The group's entire dataset is available open source although the BBC was given exclusive advance access.

AidData's key discovery: since 2000, Beijing has spent $2.1 trillion outside its borders, with a roughly equal split between developing and wealthy countries.

"China has a kind of financial system that the world has never seen," says Victor Shih, director of the 21st Century China Centre at University of California San Diego. China has the largest banking system in the world – larger than the US, Europe and Japan put together, he adds.

That size, along with the amount of control Beijing exerts over state banks, gives it unique capabilities.

"The government controls interest rates and directs where the credit goes," Mr Shih says. "This is only possible with very strict capital control, which no other country could have on a sustainable basis."

Some of the investments in wealthy economies appear to have been made in order to generate a healthy return. Others fall in line with Beijing's strategic objectives, set out a decade ago in a major government initiative called Made in China 2025.

In it the Chinese authorities outlined a clear plan to dominate 10 cutting-edge industries, like robotics, electric vehicles and semiconductors by this year.

Beijing wanted to fund big investments abroad so key technologies could be brought back to China.

Global alarm at the plan led China to drop public mention of it, but Victor Shih says it "stayed very much alive" as a guiding strategy.

"There are all kinds of plans still being published," he says, "including an artificial intelligence plan and a smart manufacturing plan. However, the mother of all plans is the 15th five-year plan."

At a key meeting of the Communist Party last month, China's leaders set the goal of accelerating "high-level scientific and technological self-reliance and self-improvement" until 2030.

AidData's new database highlights state-backed spending overseas that matches the 10 sectors targeted in 2015. The BBC's earlier reporting detailed how the Chinese government bankrolled the purchase of a UK semiconductor company.

The United States, the UK and many other major economies have tightened their investment screening mechanisms after each country appears to have been caught off-guard by deals like the sale of the insurer, Wright USA.

AidData's Brad Parks says wealthy governments didn't realise at first that Chinese investments in each country were part of Beijing's larger strategy.

"At first blush, they thought it was just a lot of individual initiative from Chinese companies," he says. "I think what they've learned over time is that actually Beijing's party state is behind the scenes writing the cheques to make this happen."

However, it must be underlined that such investments and purchases are legal, even if they are sometimes obscured within shell companies or routed through offshore accounts.

"The Chinese government has always required Chinese enterprises operating overseas to strictly comply with local laws and regulations, and has consistently supported them in conducting international co-operation based on mutual benefit," the Chinese embassy in London told the BBC.

"Chinese companies not only provide quality products and services to people around the world, but also contribute actively to local economic growth, social development and job creation."

China's spending patterns are changing, the AidData database shows, with Beijing's state money flowing to countries that have decided to welcome Chinese investment.

In the Netherlands there's been debate around Nexperia, a troubled Chinese-owned semiconductor company.

It shows up in the AidData database too – Chinese state banks loaned $800m to help a Chinese consortium acquire Nexperia in 2017. Two years later, the ownership passed to another Chinese company - Wingtech.

Nexperia's strategic value was highlighted when the Dutch authorities took control of the company's operations in September - in part, the Dutch government said, over concerns that Nexperia's technology was at risk of being transferred to other parts of the larger Wingtech company.

That bold move had resulted in Nexperia effectively being cut into two – separating Dutch operations from its Chinese manufacturing.

Nexperia confirmed to the BBC that its Chinese business had stopped operating within Nexperia's governance framework and was ignoring instructions.

The company said it welcomed China's commitment to resuming exports of its critical chips to global markets.

Xioaxue Martin, a research fellow at the Clingendael Institute in The Hague, says many in the Netherlands were surprised at how the government handled the case, since they've always managed their relationship with China carefully in the past.

"We're a country that has always done very well with open trade, free trade. And this is really the merchant side of Dutch policy," she says. "Only recently we found that actually, hold on - geopolitics makes it necessary to have more industrial policy, to have this investment screening, when in the past there wasn't that much attention for this."

Xiaoxue Martin is clear – it's easy to go too far down the path of fearing what could happen as a result of doing so much business with a superpower like China.

