Terraria is an action-adventure video game developed by Re-Logic and published by 505 Games. A sandbox game, it has no set goals. After creating the player character and choosing the game's difficulty, the player is placed in a two-dimensional, procedurally generated world where they explore, fight enemies, gather resources, and craft equipment. Players beat bosses, a tougher variety of enemies, to gain access to more items, resources, and equipment. By completing select goals, players receive access to non-player characters who sell items and offer services, such as healing and fishing quests. Terraria can be played alone or with others. Initially released in May 2011 on the Steam digital store, Terraria has received continuous content updates that have considerably changed it from its first version. Terraria has since seen the addition of new items, NPCs, enemies, and world difficulties, as well as quality-of-life improvements and crossovers with different games. Terraria has received generally favorable reviews from critics. (Full article...)

• ... that Ivatan women wear waterproof headdresses made of leaves (example pictured)?
• ... that John Stonebraker moved 300-pound (140 kg) ice blocks to prepare for the 1939 college football season?
• ... that the rulers of the 14th-century Emirate of Erzincan were Muslims, but its major cities were primarily Christian?
• ... that Barbara Wilk once hand-painted two thousand frames for her animated film?
• ... that Hano Qritho is rooted in an ancient biblical story and continues to be celebrated by Assyrians in Tur Abdin?
• ... that Takuya Kawamura announced his marriage through a card game?
• ... that the South Rim Fire destroyed seven toilets in Black Canyon of the Gunnison National Park?
• ... that the release of Tyla's 2025 EP was interpreted as both a failure and a success depending on the measurements used?
• ... that circus performer Ferry Torrez lived next door to his crocodiles?

• The ANO party, led by Andrej Babiš (pictured), wins the most seats in the Czech parliamentary election.
• Sarah Mullally is announced as the next archbishop of Canterbury, which will make her the first female leader of the Anglican Communion.
• Guillaume V succeeds his father Henri as Grand Duke of Luxembourg after the latter's abdication.
• English zoologist and primatologist Jane Goodall dies at the age of 91.

October 8

• 1862 – The Battle of Perryville, one of the bloodiest battles of the American Civil War, was fought west of Perryville, Kentucky.
• 1952 – Three trains collided (aftermath pictured) at Harrow & Wealdstone station in London, killing 112 people and injuring 340 others.
• 1969 – Demonstrations organized by the Weather Underground known as the Days of Rage began in Chicago, aimed at ending U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War.
• 1990 – The Croatian Army and Croatian Defence Council launched Operation Southern Move, their last offensive in the Bosnian War.
• 2019 – Anti-government protests calling for free and fair elections began in Baku, Azerbaijan.

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Licancabur is a prominent, 5,916-metre-high (19,409 ft) stratovolcano on the Bolivia–Chile border in the Central Volcanic Zone of the Andes. It is capped by a 400–500-metre (1,300–1,600 ft) wide summit crater which contains Licancabur Lake, a crater lake that is among the highest lakes in the world. There are no glaciers owing to the arid climate. Numerous plant and animal species live on the mountain. The volcanoes Sairecabur and Juriques are north and east of Licancabur, respectively. Licancabur formed on top of ignimbrites produced by other volcanoes and was active during the Holocene. Although no historical eruptions of the volcano are known, lava flows extending into Laguna Verde have been dated to 13,240 ± 100 before present and there may be residual heat in the mountain. The volcano has primarily erupted andesite, with small amounts of dacite and basaltic andesite. Several archaeological sites have been found on the mountain, possibly constructed by the Inca or Atacama people. (Full article...)

• ... that the force developed by the engines of the Saturn V (pictured) during testing shattered the windows of nearby houses?
• ... that voice actress Niina Hanamiya taught herself to read and write Egyptian hieroglyphs?
• ... that the editors of The Eastern Miscellany refused to cooperate with a British-imposed media blackout following the 1925 Shanghai massacre?
• ... that the Ibnu duo, Ibnu Said and Ibnu Wahyutomo, were two diplomats who carried out bureaucratic reforms within Indonesia's foreign ministry?
• ... that Lynch Fragments sculptures are made with metal scraps and objects like axes, barbed wire, chains, nails, padlocks, spikes, and wrenches?
• ... that Queen Eschiva and her children were kidnapped by the pirate Kanakes after her husband put a bounty on him?
• ... that the Holden Special Vehicles Maloo set the Guinness World Record for the fastest production utility or pickup truck in 2006?
• ... that Gorillaz's upcoming album is scheduled to feature at least six dead musicians?
• ... that Pelly Ruddock Mpanzu said he had "completed football" after the 2023 EFL Championship play-off?

• Sarah Mullally (pictured) is announced as the next archbishop of Canterbury, which will make her the first female leader of the Anglican Communion.
• Guillaume V succeeds his father Henri as Grand Duke of Luxembourg after the latter's abdication.
• English zoologist and primatologist Jane Goodall dies at the age of 91.
• A magnitude-6.9 earthquake in Cebu, Philippines, leaves at least 72 people dead.

October 7: First day of Sukkot (Judaism, 2025)

• 1513 – War of the League of Cambrai: A Venetian army under Bartolomeo d'Alviano was decisively defeated by the Spanish army commanded by Ramón de Cardona and Fernando d'Ávalos.
• 1780 – American Revolutionary War: Patriots and Loyalist militias engaged each other at the Battle of Kings Mountain in South Carolina.
• 1868 – Ōdate, the last castle of the Satake clan in Japan's Tōhoku region, was captured during the Boshin War.
• 1985 – During severe floods in Puerto Rico, about 130 people died as a result of the deadliest single landslide (pictured) on record in North America.
• 2023 – The military wing of the Palestinian nationalist Islamist political organization Hamas massacred people attending an open-air music festival in the Eshkol Regional Council, Israel.

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70 Pine Street is a 67-story, 952-foot (290 m) residential skyscraper in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan, New York City, United States. Designed by the architectural firm of Clinton & Russell, Holton & George in the Art Deco style, 70 Pine Street was constructed between 1930 and 1932 as an office building. The structure was originally named for the energy conglomerate Cities Service Company, its first tenant. Upon its completion, it was Lower Manhattan's tallest building and the world's third-tallest building. It features a brick, limestone, and gneiss façade with numerous setbacks and an extensive program of ornamentation. Despite having been built during the Great Depression, the building was profitable enough to break even by 1936, and ninety percent of its space was occupied five years later. The building and its first-floor interior were designated as official New York City landmarks in June 2011, and the structure was converted to residential use in 2016. (Full article...)

• ... that a window-washing railroad track ran atop Chicago's Inland Steel Building (pictured)?
• ... that Ted Aber created a series of alphabetized files on 1,600 family names while researching the history of Hamilton County, New York?
• ... that the 2022 German presidential election was held at Paul Löbe House instead of the Reichstag due to the COVID-19 pandemic?
• ... that Béatrice Uria-Monzon, in the title role of Bizet's Carmen, preferred a "meditative" and "dreamy" performance over a "sexy" one?
• ... that Sonangol Sinopec International once outbid both ExxonMobil and British Petroleum for two oil sites in Angola?
• ... that the Armenians were enraged when their 60-year-old king married the 12-year-old Sibylla of Cyprus?
• ... that Second-Ponce de Leon Baptist Church has hosted a speech by US president Jimmy Carter and the funeral of his attorney general?
• ... that Alexander McQueen's second runway show featured a pregnant woman with a shaved head, a model in a plaster corset, and a woman pretending to put her finger in her vagina?
• ... that Tyler Neville overcame being born deaf, a sunken chest, a fractured back, more than 20 surgeries, and cancer to sign with an NFL team?

• Guillaume V (pictured) succeeds his father Henri as Grand Duke of Luxembourg after the latter's abdication.
• Sarah Mullally is announced as the next archbishop of Canterbury, which will make her the first female leader of the Anglican Communion.
• English zoologist and primatologist Jane Goodall dies at the age of 91.
• A magnitude-6.9 earthquake in Cebu, Philippines, leaves at least 70 people dead.