"There's a danger of making it seem as if China is this monolith, that they all want the same thing, and that they're all out to get Europe, and to get the United States, when obviously that's not the case," she says.

"Most companies, especially if they're private, they just want to make money. They want to be treated as a normal company. They don't want to have this negative reception that they're getting in Europe."

If China is so far ahead of its rivals in its plans to buy into sensitive sectors, does that mean the race to dominate these arenas is already over?

"No! There's gonna be multiple laps," maintains Brad Parks. "There are many Chinese companies that are still trying to make these types of acquisitions. The difference is, now they're facing higher levels of scrutiny to vet these inbound sources of foreign capital.

"So China makes its move. China is not the follower any more, it is the leader. It is the pace setter. But what I'm anticipating is that many G7 countries are going to move from the back foot to the front foot.

"They're going to move from defence to offence."

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We all know our phones aren't great for our relationships, but that doesn't stop us reaching for them dozens of times a day.

That's how so called phubbing - unintentionally snubbing someone in favour of your phone -creeps into everyday moments.

This can impact your relationship by making partners feel ignored and parental phone use can really affect children from weakening bonds with younger kids and denting self-esteem in older ones.

Rather than criticising yourself about your lack of self-control, focusing on being more intentional about when we pick up our devices can be more effective, according to one psychologist.

Dr Kaitlyn Regehr, Associate Professor at University College London suggests one simple way to stop you picking up your phone mindlessly when you're with someone else.

Every time you reach for your phone, tell the other person why you're doing it, and when you're done, put it down and re-engage.

It sounds almost too easy, but Dr Regehr says this small shift can help change our behaviour as we often check messages, swipe notifications or "Just quickly look something up" without thinking.

What matters is being transparent, so if a message pops up that you need to check, you should tell the person or people you are with: "I just need to reply to this, then you'll have my attention again."

By naming it - "I need to check my train times" or "I'm replying to my mum" - you interrupt the automatic habit of checking your phone and it also signals to the person beside you that they still matter.

"It stops the other person feeling ignored," Dr Regehr says.

"And it keeps you accountable, because you're less likely to drift into other apps or endless scrolling."

Doing this could help improve your relationships too.

Dr Claire Hart, Associate Professor of Psychology at the University of Southampton, led a study which involved speaking to 196 people about their relationships and phone use. Overall the results showed that the more you feel you're being phubbed, the worse your relationship tends to be.

"Not everyone reacts in the same way," Dr Hart says. "It depends on personality, but once one person feels ignored, it can trigger retaliation.

"They pick up their own phone, and that's when it becomes a dangerous spiral as each partner feels rejected or less valued than whatever's on the screen."

Every time you are phubbed you lose connection and once you've left a shared moment to look at a screen, it can take a while to get back to what was going on before.

Since 2018, the United States has been tightening its laws to prevent its rivals from buying into its sensitive sectors – blocking investments in everything from semiconductors to telecommunications.

But the rules weren't always so strict.

In 2016, Jeff Stein, a veteran journalist covering the US intelligence community, got a tip-off: a small insurance company that specialised in selling liability insurance to FBI and CIA agents had been sold to a Chinese entity.

"Someone with direct knowledge called me up and said, 'Do you know that the insurance company that insures intelligence personnel is owned by the Chinese?'" he remembers. "I was astonished!"

In 2015, the insurer, Wright USA, had been quietly purchased by Fosun Group, a private company believed to have very close connections with China's leadership.

US concerns became immediately clear: Wright USA was privy to the personal details of many of America's top secret service agents and intelligence officials. No one in the US knew who might have access to that information now the insurer and its parent, Ironshore, were Chinese-owned.

Wright USA wasn't an isolated case.

The BBC has exclusive early access to brand new data that shows how Chinese state money has been flowing into wealthy countries, buying up assets in the US, Europe, the Middle East and Australia.

In the past couple of decades China has become the world's biggest overseas investor, giving it the potential to dominate sensitive industries, secrets and key technologies. Beijing considers the details of its foreign spending overseas – how much money it's spending and where - to be a state secret.