October 6: German-American Day in the United States, Mid-Autumn Festival (2025) in China, Taiwan, and Korea

• 1762 – Seven Years' War: The Battle of Manila concluded with a British victory over Spain, leading to a twenty-month occupation.
• 1777 – American Revolutionary War: Fort Clinton and Fort Montgomery were captured by British forces under Sir Henry Clinton, dismantling the Hudson River Chains.
• 1985 – Police constable Keith Blakelock was killed during rioting in the Broadwater Farm housing estate in Tottenham, London.
• 1995 – Astronomers Michel Mayor and Didier Queloz reported the discovery of a planet orbiting 51 Pegasi (depicted) as the first known exoplanet around a main-sequence star.
• 2000 – Denouncing corruption in Argentine president Fernando de la Rúa's administration and the Senate, Vice President Carlos Álvarez resigned.

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Otto Hahn (1879–1968) was a German chemist who was a pioneer in the field of radiochemistry. He is referred to as the father of nuclear chemistry. Working with Lise Meitner at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry in the building that now bears their names, they discovered isotopes of the radioactive elements radium, thorium, protactinium and uranium. He also discovered the phenomena of atomic recoil and nuclear isomerism, and pioneered rubidium–strontium dating. In 1938, Hahn, Meitner, Otto Robert Frisch and Fritz Strassmann discovered nuclear fission, for which Hahn alone was awarded the 1944 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. He worked on the German nuclear program during World War II and at the end of the war he was arrested by the Allied forces and detained in Farm Hall. After the war, he became the founding president of the Max Planck Society and one of the most influential and respected citizens of post-war West Germany. (Full article...)

• ... that Abenaki guide Mitchell Sabattis (pictured) co-invented the Adirondack guideboat?
• ... that President Maximiliano Hernández Martínez resigned prior to the 1935 Salvadoran presidential election so that he could circumvent a constitutional ban on re-election?
• ... that Hyde Park Presbyterian Church in Austin, Texas, was disassembled and moved in order to drive a saloon out of the neighborhood?
• ... that most cocoa in Samoa is consumed locally as a drink known as koko Samoa?
• ... that Chris Samuels, on the last play of his NFL career, caught a pass that set up a game-winning score – and broke his leg?
• ... that a dream of a concert inspired the creation of the band behind Shobaleader One: d'Demonstrator?
• ... that Xymmer phungi was named after the revolutionary leader Phan Đình Phùng?
• ... that there was a baseball match between the two most common surnames in Japan?
• ... that Bootles' Baby's author's baby was Bootles?

• Guillaume V (pictured) succeeds his father Henri as Grand Duke of Luxembourg after the latter's abdication.
• Sarah Mullally is announced as the next archbishop of Canterbury, which will make her the first female leader of the Anglican Communion.
• English zoologist and primatologist Jane Goodall dies at the age of 91.
• A magnitude-6.9 earthquake in Cebu, Philippines, leaves at least 70 people dead.

October 5: World Teachers' Day

• 1838 – A band of Cherokee people attacked settlers near Larissa, Texas, killing or abducting 18 people.
• 1903 – Samuel Griffith (pictured) became the first Chief Justice of Australia, while Edmund Barton and Richard O'Connor became the first Puisne Justices of the High Court of Australia.
• 1962 – Dr. No, the first James Bond film, was released.
• 2000 – Colour revolutions: During protests over irregularities in the Yugoslavian general election, a wheel-loader was driven into the Radio Television of Serbia building, giving the protests the nickname "Bulldozer Revolution".
• 2014 – Formula One racing driver Jules Bianchi sustained fatal head injuries in a crash at the Japanese Grand Prix, dying the following year.

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Clownfishes are saltwater fishes found in the warm and tropical waters of the Indo-Pacific. They mainly inhabit coral reefs and have a distinctive colouration typically consisting of white vertical bars on a red, orange, yellow, brown or black background. Clownfishes developed a symbiotic and mutually beneficial relationship with sea anemones, which they rely on for shelter and protection, while they in turn, clean, fan and protect them. Clownfishes live in groups consisting of a breeding female and male, along with some non-breeding individuals. The female ranks at the top of the hierarchy, followed by the breeding male. The recognisable colour patterns and social nature of clownfishes have contributed to their popularity, having appeared in the film Finding Nemo. They are highly sought after in the aquarium trade and are often taken from the wild, which has led to their decline. (Full article...)

• ... that Shaktikanta Das (pictured) qualified with a degree in history, yet rose to lead India's central bank?
• ... that to compete as Timor-Leste's first Winter Olympian at the 2014 Games, Yohan Goutt Gonçalves had to raise US$75,000, most of which came from himself and his family?
• ... that Zinaida Nevzorova entered into a marriage of convenience with Gleb Krzhizhanovsky to keep their activist group together, but they later developed a genuine romantic relationship?
• ... that destruction layers at the Byzantine Church of Khirbet et-Tireh in Palestine were probably caused by the 749 Galilee earthquake?
• ... that a judicial decision urged Kenya to recognize the land of the Endorois people, but it still had not done so more than a decade later?
• ... that the 2025 Leagues Cup final set an attendance record for the tournament and for any sporting event at its host stadium?
• ... that Celine Dion won the Eurovision Song Contest 1988 for Switzerland by a single point?
• ... that Indonesia's ambassador to Serbia, Andreano Erwin, joined the foreign ministry because his trading company went bankrupt?
• ... that sabotage in World War II involved delaying the Nazi nuclear program, derailing trains, freeing Jews – and explosive rats?

• Guillaume V (pictured) succeeds his father Henri as Grand Duke of Luxembourg after the latter's abdication.
• English zoologist and primatologist Jane Goodall dies at the age of 91.
• A magnitude-6.9 earthquake in Cebu, Philippines, leaves at least 68 people dead.
• In Madagascar, Prime Minister Christian Ntsay's government is dissolved amid protests against water and power cuts.

October 4: Cinnamon Roll Day in Sweden and Finland

• 1448 – Skanderbeg and Gjergj Arianiti signed a peace treaty to end the Albanian–Venetian War.
• 1633 – Smolensk War: Forces from the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth broke the Russian siege of Smolensk (depicted).
• 1862 – American Civil War: After a naval battle in Galveston Harbor, Texas, Confederate commanders negotiated the surrender of the city to Union forces.
• 1925 – Great Syrian Revolt: Rebels led by Fawzi al-Qawuqji captured the city of Hama from the French Mandate of Syria.
• 1927 – Gutzon Borglum and approximately 400 workers began sculpting Mount Rushmore.

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In the Spaghetti House siege, an attempted robbery of the Spaghetti House restaurant in September 1975 in Knightsbridge, London, three men barricaded themselves and the staff in a storeroom. The ringleader was Franklin Davies, a 28-year-old Nigerian student who had previously served time in prison for armed robbery. The hostages were released unharmed after six days. Two of the gunmen gave themselves up, and Davies shot himself in the stomach. All three were later imprisoned, as was one of their accomplices. The police used fibre optic camera technology for live surveillance, and monitored the actions and conversations of the gunmen. The feed was watched by a forensic psychologist who advised police on the state of the men's minds, and how to best manage the ongoing negotiations. The siege was concluded on 3 October 1975. The 1976 play A Hole in Babylon and the 1982 Italian comedy film Spaghetti House were loosely based on the events of the siege. (Full article...)

• ... that Anne (pictured) was the last circus elephant in the United Kingdom?
• ... that priest Suitbert Mollinger served five years for fraud in a Dutch prison before founding one of the world's largest relic chapels in the United States?
• ... that agate gemstones have been found on every continent, including Antarctica?
• ... that Jackson Findlay is a fourth-generation Canadian Football League player?
• ... that people used Toontown Rewritten for virtual Black Lives Matter protests in 2020?
• ... that Walter of Montbéliard ruled Cyprus because his wife, Burgundia, was heir presumptive to the throne?
• ... that the Houaiss Dictionary of the Portuguese Language was so large that it had to be printed in Italy?
• ... that Shel Hershorn lost interest in photojournalism after the assassination of John F. Kennedy?
• ... that North Korea built the 72-Hour Bridge after its troops killed two US soldiers for trimming a tree?

• English zoologist and primatologist Jane Goodall (pictured) dies at the age of 91.
• A magnitude-6.9 earthquake in Cebu, Philippines, leaves more than 70 people dead.
• In Madagascar, Prime Minister Christian Ntsay's government is dissolved amid protests against water and power cuts.
• The ruling Party of Action and Solidarity retains its majority in the Moldovan parliamentary election.

October 3

• 1792 – Spanish forces departed Valdivia to suppress the indigenous Huilliche uprising in southern Chile.
• 1953 – Vancouver's Holy Rosary Cathedral was dedicated by Archbishop William Mark Duke, fifty-three years after it first opened.
• 1963 – Oswaldo López Arellano replaced Honduran president Ramón Villeda Morales in a violent coup, initiating two decades of military rule.
• 1992 – Sinéad O'Connor tore up a photograph of Pope John Paul II on live television.
• 2003 – Roy Horn of the American entertainment duo Siegfried & Roy (both pictured) was mauled by a tiger during a performance at the Mirage on the Las Vegas Strip.

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The 2019 WPA World Ten-ball Championship was a professional pool tournament for the discipline of ten-ball organised by the World Pool-Billiard Association (WPA) and CueSports International. It was the fifth WPA World Ten-ball Championship; the previous championship was held in 2015. After plans for an event in both 2016 and 2018 to be held in Manila fell through, a 2019 event at the Rio All-Suite Hotel & Casino in Las Vegas as part of a three-year deal for the event to be played in the United States was agreed. The event was held concurrently with the Billiard Congress of America's National Ten-ball event from July 22 to 26. The event was sponsored by cue manufacturer Predator Group. The competition featured 64 participants, selected according to world and continental pool rankings as well as qualifying events. Ko Ping-chung (pictured), representing Taiwan, won the event, defeating German player Joshua Filler 10–7 in the final. (Full article...)

• ... that the Ferber House (pictured) was rumoured to be haunted after the family who owned it went extinct?
• ... that voice actress Azusa Tachibana shares a name with a character from the anime K-On!, and so her mother pushed her to join her high school band?
• ... that a Maryland TV station's facilities originally housed a drug store and restaurant?
• ... that Japanese governor Takashi Kimura grew up admiring American baseball player Jim Abbott because both of them were missing a hand?
• ... that the Crystal Springs Dam survived the 1906 San Francisco earthquake despite being built just 1,000 feet (300 m) from the San Andreas Fault?
• ... that Harold Putnam was the 59th member of his family to serve in the Massachusetts legislature?
• ... that the editor-in-chief of The Ladies' Journal was removed in 1925 after he advocated for polyamory?
• ... that Anne Bayley's clinical research in Zambia showed that, contrary to widespread opinion in the early 1980s, HIV could be spread through heterosexual sex?
• ... that in the Zootopia abortion comic, Nick and Judy's apartment is modeled after Seinfeld?

• English zoologist and primatologist Jane Goodall (pictured) dies at the age of 91.
• A magnitude-6.9 earthquake in Cebu, Philippines, leaves more than 70 people dead.
• The ruling Party of Action and Solidarity retains its majority in the Moldovan parliamentary election.
• In golf, the Ryder Cup concludes with Europe defeating the United States.
• In Australian rules football, the Brisbane Lions defeat Geelong in the AFL Grand Final.

October 2: International Day of Non-Violence; Gandhi Jayanti in India; Yom Kippur (Judaism, 2025)

• 1470 – With King Edward IV of England forced to flee to the Burgundian Netherlands after a rebellion organised by Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick, Henry VI was restored to the throne of England.
• 1835 – Mexican dragoons dispatched to disarm settlers at Gonzales in Mexican Texas encountered stiff resistance from a Texian militia at the Battle of Gonzales, the first armed engagement of the Texas Revolution.
• 1942 – Second World War: HMS Curacoa (pictured) was accidentally rammed and sunk by RMS Queen Mary while escorting the liner to provide protection from submarine attacks.
• 1990 – A hijacked airliner collided with two other planes while attempting to land at Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport in China, killing 128 and injuring 71.
• 2018 – The Washington Post journalist Jamal Khashoggi was assassinated in the Saudi consulate in Istanbul, Turkey.

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T4 was a seagoing torpedo boat operated by the Royal Yugoslav Navy between 1921 and 1932. Originally built in 1914 for the Austro-Hungarian Navy as a 250t-class torpedo boat, she saw active service during World War I, performing convoy, patrol, escort and minesweeping tasks, anti-submarine operations and shore bombardment missions. Following Austria-Hungary's defeat in 1918, she was allocated to the Navy of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, which later became the Royal Yugoslav Navy, and was renamed T4. During the interwar period, T4 and the rest of the navy were involved in training exercises and cruises to friendly ports. In 1932, she ran aground on the island of Drvenik Mali off the central Dalmatian coast and the hull broke in half. The bow remained on the island, and the stern was towed to the Tivat Arsenal in the Bay of Kotor. (This article is part of a featured topic: Ships of the Royal Yugoslav Navy.)

• ... that musical theatre actress Josephine Hall (pictured) became famous for performing a song that she purposefully sang high and off-key?
• ... that Northwest Marine Iron Works produced the last sternwheel steam tugboat operated in the United States?
• ... that Elias Peleti is said to have been the most forgettable Latin patriarch of Jerusalem in a century?
• ... that the UK's best-selling single of 2013 has been described as a "rape anthem"?
• ... that Marianne Angermann earned a doctorate in chemistry in 1928 at a time when few women pursued higher education in Germany?
• ... that the Ostjuden anti-Semitic stereotype was used to describe Jews from Eastern Europe by both non-Jewish Germans and assimilated German Jews?
• ... that a lowly garrison soldier was responsible for relocating the capital of the Western Han dynasty?
• ... that Nigeria's independence on 1 October 1960 was marked by the lowering of the Union Jack and the raising of the country's new flag before 40,000 people at the Lagos Race Course?
• ... that Ida Barber campaigned against corsets in her fashion journalism?

• In golf, the Ryder Cup (course pictured) concludes with Europe defeating the United States.
• The ruling Party of Action and Solidarity retains its majority in the Moldovan parliamentary election.
• In Australian rules football, the Brisbane Lions defeat Geelong in the AFL Grand Final.
• In rugby union, the Women's Rugby World Cup concludes with England defeating Canada in the final.
• A crowd crush during a political rally kills at least 41 people in Karur, Tamil Nadu, India.

October 1: National Day in China (1949); Unification Day in Cameroon (1961); Independence Day in Tuvalu (1978); Defenders Day in Ukraine (2015)

• 1800 – With the signing of the Third Treaty of San Ildefonso, Spain returned the colonial territory of Louisiana to France in return for territories in the Italian region of Tuscany.
• 1868 – St Pancras railway station (pictured) in London, now the terminus of the Channel Tunnel Rail Link, opened to the public.
• 1965 – Seven Indonesian Army officers—including six generals—and a police inspector were murdered at dawn by a rebellious force in Jakarta; the Army then blamed the Communist Party, leading to a mass anti-communist purge that killed up to one million people.
• 1975 – In boxing, Muhammad Ali defeated Joe Frazier in a match known as the "Thrilla in Manila".
• 2018 – The International Court of Justice ruled that Chile was under no obligation to restore Bolivia's access to the Pacific Ocean, which it had lost in the 19th century.

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The battle of Morlaix was fought in Brittany on 30 September 1342 between an Anglo-Breton army under William, Earl of Northampton, and a far larger Franco-Breton force led by Charles of Blois (pictured). England and France, fighting the Hundred Years' War since 1337, had each sided with a faction in the Breton Civil War. The English had prepared a defensive position and when the first of three French divisions advanced it was shot to pieces by English archers using longbows. The second division, of men-at-arms, attacked but their charge was halted when they fell into a camouflaged ditch. Presented with a large, close-range target the English archers inflicted many casualties. The English then withdrew into a wood to their rear, which the French besieged, possibly for several days, before Northampton broke out with a night attack. This was the first major land battle of the Hundred Years' War and the tactics used foreshadowed those of both the French and the English for the rest of the 1340s. (Full article...)