But on the terms of the Wright USA sale, Stein says: "There was nothing illegal about it; it was in the open, so to speak. But because everything's intertwined so closely in Beijing, you're essentially giving that [information] up to Chinese intelligence."

The Chinese government was involved in the deal: fresh data seen by the BBC reveals that four Chinese state banks had provided a $1.2bn (£912m) loan, routed through the Cayman Islands, to allow Fosun to buy Wright USA.

Stein's story ran in Newsweek magazine. And there was a swift reaction in Washington: triggering an inquiry by the branch of the US Treasury that screens investments, the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS). Shortly after, the company was sold again - back to Americans. It's unclear who ordered that sale.

Fosun and Starr Wright USA, the company that now owns Wright USA, did not respond to a BBC request for comment.

High-level US intelligence sources confirm the Wright USA sale was one of the cases that led the first Trump administration to tighten its investment laws in 2018.

Very few could have understood at the time that this Chinese state-backed spending appears to have been part of a much bigger strategy carried out by Beijing to invest and buy assets in every continent.

"For many years, we assumed that virtually all of China's money flows were going to developing countries," says Brad Parks, executive director of AidData. "And so, it came as a great surprise to us when we realised that actually there were hundreds of billions of dollars going into places like the US, the UK and Germany, happening right underneath our noses."

AidData is a research lab based in Virginia that specialises in tracking how governments spend their money outside their borders. It's based at William & Mary, one of America's oldest universities and it gets its funding from governments and charitable organisations around the world. For the past 12 years, AidData has had a major focus on China.

A four-year effort involving 120 researchers has led to the first known effort to tally all of China's state-backed investments around the world. The group's entire dataset is available open source although the BBC was given exclusive advance access.

AidData's key discovery: since 2000, Beijing has spent $2.1 trillion outside its borders, with a roughly equal split between developing and wealthy countries.

"China has a kind of financial system that the world has never seen," says Victor Shih, director of the 21st Century China Centre at University of California San Diego. China has the largest banking system in the world – larger than the US, Europe and Japan put together, he adds.

That size, along with the amount of control Beijing exerts over state banks, gives it unique capabilities.

"The government controls interest rates and directs where the credit goes," Mr Shih says. "This is only possible with very strict capital control, which no other country could have on a sustainable basis."

Some of the investments in wealthy economies appear to have been made in order to generate a healthy return. Others fall in line with Beijing's strategic objectives, set out a decade ago in a major government initiative called Made in China 2025.

In it the Chinese authorities outlined a clear plan to dominate 10 cutting-edge industries, like robotics, electric vehicles and semiconductors by this year.

Beijing wanted to fund big investments abroad so key technologies could be brought back to China.

Global alarm at the plan led China to drop public mention of it, but Victor Shih says it "stayed very much alive" as a guiding strategy.

"There are all kinds of plans still being published," he says, "including an artificial intelligence plan and a smart manufacturing plan. However, the mother of all plans is the 15th five-year plan."

At a key meeting of the Communist Party last month, China's leaders set the goal of accelerating "high-level scientific and technological self-reliance and self-improvement" until 2030.

AidData's new database highlights state-backed spending overseas that matches the 10 sectors targeted in 2015. The BBC's earlier reporting detailed how the Chinese government bankrolled the purchase of a UK semiconductor company.

The United States, the UK and many other major economies have tightened their investment screening mechanisms after each country appears to have been caught off-guard by deals like the sale of the insurer, Wright USA.

AidData's Brad Parks says wealthy governments didn't realise at first that Chinese investments in each country were part of Beijing's larger strategy.

"At first blush, they thought it was just a lot of individual initiative from Chinese companies," he says. "I think what they've learned over time is that actually Beijing's party state is behind the scenes writing the cheques to make this happen."

However, it must be underlined that such investments and purchases are legal, even if they are sometimes obscured within shell companies or routed through offshore accounts.

"The Chinese government has always required Chinese enterprises operating overseas to strictly comply with local laws and regulations, and has consistently supported them in conducting international co-operation based on mutual benefit," the Chinese embassy in London told the BBC.

"Chinese companies not only provide quality products and services to people around the world, but also contribute actively to local economic growth, social development and job creation."

China's spending patterns are changing, the AidData database shows, with Beijing's state money flowing to countries that have decided to welcome Chinese investment.

In the Netherlands there's been debate around Nexperia, a troubled Chinese-owned semiconductor company.

It shows up in the AidData database too – Chinese state banks loaned $800m to help a Chinese consortium acquire Nexperia in 2017. Two years later, the ownership passed to another Chinese company - Wingtech.

Nexperia's strategic value was highlighted when the Dutch authorities took control of the company's operations in September - in part, the Dutch government said, over concerns that Nexperia's technology was at risk of being transferred to other parts of the larger Wingtech company.

That bold move had resulted in Nexperia effectively being cut into two – separating Dutch operations from its Chinese manufacturing.

Nexperia confirmed to the BBC that its Chinese business had stopped operating within Nexperia's governance framework and was ignoring instructions.

The company said it welcomed China's commitment to resuming exports of its critical chips to global markets.

Xioaxue Martin, a research fellow at the Clingendael Institute in The Hague, says many in the Netherlands were surprised at how the government handled the case, since they've always managed their relationship with China carefully in the past.

"We're a country that has always done very well with open trade, free trade. And this is really the merchant side of Dutch policy," she says. "Only recently we found that actually, hold on - geopolitics makes it necessary to have more industrial policy, to have this investment screening, when in the past there wasn't that much attention for this."

Xiaoxue Martin is clear – it's easy to go too far down the path of fearing what could happen as a result of doing so much business with a superpower like China.

"There's a danger of making it seem as if China is this monolith, that they all want the same thing, and that they're all out to get Europe, and to get the United States, when obviously that's not the case," she says.

"Most companies, especially if they're private, they just want to make money. They want to be treated as a normal company. They don't want to have this negative reception that they're getting in Europe."

If China is so far ahead of its rivals in its plans to buy into sensitive sectors, does that mean the race to dominate these arenas is already over?

"No! There's gonna be multiple laps," maintains Brad Parks. "There are many Chinese companies that are still trying to make these types of acquisitions. The difference is, now they're facing higher levels of scrutiny to vet these inbound sources of foreign capital.

"So China makes its move. China is not the follower any more, it is the leader. It is the pace setter. But what I'm anticipating is that many G7 countries are going to move from the back foot to the front foot.

"They're going to move from defence to offence."

This is part of the Global Women series from the BBC World Service, sharing extraordinary interviews and stories from around the globe.

"I hated that I looked Asian, that I didn't have blue eyes and blonde hair, because that's what was beautiful at the time," says Arden Cho, the actress who voiced Rumi, star of Netflix's chart-topping animated film, KPop Demon Hunters.

Cho, 40, is describing her childhood in Texas, as the eldest daughter of Korean immigrant parents and her struggle for acceptance in American society.

In the film, which tells the story of a female K-Pop trio who must save the world from evil forces, Rumi has to come to terms with her identity as part human, part demon - and when Cho first read the script this resonated powerfully.

"Being born in America, feeling American but having people treat me like I'm not, trying to figure out my identity as an Asian-American, as a Korean-American, as a woman," she says.

These were all elements of her early life that mirrored Rumi's journey.

"I can honestly say that at different points in my life, I hated a lot of myself and I wanted to be someone else.

"As kids, what you see shapes who you become and I feel like I just didn't see enough people that look like me."

When it launched on Netflix in June, KPop Demon Hunters registered 33 million views in just two weeks, and reached the top 10 of the Netflix charts in 93 countries. To star in the first Hollywood animated film set in Korea, with Korean leads, was for Cho "a dream come true" – but it has also made her a powerful role model for Asian-American children, of the kind that she lacked when she was young.

Cho says many Korean-Americans have told her it's "such a refreshing moment", making them proud for the first time of their dual heritage and culture.

"I feel like K-Pop really, truly, has paved the way. K-beauty has had such a big impact on Korea being loved. But I feel like this movie is the one that tipped it over the edge of, everybody wants to go to Korea, now," Cho says.

But the film's success was not guaranteed and Cho says she felt the team making it were "sometimes facing an uphill battle".