• ... that in 1919 a restaurant with vending machines was opened in the 17th-century Great Armoury (pictured) in Gdańsk?
• ... that Livingstone Luboobi claimed that he chose to teach himself double mathematics at A-level because there was no teacher qualified enough?
• ... that Aso Tateno Dam started construction in 1983 and was only completed in 2024?
• ... that the family of a missing woman originally hid her being transgender to avoid prejudice during the search?
• ... that a mongrel lover wrote a typology of the dogs and a series of children's books based on them?
• ... that a Chinese art student who murdered her lover was released after only five years because the Japanese invaded?
• ... that Arthur Conan Doyle defeated Wilfrid Edgecombe at billiards every time he played him at The Harrogate Club?
• ... that the presumed skull of Menabe king Toera was returned to Madagascar by France almost 128 years after his death?
• ... that 83 manuscripts from Sozomeno da Pistoia's collection, which numbered 110 in 1460, have been found scattered across Europe?

• In the Moldovan parliamentary election, the ruling Party of Action and Solidarity retains its majority in the Parliament.
• In Australian rules football, the Brisbane Lions defeat Geelong in the AFL Grand Final (Norm Smith Medal winner Will Ashcroft pictured).
• In rugby union, the Women's Rugby World Cup concludes with England defeating Canada in the final.
• In India, a crowd crush during a political rally kills at least 41 people in Karur, Tamil Nadu.
• Inga Ruginienė becomes Prime Minister of Lithuania.

September 30: National Day for Truth and Reconciliation in Canada; Martyrs' Day in China

• 737 – Muslim conquest of Transoxiana: Türgesh tribesmen attacked and captured the exposed baggage train of the Umayyad army, sent ahead of the main force.
• 1882 – The Vulcan Street Plant in Appleton, Wisconsin, the first hydroelectric central station to serve a system of private and commercial customers in North America, went online.
• 1955 – American film actor James Dean suffered fatal injuries in a head-on car accident near Cholame, California.
• 1975 – The Boeing AH-64 Apache (example pictured), the primary attack helicopter for a number of countries, made its first flight.
• 2005 – The Danish newspaper Jyllands-Posten published controversial editorial cartoons depicting Muhammad, sparking protests across the Islamic world by many who viewed them as Islamophobic and blasphemous.

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Casey Stengel (July 30, 1890 – September 29, 1975) was the manager of the championship New York Yankees teams of the 1950s and of the New York Mets of the early 1960s. An outfielder for the 1912 Brooklyn Dodgers, he played on their 1916 National League championship team, then for the Philadelphia Phillies, the New York Giants and the Boston Braves. In 1925, he began a career as a manager, with mostly poor finishes for the next 20 years. In 1948, after he won the PCL title with the Oakland Oaks, the Yankees hired him. In his twelve seasons, they won ten pennants and seven World Series, including a record-setting five in a row (1949–1953), but Stengel was fired after losing the 1960 World Series. The Mets were an expansion team when they hired him in late 1961. They finished last all four seasons with Stengel, and he retired in 1965. Remembered as one of the great characters in baseball history, and known for his humorous sayings, Stengel was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1966. (Full article...)

• ... that Nereus Mendenhall (pictured) led a delegation to the Confederate States Congress in April 1862 to allow military exemption in the Confederate Army for Quakers?
• ... that chess tournaments implemented doping tests before doping in chess was even proven to be possible?
• ... that Salvador Chuliá composed Tríptico elegíaco para un percusionista for orchestra in memory of his son?
• ... that some Japanese sex workers after World War II organised their own self-defence groups?
• ... that NFL player Norbert Hayes was known as "Butts"?
• ... that Mar-a-Lago face is a plastic surgery trend popular in Donald Trump's entourage?
• ... that Peter Gersten has been called the "UFO lawyer"?
• ... that larvae of the mosquito Opifex fuscus live in high-salinity rock pools?
• ... that Mary C. Henderson once criticized Neil Simon for his excessive use of dinner tables?

• Former president of France Nicolas Sarkozy (pictured) is convicted of corruption and sentenced to five years in prison.
• Peter Mutharika is elected President of Malawi.
• Typhoon Ragasa leaves at least 28 people dead in Taiwan and the Philippines.
• In an effort led by France, several Western states recognize Palestinian statehood.
• Saudi Arabia and Pakistan sign an agreement to defend each other against attacks.

September 29: Michaelmas (Western Christianity)

• 1941 – The Holocaust: Nazi forces, aided by Ukrainian collaborators, began a massacre of Jews in a ravine in Kyiv, killing more than 30,000 civilians in two days and thousands more in the following months.
• 1955 – The first Indonesian legislative election resulted in an unexpectedly poor result for the Masyumi Party of incumbent prime minister Burhanuddin Harahap (pictured).
• 1990 – The Lockheed YF-22, the prototype for the F-22 Raptor, made its first flight.
• 2005 – John Roberts became the 17th Chief Justice of the United States; he would be the first Chief Justice to serve for twenty years since Melville Fuller in 1908.

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"Feather" is a song by American singer Sabrina Carpenter (pictured) from Emails I Can't Send Fwd:, the 2023 deluxe edition of her fifth studio album. A dance-pop, disco, and disco-pop song, "Feather" is a post-breakup track celebrating the freedom and relief one feels upon ending a relationship. Carpenter co-wrote it with Amy Allen and its producer, John Ryan. Its production was described as light and airy by music critics, who thought the song had impact on Carpenter's success the following year. "Feather" reached number 21 in the US, where it became her first song to reach the top 40, and was also Carpenter's first number 1 on the Pop Airplay chart. The music video, which depicts the deaths of several men who mistreat Carpenter and her dancing at their joint funeral in a church, caused controversy when the Catholic bishop of Brooklyn criticized the church scenes and suspended the priest who allowed them to be filmed. Carpenter performed the song on Saturday Night Live and on her tours. (Full article...)

• ... that a memorial park was planned in South Korea for composer Zheng Lücheng (pictured), despite controversy over his collaboration with North Korea and China?
• ... that an 829-kilometer-long (515 mi) lightning flash set a record eight years later?
• ... that Mr Flashy's gang used teenagers on electric scooters to deliver crack cocaine?
• ... that prison abolition is not embraced by most human rights organizations, despite similar evidence for harm as from recognized forms of cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment?
• ... that Philippine senator Bong Go showed his back two times to refute accusations from a YouTube series?
• ... that the Montreal Canadiens hockey team threatened to force a Vermont TV station to stop airing Boston Bruins games?
• ... that in 1808 a wealthy Frenchman bought 2,700 acres (1,100 ha) of land in central New York and built a large estate, but abandoned it and returned to Europe less than a decade later?
• ... that Josiah Mtekateka, the first indigenous Malawian Anglican bishop, began his career as a priest's dog keeper?
• ... that relations were sour from the onset between the Afghan emperor Ahmad Shah Durrani and the Qianlong Emperor of Qing China?

• Peter Mutharika (pictured) is elected President of Malawi.
• Typhoon Ragasa leaves at least 28 people dead in Taiwan and the Philippines.
• Saudi Arabia and Pakistan sign an agreement to defend each other against attacks.
• American actor and filmmaker Robert Redford dies at the age of 89.
• In boxing, Terence Crawford defeats Canelo Álvarez, becoming undisputed champion in his third weight class.

September 28

• 235 – Pope Pontian (pictured) resigned after being exiled to Sardinia, becoming the first pope to relinquish the position.
• 1821 – The Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire from Spain was drafted in the National Palace in Mexico City.
• 1924 – A team of U.S. Army Air Service aviators landed in Seattle, Washington, to complete the first aerial circumnavigation of the world.
• 1958 – Fernando Rios, a Mexican tour guide in New Orleans, was killed in an instance of gay bashing.
• 2009 – A protest held by 50,000 people in Conakry, Guinea, was forcefully disrupted by the military junta, resulting in at least 157 deaths and over 1,200 injuries.

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The Stockton and Darlington Railway (S&DR), the world's first public railway to use steam locomotives, first operated on 27 September 1825. It initially connected collieries near Shildon with Darlington and Stockton in County Durham, north-east England. The transport of coal proved profitable, and the line was soon extended to a new port at Middlesbrough. The opening of the S&DR was seen as proof of steam railway effectiveness. While coal was hauled by steam locomotives, horses drew passenger coaches along the rails until carriages hauled by locomotives were introduced in 1833. The S&DR suffered severe financial difficulties at the end of the 1840s but the discovery of iron ore in Cleveland led to an increase in revenue. At the beginning of the 1860s it took over railways that had crossed the Pennines, but was itself taken over by the North Eastern Railway, continuing to operate independently until 1876. Much of the original route is now served by the Tees Valley line. (Full article...)

• ... that the American electronic artist Ships In The Night (pictured) makes synthwave music with melodies inspired by bird songs, church bells, and trains?
• ... that Gerard Way played pornography while recording the vocals of "You Know What They Do to Guys Like Us in Prison" as a form of method acting?
• ... that Richard Nixon asked Jet Li to be his personal bodyguard during the 1974 China national wushu team's tour to the United States?
• ... that the regimental band of the British Central Africa Regiment were known as the "canary birds" because of their bright yellow pants?
• ... that Endah Subekti Kuntariningsih began her career in her current political party as a typist?
• ... that viewers complained over the reopening of a fictional pub in an episode of EastEnders as they felt that it looked "almost identical" to the original?
• ... that the Japanese considered enlisting Tekinaiti as an anti-British collaborator—until they discovered he had a Union Jack tattooed on his chest?
• ... that the 74th Street Generating Station's interior was once described as "an industrial-grade Grand Canyon"?
• ... that US Air Force pilot Alexander Kratz Rupp once kidnapped a goat?

• Peter Mutharika (pictured) is elected president of Malawi.
• Typhoon Ragasa affects Taiwan and the Philippines, leaving at least 25 people dead.
• Saudi Arabia and Pakistan sign an agreement to defend each other against attacks.
• American actor and filmmaker Robert Redford dies at the age of 89.
• In boxing, Terence Crawford defeats Canelo Álvarez, becoming undisputed champion in his third weight class.

September 27: Meskel (Orthodox Tewahedo)

• 1422 – The Treaty of Melno was signed, establishing the Prussian–Lithuanian border, which afterwards remained unchanged for about 500 years.
• 1875 – The Ellen Southard was wrecked in a storm at Liverpool, England; the U.S. Congress subsequently awarded 27 Gold Lifesaving Medals to the men who rescued her crew.
• 1940 – World War II: Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy and the Empire of Japan signed the Tripartite Pact in Berlin, officially forming a military alliance known as the Axis.
• 1949 – Members of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference unanimously selected Zeng Liansong's design for the flag of China (pictured).
• 2014 – Mount Ontake in central Japan unexpectedly erupted, killing 63 people in the nation's deadliest eruption in more than 100 years.

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SMS Rheinland was one of four Nassau-class battleships, the first dreadnoughts built for the Imperial German Navy and launched on September 26, 1908. Her service with the High Seas Fleet during World War I included fleet advances into the North Sea, some in support of raids by I Scouting Group as well as the Battle of Jutland, in which Rheinland was engaged by British destroyers. The ship also saw duty in the Baltic Sea during the Battle of the Gulf of Riga. She returned to the Baltic as the core of an expeditionary force to aid the White Finns in the Finnish Civil War in 1918, but ran aground. The damage done by the grounding was too severe and Rheinland was decommissioned to be used as a barracks ship for the remainder of the war. In 1919, following the scuttling of the German fleet at Scapa Flow, Rheinland was ceded to the Allies who, in turn, sold the vessel to ship breakers in the Netherlands to eventually be broken up to scrap metal. (This article is part of a featured topic: Battleships of Germany.)

• ... that 99% of the collection of the National Museum of Ecuador is not on public display (example of the 1% pictured)?
• ... that Samsul Ashar pawned personal valuables to support his city's football club?
• ... that the size of the entrance hall at the British legation in Uruguay was increased after a diplomat complained that there was not enough room to hold dances?
• ... that a former North Korean spy has been unable to return to North Korea since 1953?
• ... that Christapor Mikaelian was killed by his own explosives, which were intended for the attempted assassination of Sultan Abdul Hamid II?
• ... that burial vaults at Spring Street Presbyterian Church were forgotten under a parking lot until 2006?
• ... that one anthropologist has described scenes in the 1893 Wild Australia Show as examples of "settler denialism" and "colonial fantasy"?
• ... that Marcello Magni voiced more than a dozen characters in the claymation series Pingu?
• ... that Seven McGee was given his name because he was the youngest of seven children in his family?

• Typhoon Ragasa (satellite image shown) affects Taiwan and the Philippines, leaving at least 25 people dead.
• Saudi Arabia and Pakistan sign an agreement to defend each other against attacks.
• American actor and filmmaker Robert Redford dies at the age of 89.
• In boxing, Terence Crawford defeats Canelo Álvarez, becoming undisputed champion in his third weight class.

September 26

• 1087 – William II, son of William the Conqueror, was crowned king of England.
• 1907 – The British Colony of New Zealand officially became a dominion to reflect its political independence since the 1850s.
• 1944 – World War II: The Soviet Army completed the Tallinn offensive, driving German forces out of Estonia.
• 1983 – The racing yacht Australia II, captained by John Bertrand, won the America's Cup and ended the New York Yacht Club's 132-year defence of the trophy.
• 2008 – Swiss pilot and inventor Yves Rossy (pictured) flew a wingpack powered by jet engines across the English Channel.

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Joan (Autumn/Winter 1998) was the twelfth collection by British fashion designer Alexander McQueen for his eponymous fashion house. Continuing his dual fascination with religion and violence, it was inspired by imagery of persecution, most significantly the 1431 martyrdom of Joan of Arc, who was burned at the stake. The collection's palette was mainly red, black and silver; colours which evoked notions of warfare, death, blood and flames. Many looks referenced ecclesiastical garments and medieval armour, including items that mimicked chainmail and one ensemble that had silver-plated armour pieces. The runway show was staged in London. The set design was sparse and industrial: a dark room lit by metal lamps suspended over the runway. The 100-foot (30 m) runway was covered in black ashes, and models entered through a black backdrop backlit in red. Ninety-one looks were presented; primarily womenswear with some menswear. Critical response to the clothing and the runway show was positive.(Full article...)

• ... that Romanian actor Matei Millo (pictured) continued an 1877 performance of a politically charged comedy even after the offended authorities had extinguished his theater's candelabra?
• ... that Kembangan station is decorated with a mural of a church and a mosque?
• ... that several 19th-century presidential elections in El Salvador had candidates that ran virtually unopposed?
• ... that the village office on the islet of Koja Doi was destroyed by a tsunami in 1992, after which it was rebuilt across a causeway on the larger Besar Island?
• ... that a 1526 pirate raid might have inspired a Maltese ballad about a bride being abducted from her wedding?
• ... that in the 1984 Summer Olympics, boxer Zaw Latt nearly knocked out his opponent in the first round, but did not win a single judge's vote?
• ... that the Yonezawa Shokai Building is the only building left in the former city center of Rikuzentakata after it was destroyed by a tsunami?
• ... that an alleged deal between labour boss Ramsingh Verma and mill owner R. C. Jall provoked a bitter dispute between Verma and union leader G. R. Tiwari, leading to Verma's ousting?
• ... that reviewers described Prudence and Emily as "unsophisticated ducklings", whereas Bella showed "badass bitchery"?

• Saudi Arabia and Pakistan sign an agreement to defend each other against attacks.
• American actor and filmmaker Robert Redford (pictured) dies at the age of 89.
• In boxing, Terence Crawford defeats Canelo Álvarez, becoming undisputed champion in his third weight class.
• In television, The Studio wins best comedy and The Pitt wins best drama at the Primetime Emmy Awards.

September 25

• 275 – After the assassination of Aurelian, Tacitus (depicted) was chosen by the Senate to succeed him as Roman emperor.
• 1066 – Harold Godwinson defeated King Harald III of Norway and his English ally Tostig Godwinson at the Battle of Stamford Bridge, ending the last Norse invasion of the British Isles.
• 1775 – American Revolutionary War: Ethan Allen and a small force of American and Quebec militia failed to capture the city of Montreal from British forces.
• 1800 – French Revolutionary Wars: After U.S. ships became involved, French forces abandoned their invasion of the Batavian island of Curaçao.
• 1990 – The Ram Rath Yatra, a political–religious rally organised to erect a temple to the Hindu deity Rama on the site of the Babri Masjid in Ayodhya, began in the Indian state of Gujarat.