"I feel like it kind of sucks to say this, but any time there's an Asian-led project, people feel like it's a risk," she says.

So, when she took on the role, she made an effort to meet everyone working on the film in person, she says.

The film was released against the backdrop of increased immigration raids in the US as part of the Trump administration's mass deportation effort, which sparked protests in many states.

As an Asian-American living in the US "it's heartbreaking and disappointing," says Cho. "Immigrants have made America what it is."

Korean news sources have estimated that up to 150,000 Korean immigrants without proper documentation, including adopted children, are among those who could be deported.

As an adult, Cho came to realise that the racism she had experienced when she was younger stemmed mainly from a lack of education, as people didn't know what it meant to be Korean or Asian.

"But now in this day and age, when I feel like the world and people should know better, it is beyond disappointing and sometimes I feel like we feel so hopeless," she says.

Because of this, it feels very special, she says, that KPop Demon Hunters could bring "hope and joy and love to all these different communities".

"Maybe that's why it's sort of like this movie of the summer, because we just needed some hope and something to unite us all together."

The growth of AI is a major concern for the film industry, raising the possibility that in future it could be used to make a film like KPop Demon Hunters.

Cho says she is aware that AI is already being used to replicate actors' voices, but wants to "have hope in humanity" that people will still seek out art created by humans.

"Sure, I'm sure they're going to have AI actors and singers. I know they already exist. I know our voices are already being manipulated, but I hope people have some respect and want and love for something real."

KPop Demon Hunters has also been dominating the global music charts, with seven tracks from its soundtrack featured on the Billboard Hot 100. It has its own fan art, and audiences around the world are demanding a sequel.

Cho tells us she wishes she could answer the question of whether that will happen - but both she and fans will have to wait for Netflix or Sony Pictures Entertainment, which made the film, to give it the green light.

"I know there's lots of murmurs, I've heard wonderful things," she says. "So we shall see, and I think everyone in the world would riot if there wasn't."

• Starting conversations, building connections and challenging misinformation through features, investigations, interviews and extraordinary stories

Home Secretary Shabana Mahmood has defended sweeping changes to the UK's asylum system, telling MPs the current situation is "out of control and unfair".

Speaking in the House of Commons, Mahmood said: "If we fail to deal with this crisis, we will draw more people down a path that starts with anger and ends in hatred."

Under the plans, refugee status will become temporary, guaranteed housing support for asylum seekers will end and new capped "safe and legal routes" into the UK will be created.

Some Labour MPs expressed concerns, with Nadia Whittome calling the plans "dystopian" and "shameful", but the Conservatives gave the measures a cautious welcome.

Tory leader Kemi Badenoch said the proposals were "positive baby steps". However, she warned that unless the UK left the European Convention on Human Rights, Mahmood's efforts would be "doomed to fail".

Badenoch urged the home secretary to work with the Conservatives, saying she may find their votes would "come in handy" if Labour backbenchers did not support the changes.

Over the past year, the government has been forced to backtrack on some of its policies - including cuts to welfare and the winter fuel payment - after objections from its own MPs.

So far, around 20 Labour MPs have criticised the plans. Whittome, the MP for Nottingham East, accused the government of "ripping up the rights and protections of people who've endured imaginable trauma".

Folkstone MP and immigration lawyer Tony Vaughan said making refugee status temporary would create a "situation of perpetual limbo and alienation".

Richard Burgon said the measures were "morally wrong" and would "push away Labour voters".

"Why not recognise that now rather than in another few months and have to make a U-turn," the MP for Leeds East said.

Other Labour MPs expressed support for Mahmood. Chris Murray told BBC Radio 5 Live the system had to be fair "otherwise it'll collapse, and there's nothing progressive about letting that happen".

MP for Blackley and Middleton South, Graham Stringer, said the home secretary was "going down the right track".

He said she would reach a "compromise" with Labour MPs but added: "It might all be for naught if we don't get out of the European Convention on Human Rights."

So far this year 111,800 people have claimed asylum in the UK - 39% arrived in a small boat, while 37% arrived by legal means before claiming asylum.