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Burger's Daughter is a novel by the South African writer Nadine Gordimer (pictured). Set in the mid-1970s, it details a group of white anti-apartheid activists seeking to overthrow the South African government. It follows the life of Rosa Burger as she comes to terms with her father's legacy as an activist in the South African Communist Party. Gordimer was involved in South African politics and knew Bram Fischer, Nelson Mandela's treason trial defence lawyer. She modelled the novel's Burger family on Fischer's family and described Burger's Daughter as an homage to Fischer. The novel was first published in the United Kingdom in 1979. It was banned in South Africa a month after its publication, and its import and sale were prohibited by the South African Publications Control Board. Three months later, the Publications Appeal Board overturned the ban and restrictions were lifted. The novel was generally well received by critics and won the Central News Agency Literary Award in 1980. (Full article...)

• ... that four statues at the tomb of Yue Fei (two pictured) in Hangzhou, China, were ritually defecated on for centuries?
• ... that on the same day as the Pikysyry campaign's final battle, Paraguayan president Francisco Solano López had his brother shot?
• ... that Émilienne Morin participated in the legal defence campaign of her future partner before they had even met?
• ... that Ex parte Rodriguez would have invalidated an 1873 election based on the placement of a semicolon in the Texas Constitution?
• ... that Rama Alexander Asia attempted to make community forestry permits last up to 100 years, although legally they could only last for 25?
• ... that Giant Digger opened in an area of Lotte World Adventure Busan designed as a mining town inhabited by ogres?
• ... that Lloyd A. Williams was Malcolm X's godson?
• ... that the Magong First Fishing Port opened in 1940, was severely damaged by US raids in 1945, and was only largely reactivated around 1955?
• ... that Japanese YouTuber Pocky named his channel after his dog?

• Saudi Arabia and Pakistan sign an agreement to defend each other against attacks.
• American actor and filmmaker Robert Redford (pictured) dies at the age of 89.
• In boxing, Terence Crawford defeats Canelo Álvarez, becoming undisputed world champion in three weight classes.
• In television, The Studio wins best comedy and The Pitt wins best drama at the Primetime Emmy Awards.

September 24: Heritage Day in South Africa; Independence Day in Guinea-Bissau (1973)

• 1568 – At San Juan de Ulúa (present-day Veracruz, Mexico), a Spanish naval fleet forced English privateers to halt their trade (battle pictured).
• 1789 – The Judiciary Act of 1789 was signed into law, establishing the U.S. federal judiciary and setting the number of Supreme Court justices at six.
• 1903 – Alfred Deakin became the second Australian prime minister, succeeding Edmund Barton, who left office to become a founding justice of the High Court of Australia.
• 1950 – The "Great Smoke Pall", generated by the Chinchaga fire, the largest recorded fire in North American history, was first recorded in present-day Nunavut and may eventually have circled the entire globe.
• 1975 – Dougal Haston and Doug Scott of the Southwest Face expedition became the first people to reach the summit of Mount Everest by ascending one of its faces.

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20 Exchange Place is a skyscraper in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan, New York City. Completed in 1931, it was designed by Cross & Cross as the headquarters of the City Bank–Farmers Trust Company, predecessor of Citigroup. The building, standing at approximately 741 feet (226 m) with 57 usable stories, was one of New York City's tallest buildings and the world's tallest stone-clad building upon its completion. The building has a granite and limestone facade, while its internal superstructure is made of steel. The lower section of the facade fills the entirety of an irregular quadrilateral city block and contains piers with figures depicting the "giants of finance". The upper stories, consisting of a square tower with chamfered corners, are offset from the base. The building is an official New York City landmark and a contributing property to the Wall Street Historic District. (Full article...)

• ... that Jorge Meléndez (pictured) was appointed as the National Democratic Party's candidate for president of El Salvador in 1919, after both frontrunners suddenly dropped out days before the election?
• ... that the Téléscaphe was an underwater cable car system that allowed tourists to visit the seabed?
• ... that opera singer Olga Olgina used the same stage name as her mother?
• ... that "Ya Laylat al-Eid", originally a number in Dananeer, a 1940 musical about a singing slave girl, was removed from the film and had its lyrics changed to better associate it with Eid?
• ... that being outranked by Bishop Thomas Agni of Lentini so infuriated the future Pope Urban IV that he left Palestine and went to Rome?
• ... that Taylor Swift announced her new album on a sports podcast?
• ... that the first field test of one potential truth serum by the U.S. government was on an unwitting mafia enforcer?
• ... that, amidst Laurent Saint-Cyr's transition to office as chair of Haiti's Transitional Presidential Council, "bursts of gunfire" were heard in the capital?
• ... that a musk duck named Ripper could apparently say "you bloody fool"?

• Saudi Arabia and Pakistan sign an agreement to defend each other against attacks.
• American actor and filmmaker Robert Redford (pictured) dies at the age of 89.
• In boxing, Terence Crawford defeats Canelo Álvarez, becoming undisputed world champion in three weight classes.
• In television, The Studio wins best comedy and The Pitt wins best drama at the Primetime Emmy Awards.

September 23: Celebrate Bisexuality Day

• 1780 – American Revolutionary War: British officer John André was captured by Patriot forces, thereby revealing a plot by Continental Army general Benedict Arnold (pictured) to hand over West Point, New York.
• 1913 – The United Mine Workers of America begin a strike against the Rockefeller-owned Colorado Fuel & Iron Company, sparking the Colorado Coalfield War.
• 2002 – The first version of the web browser Firefox was released by the Mozilla Organization.
• 2008 – A gunman shot and killed ten students at the Seinäjoki University of Applied Sciences in Kauhajoki, Finland, before committing suicide.
• 2019 – The British travel company Thomas Cook Group ceased operations with immediate effect, leaving around 600,000 tourists stranded around the world.

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Thomas J. Hudner Jr. (1924–2017) was a United States Navy officer and naval aviator. He received the Medal of Honor for his actions in trying to save the life of his wingman, Ensign Jesse L. Brown, during the Battle of Chosin Reservoir in the Korean War. Born in Fall River, Massachusetts, Hudner attended Phillips Academy in Andover and the United States Naval Academy. Initially uninterested in aviation, he eventually took up flying and joined Fighter Squadron 32, flying the F4U Corsair at the outbreak of the Korean War. Arriving near Korea in October 1950, he flew support missions from the aircraft carrier USS Leyte. He later served in the Vietnam War. After retiring as a captain in 1973, he worked for various veterans' organizations in the United States. He is interred at Arlington National Cemetery. The Arleigh Burke-class guided-missile destroyer USS Thomas Hudner is named for him. (Full article...)

• ... that the statue of Michael Arthur Bass (pictured) in England stands in front of the town hall he paid for?
• ... that the subjects of Robert M. Edsel's book The Monuments Men returned more than five million works of art stolen by the Nazis during World War II?
• ... that Rinalds Grants, Archbishop of Riga, began his career as a criminal investigator?
• ... that one airbreathing catfish species cooperates in pack hunting with another species of catfish?
• ... that Samuel Toloza fought off Iraqi militants with only a knife after his convoy was attacked and ran out of ammunition?
• ... that The Battle of Calverhine, Henry Darger's largest collage, is ten feet (3 m) wide and almost impossible to make out with the naked eye?
• ... that Małgorzata Rosiak, after receiving a snowboard as a Christmas present, went on to win 14 national championships and medals at the European and World Championships?
• ... that the Book of Accusations excoriates halakhic interpretation, Kabbalah, magic, superstition, the commentary of Rashi, and the Ashkenazi rabbinical tradition of pilpul?
• ... that when the architect of Chicago's IBM Building was driven to the construction site, he reportedly asked, "Where's the site"?

• Saudi Arabia and Pakistan sign a mutual defense agreement under which aggression against one country would be considered to be against both.
• American actor and filmmaker Robert Redford (pictured) dies at the age of 89.
• In boxing, Terence Crawford defeats Canelo Álvarez, becoming undisputed world champion in three weight classes.
• In television, The Studio wins best comedy and The Pitt wins best drama at the Primetime Emmy Awards.

September 22

• 1586 – Eighty Years' War: Spanish forces defeated an Anglo-Dutch army at the Battle of Zutphen.
• 1914 – World War I: German naval forces bombarded Papeete in French Polynesia and sank a French gunboat.
• 1922 – After nine days, the great fire of Smyrna was extinguished (aftermath pictured), having caused at least ten thousand deaths.
• 1975 – Sara Jane Moore attempted to assassinate U.S. president Gerald Ford, but failed due to unfamiliarity with her weapon.
• 2014 – The NASA spacecraft MAVEN entered into orbit around Mars to study the planet's atmosphere.

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The Caerleon pipe burial is a second-century Roman grave associated with the legionary fortress and settlement Isca Augusta in Caerleon. In 1927 building works across the River Usk from the fortress uncovered a grave containing a stone-lined tomb. Within the tomb was a lead canister containing cremated bone fragments, a piece of linen bearing traces of frankincense and a 3.8 cm (1.5 in) broken lead pipe which would originally have reached the surface. This type of burial is rare in Britain and was investigated by the archaeologist Mortimer Wheeler. The anatomist Arthur Keith determined that the bone fragments were of a single adult, confirmed in 2001 by Alice Roberts. Tombs with vertical lead or earthenware pipes are found throughout the Roman Empire, and these features are believed to have facilitated sacrifices and offerings to the departed. In particular, pipe burials are thought to have allowed relatives to pour blood or wine into the container to nourish the soul of the deceased. (Full article...)

• ... that Mary Jo Copeland (pictured) received the Presidential Citizens Medal from Barack Obama for founding Sharing and Caring Hands?
• ... that Reedsburg Municipal Airport had a water runway during the 1960s for use by the builder of Lake Redstone?
• ... that Xu Jie avoided the purges of the Great Rites Controversy because he was at home mourning his father?
• ... that the app Tea has been praised as an aid for women's safety but was sued for jeopardising its users' safety?
• ... that the Gym Rat in Gaza posts videos of bodybuilding among the rubble of the Israel–Hamas war?
• ... that the flatbread luchi was historically made with bananas instead of water?
• ... that German social media personality Maya Leinenbach became vegan after completing a school project on the influence of nutrition and consumption on the environment?
• ... that Gabriel Green ran for U.S. president on the platform of universal health care, free college education, and releasing secret government information on extraterrestrials?
• ... that Savannah blockaded Savannah?

• American actor and filmmaker Robert Redford (pictured) dies at the age of 89.
• In boxing, Terence Crawford defeats Canelo Álvarez, becoming undisputed world champion in three weight classes.
• In television, The Studio wins best comedy and The Pitt wins best drama at the Primetime Emmy Awards.
• After widespread protests, Sushila Karki is appointed interim Prime Minister of Nepal, replacing K. P. Sharma Oli.

September 21: International Day of Peace

• 1675 – Led by Antonio de Vea, a Spanish naval expedition departed El Callao, Peru, for the fjords and channels of Patagonia to find whether rival colonial powers were in the region.
• 1897 – In response to a letter written by eight-year-old Virginia O'Hanlon, The New York Sun published an editorial by Francis Pharcellus Church stating, "Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus".
• 1934 – Chandrashekhar Agashe (pictured) established the Brihan Maharashtra Sugar Syndicate Ltd., one of the oldest companies in India.
• 1999 – A 7.7 M_w earthquake struck Jiji, Taiwan, killing 2,415 people, injuring more than 11,000 others and causing about NT$300 billion (US$10 billion) in damage across the island.
• 2004 – American rock band Green Day released their seventh studio album, American Idiot, which would become one of their most recognizable albums.

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Myst V: End of Ages is a 2005 adventure video game, developed by Cyan Worlds, published by Ubisoft, and released for Macintosh and Windows PC platforms. Directed by Rand Miller (pictured) it is the fifth installment in the Myst series. Like in past entries, gameplay consists of navigating worlds known as "Ages" via the use of special books and items which act as portals. End of Ages replaces pre-rendered environments used in past games with worlds rendered in real-time 3D graphics, allowing easy navigation. It also includes an in-game camera. Additionally, the faces of actors were digitally mapped onto three-dimensional character models. End of Ages was positively received, despite complaints such as lessened interactivity compared to previous games and poorer graphics. After the game's release Cyan announced the end of software development and the layoff of most of its staff, but was able to rehire much of the development team a few weeks later. (This article is part of a featured topic: Myst series.)

• ... that the next Commonwealth Games mascot is a unicorn (pictured) designed by 76 children?
• ... that Mary Karadja founded an organisation to deport European Jews to Madagascar, despite previously advocating against antisemitism?
• ... that the writer Laurence Sterne became famous for a bawdy comic novel, and immediately sold a book of sermons?
• ... that the geographer Suzanne Daveau, who turned 100 on 13 July 2025, has received honours from three countries?
• ... that Zhang Juzheng was criticised for not adequately mourning the death of his father, after which he eliminated around fifty opponents through self-evaluation tests?
• ... that Felix Mendelssohn revised his Rondo capriccioso after a 17-year-old pianist "commanded" him to do so "under pain of one disgrace or another"?
• ... that Indian activist V. V. Dravid moved to Indore to build a textile workers' union, spent one and a half years in jail there, and later represented the city at the state's legislative assembly?
• ... that the Tochigi–Gunma–Saitama border is a rare example of a prefectural tripoint in Japan located on flat land?
• ... that the Red Nun of the Mayab worked as a courier and spy for an insurrectionist faction in Valladolid, Yucatán?

• American actor and filmmaker Robert Redford (pictured) dies at the age of 89.
• In television, The Studio wins best comedy and The Pitt wins best drama at the Primetime Emmy Awards.
• After widespread protests, Sushila Karki is appointed interim Prime Minister of Nepal, replacing K. P. Sharma Oli.
• Former Brazilian president Jair Bolsonaro is sentenced to 27 years in prison for his involvement in a coup plot.

September 20

• 1066 – Harald III of Norway and his English ally Tostig Godwinson defeated the northern earls Edwin and Morcar at the Battle of Fulford near York.
• 1697 – The first of a series of treaties comprising the Peace of Ryswick was signed between France and the Grand Alliance, ending the Nine Years' War.
• 1870 – The Bersaglieri entered Rome through the Porta Pia, ending the temporal power of the Pope and completing the unification of Italy.
• 1920 – Irish War of Independence: British auxiliary police officers known as Black and Tans went on a rampage in Balbriggan, burning more than fifty homes and businesses and killing two people.
• 1988 – British prime minister Margaret Thatcher (pictured) gave a landmark speech at the Belfry of Bruges, Belgium, against federalism in the European Economic Community.

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Homer Simpson is a character in the animated television series The Simpsons. He is the boorish father of the Simpson family; with his wife, Marge, he has three children: Bart, Lisa, and Maggie. Homer embodies several American working-class stereotypes: he is overweight, balding, immature, unintelligent, outspoken, aggressive, lazy, ignorant, unprofessional, and fond of beer, junk food, and television. Despite his flaws, he is fundamentally a good-hearted man and fiercely protective of his family, especially during crises. He was created and designed by cartoonist Matt Groening and is voiced by Dan Castellaneta (pictured). Homer is one of the most influential fictional characters on television and is widely recognized as an American cultural icon. His catchphrase, the annoyed grunt "D'oh!", has been included in several dictionaries. Castellaneta has won four Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Voice-Over Performance, along with a special-achievement Annie Award for voicing Homer. (Full article...)

• ... that in Ngāti Whātua culture, Neocicindela tuberculata (example pictured) could be the manifestation of the demigoddess Kui?
• ... that the freighter James Gayley is one of the largest undiscovered shipwrecks on the Great Lakes?
• ... that the old defensive walls at New College, Oxford, are examined by the lord mayor every three years in a tradition dating back to 1379?
• ... that Caspar Schmalkalden's 17th-century travelogue describes noises made by animals like the three-toed sloth and the hedgehog fish?
• ... that the Japanese colonisation of Hokkaido was facilitated by the expertise of American advisors?
• ... that Tobias Rahim sold a nude photo of himself to challenge his fears?
• ... that an 1890 short story by the author of Dracula was unknown to scholars until its rediscovery in the 21st century?
• ... that the French Olympic champion Boughera El Ouafi received more coverage from the American press over a few months than from the French press over his entire life?
• ... that a museum in Malaysia has more than 80,000 products from McDonald's?