The government says its plans are aimed at reducing the number of people coming to the UK and increasing removals of people who do not have a legal right to be in the country.

The Home Office published the changes in a 30-page document and a few hours later Mahmood presented them to the House of Commons.

Under the proposals, people granted refugee status will only be allowed to stay in the country temporarily, with their status reviewed every 30 months - half the current time period.

People could be returned to their home country, when it is deemed safe to do so.

The amount of time refugees will have to be in the UK before being allowed to apply for permanent residence will be quadrupled from five years to 20.

Families with children who have been refused asylum will be offered incentives to leave but could be forcibly removed if they refuse to go voluntarily.

Asylum seekers with income or assets would have to contribute to the cost of their stay in the UK.

Mahmood told MPs this would "end the absurdity where an asylum seeker receiving £800 a month from his family and an Audi was receiving free housing at the taxpayer's expense and the courts judged we could do nothing about it".

The Home Office has pushed back against suggestions asylum seekers could have their jewellery confiscated to pay for their accommodation.

In order to make it easier to remove failed asylum seekers, the government intends to change the way the European Convention of Human Rights and Modern Slavery Act is applied.

Mahmood also threatened to stop granting visas to people from three African countries - Angola, the Democratic Republic of Congo and Namibia - unless those governments improved co-operation on deportations.

Setting out her plans for capped safe and legal routes, Mahmood said voluntary and community organisations would be given "greater involvement" in receiving and supporting new arrivals.

Liberal Democrat home affairs spokesman Max Wilkinson welcomed the introduction of new safe and legal routes but accused the home secretary of "stoking division by using immoderate language".

Reform UK leader Nigel Farage praised Mahmood's "strong language" and suggested she was auditioning to join his party.

However, he said he had "serious doubts" her plans would survive objections from Labour backbenchers or the European Court of Human Rights.

Enver Solomon of the Refugee Council charity said tightening the system would not deter people "fleeing for their lives".

He said people were not coming to the UK because of the asylum rules but because they spoke English or had familial ties or community connections in the country.

"We have those communities because of our historical links and our past history as a big colonial nation," he added.

For 20 years the Home Office has been blighted with regular and well-documented failures to manage asylum seekers.

Home Secretary Shabana Mahmood's massive plan is unprecedented. And the legal and policy strategy marks an enormous change in thinking.

In short, the government wants to move from thinking about "duties" the Home Office must fulfil to what "powers" it really needs to take and use to get a grip on the situation.

Given ministers want to do this without demolishing constitutional safeguards such as the Human Rights Act, it is a tightrope.

At the heart of this plan - which sits alongside the slowly evolving "smash the gangs" project - is a massive reform of what refugee status leads to.

At the moment, anyone accepted for protection is basically here for life, if they choose.

Future applicants will enter a temporary system of safety called "Core Protection".

A refugee would get a minimum 30 months of permission to live in the UK before it is reviewed. Putting aside the logistical question of how the Home Office will find the resources to constantly check up on people, the aim is to encourage people to go home if conditions improve. How that works in practice as people get jobs and their children grow up with the UK their only secure home, is not clear.

But even if their homeland remains unstable, a refugee will not be allowed to permanently settle for 20 years - unless they "earn" a short cut through work or study.

On top of that, the government wants to cut financial support to asylum seekers (currently £49 per week) if they hold eligibility to work. That's about 20,000 people. Others will be told to sell assets to pay for their upkeep - although officials are trying to avoid the PR optics of the controversial Danish policy of taking jewellery off people.

Families who have been rejected for asylum may ultimately lose their financial support to encourage them to leave.

But laws applying in all parts of the UK are absolutely explicit that a child cannot be left "in need". It's just a no-go zone for the government. So how removing support from an asylum family squares with that cornerstone safeguard remains to be seen.

At the moment there are about 700 Albanian families in the UK with no right to be here but the Home Office has chosen not to prioritise sending them home. Past plans to remove asylum families have been really knotty - and it was a huge point of tension within the Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition of 15 years ago.

The next stage of the plan - and this will not happen overnight - is to change how asylum decisions are taken.

Officials who have studied the Danish system say they are planning a similar single appeal system that can speed up the whole process and be fairer.

But past attempts at asylum "fast track" decision-making have been torn apart in the courts because they were rushed and found to be grossly unfair.

If the Home Office is going to get it right this time, it will require an astonishing amount of focus that has eluded it before.

The plan to impose on British courts a tight interpretation of the right to family life, Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights, is a key ingredient of the package. The aim is to show that the UK can maintain human rights safeguards that are baked into our messy constitution while also ending immigration abuse.

Evidence of abuse of human rights laws in the courts is not immediately apparent. We are still waiting for the Home Office to come up with some detailed statistics on how rights like family life are used in legal challenges.

But, nevertheless, Parliament will be asked to approve wording for how judges should balance the right to a private and family life and the public interest in removing someone from the UK.

What makes a family? Well the government plans to legally restrict the definition to "immediate" family.

All of this will need to be watertight to prevent a clash with the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg where complaints might be lodged that the UK has gone too far.

Such a clash is not a given. The court must take into account local circumstances and the UK rarely loses at the court, and almost never on immigration related issues.

All of this is going to take time to get right and there are two massive warnings from history if ministers get it wrong.

The first is the Windrush scandal. So far, the Home Office has coughed up more than £116m in compensation to people whose lives were turned upside down by being wrongly labelled as illegal immigrants under the former government's "hostile environment" policies.

The second warning? There have been times in European history when the public has lost confidence in how society works - and turned to strong men with easy and angry answers.

The risk today, believe ministers, is the illegal immigration problem has been so poorly managed, for so long, that British traditions and values of offering protection to the truly vulnerable are in danger.

One government insider said this may be the last chance for mainstream politicians to grip this problem and solve it.

The UN Security Council has voted in favour of a US-drafted resolution, which endorses Donald Trump's 20-point plan for Gaza.

Included in the plan is the establishment of an International Stabilisation Force (ISF), which the US says multiple unnamed countries have offered to contribute to.

The resolution was backed by 13 countries - including the UK, France and Somalia - with none voting against the proposal. Russia and China abstained.

Hamas has rejected the resolution, saying it fails to meet Palestinians' rights and demands.

The plan "imposes an international guardianship mechanism on the Gaza Strip, which our people and their factions reject," the group said on Telegram.

"Assigning the international force with tasks and roles inside the Gaza Strip, including disarming the resistance, strips it of its neutrality, and turns it into a party to the conflict in favour of the occupation," it added.

According to reports on the latest draft, part of the ISF's role would be to work on the "permanent decommissioning of weapons from non-state armed groups" - including Hamas - as well as protecting civilians and humanitarian aid routes.

This would require Hamas, proscribed as a terrorist organisation by the UK, to hand over its weapons - something it is meant to do under Trump's peace plan.

As well as authorising an ISF, which it says would work with Israel and Egypt - Gaza's southern neighbour - the draft also calls for creation of a newly trained Palestinian police in Gaza.

Until now, the police there have operated under the authority of Hamas.

Mike Waltz, the US's ambassador to the UN, told the Council that the ISF would be "tasked with securing the area, supporting the demilitarization of Gaza, dismantling the terrorist infrastructure, removing weapons, and ensuring the safety of Palestinian civilians".

The initial phase of the plan - a ceasefire between Israel and Hamas and the handing over of hostages and detainees - came into force on 10 October. Waltz described it as a "fragile, fragile first step".

The ISF is a central plank of Trump's plan which also includes establishing a so-called Board of Peace, which the US president himself is expected to head.

Financing for reconstruction of Gaza following two years of war would come from a trust fund backed by the World Bank, according to the resolution.

The draft also raises the possibility of a Palestinian state - something Israel strongly opposes. A path to future statehood was included following pressure from key Arab states.

Trump's peace plan in effect suspended the fighting between Israel and Hamas which had raged since Hamas-led gunmen attacked Israel on 7 October 2023. About 1,200 people were killed and 251 taken hostage in that attack.

More than 69,483 Palestinians have been killed by Israeli military action in Gaza since then, according to the Hamas-run health ministry.