• American actor and filmmaker Robert Redford (pictured) dies at the age of 89.
• In television, The Studio wins best comedy and The Pitt wins best drama at the Primetime Emmy Awards.
• After widespread protests, Sushila Karki is appointed interim Prime Minister of Nepal, replacing K. P. Sharma Oli.
• Former Brazilian president Jair Bolsonaro is sentenced to 27 years in prison for his involvement in a coup plot.

September 19: International Talk Like a Pirate Day

• 1893 – New Zealand became the first country to introduce universal suffrage following the women's suffrage movement led by Kate Sheppard (pictured).
• 1970 – Greek student Kostas Georgakis set himself on fire in Genoa, Italy, as a protest against the military junta of Georgios Papadopoulos.
• 1985 – An earthquake registering M_w 8.0 struck Mexico City, killing at least 9,000 people and leaving up to 100,000 homeless.
• 1991 – Ötzi, a well-preserved natural mummy of a man dating from about 3300 BC, was discovered by two German tourists in the Alps.
• 2023 – Chinese authorities cancelled a run of performances of The Mongol Khan, the first Mongolian play to be performed internationally, forty minutes before its planned premiere in Hohhot.

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Alicia is the seventh studio album by Alicia Keys (pictured) and released on September 18, 2020. Alicia's mostly low-tempo and melodically subtle music reconciles her experimental direction with bass drum–driven R&B and piano-based balladry. The songs explore identity as a multifaceted concept, sociopolitical concerns, and forms of love within multiple frameworks. Keys described the album as therapeutic and reflective of greater introspection in herself. After a surprise announcement of its impending release in September, Alicia debuted at number four on the Billboard 200 in its first week and became Keys's eighth top-10 record in the US, while charting in the top 10 in several other countries. It received critical praise for Keys's nuanced vocal performances and the music's broad appeal, while her thematic messages were considered balanced, healing, and timely against the backdrop of unfolding world events. The album won the Grammy Award for Best Immersive Audio Album in 2022. (Full article...)

• ... that the Top Chef Masters judge Jay Rayner (pictured) has attributed writing his viral review of Le Cinq to being "eye-gougingly, bone-crunchingly, teeth-grindingly angry"?
• ... that Red Sea tuna and seashells found at the roadside station of Khirbet es-Samra suggest that long-distance trade reached deep into Roman Arabia?
• ... that Dan Pashman spent three years working on a new pasta shape that he named cascatelli, after the Italian word for 'waterfall'?
• ... that the Dark Millennium, which suddenly followed the Neolithic in the United Arab Emirates around 4000 BC, has furnished virtually no evidence of human activity?
• ... that Jeffrey Epstein's contact list has been published three times, but the existence of a separate client list is a matter of controversy?
• ... that the rise of CONUS Communications spurred the Big Three American TV networks to subsidize the purchase of satellite trucks for local newsgathering?
• ... that a former handball player was the tallest player in the Canadian Football League?
• ... that Ahmad Shah Durrani faced an army five times larger than his own at the Battle of Manupur?
• ... that Kim Jong Un was amused by a lube factory?

• American actor and filmmaker Robert Redford (pictured) dies at the age of 89.
• In television, The Studio wins best comedy and The Pitt wins best drama at the Primetime Emmy Awards.
• After widespread protests, Sushila Karki is appointed interim Prime Minister of Nepal, replacing K. P. Sharma Oli.
• Former Brazilian president Jair Bolsonaro is sentenced to 27 years in prison for his involvement in a coup plot.

September 18

• 324 – Constantine the Great decisively defeated Licinius in the Battle of Chrysopolis, establishing Constantine's sole control over the Roman Empire and ending the Tetrarchy.
• 1850 – The United States Congress passed the Fugitive Slave Act, decreeing that all escaped slaves be brought back to their masters.
• 1870 – Nathaniel P. Langford of the Washburn–Langford–Doane Expedition first observed a geyser in the Wyoming Territory erupting at regular intervals, naming it Old Faithful (video featured).
• 1948 – The Australian cricket team's Invincibles tour of England concluded; they had played 34 matches, including five Tests, without defeat.
• 1950 – Korean War: The Korean People's Army retreated from the Battle of the Pusan Perimeter after six weeks of fighting, marking the farthest that the KPA would advance in the war.

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Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There is a novel published in December 1871 by Lewis Carroll, a mathematics lecturer at the University of Oxford. It was the sequel to his Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1865), in which many of the characters were playing-cards; in this novel the theme is chess. As in the earlier book, the central figure, Alice, finds herself in a fantastical universe. She passes through a large mirror into another world and finds that, just as in a reflection, things there are reversed, including logic. Eventually, after a succession of strange adventures, she wakes and realises she has been dreaming. The original illustrations are by John Tenniel. The book contains several verse passages and, like Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, introduces phrases that have become common currency. Through the Looking Glass has been adapted for the stage and screen and translated into many languages. Critical opinion of the book has generally been favourable. (Full article...)

• ... that the Top Chef Masters judge Jay Rayner (pictured) has attributed writing his viral review of Le Cinq to being "eye-gougingly, bone-crunchingly, teeth-grindingly angry"?
• ... that Red Sea tuna and seashells found at the roadside station of Khirbet es-Samra suggest that long-distance trade reached deep into Roman Arabia?
• ... that Dan Pashman spent three years working on a new pasta shape that he named cascatelli, after the Italian word for 'waterfall'?
• ... that the Dark Millennium, which suddenly followed the Neolithic in the United Arab Emirates around 4000 BC, featured virtually zero human activity?
• ... that Jeffrey Epstein's contact list has been published three times, but the existence of a separate client list is a matter of controversy?
• ... that the rise of CONUS Communications spurred the Big Three American TV networks to subsidize the purchase of satellite trucks for local newsgathering?
• ... that a former handball player was the tallest player in the Canadian Football League?
• ... that Ahmad Shah Durrani faced an army five times larger than his own at the Battle of Manupur?
• ... that Kim Jong Un was amused by a lube factory?

• In television, The Studio (lead actor Seth Rogen pictured) wins best comedy and The Pitt wins best drama at the Primetime Emmy Awards.
• After widespread protests, Sushila Karki is appointed interim Prime Minister of Nepal, replacing K. P. Sharma Oli.
• Former Brazilian president Jair Bolsonaro is sentenced to 27 years in prison for his involvement in a coup plot.
• The observation of a black hole merger verifies the second law of black hole thermodynamics for the first time.

September 17: Constitution Day and Citizenship Day in the United States

• 1658 – Portuguese Restoration War: Having crossed the Minho and entered Portuguese territory, a Spanish army was victorious in the Battle of Vilanova.
• 1775 – American Revolutionary War: The Continental Army under Richard Montgomery began the Siege of Fort St. Jean in the British province of Quebec.
• 1878 – A British surveyor was detained by the Zulu on the border with the Colony of Natal; a demand for reparations for the incident formed part of an ultimatum that led to the Anglo-Zulu War.
• 1985 – Four years after AIDS was first identified in the United States, Ronald Reagan publicly acknowledged AIDS (video featured) for the first time.
• 2018 – The Israeli Air Force conducted missile strikes that hit multiple targets in western Syria, including one that accidentally downed a Russian plane.

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Socompa is a large stratovolcano (composite volcano) on the border of Argentina and Chile. It has an elevation of 6,051 metres (19,852 ft) and is part of the Chilean and Argentine Andean Volcanic Belt. Socompa lies close to the pass of the same name where the Salta–Antofagasta railway crosses the border. Most of the northwestern slope of Socompa collapsed catastrophically 7,200 years ago to form an extensive debris avalanche deposit. The Socompa collapse is among the largest known on land with a volume of 19.2 cubic kilometres (4.6 cu mi) and a surface area of 490 square kilometres (190 sq mi). After the volcanic landslide, Socompa was rebuilt by the effusion of lava flows and much of the scar is now filled in. Socompa is also noteworthy for the high-altitude biotic communities that are bound to fumaroles on the mountain. They are well above the sparse regular vegetation in the region, which does not extend up the mountains. The climate on the mountain is cold and dry. (Full article...)

• ... that different sounds drummed on the garamut (example pictured) can indicate the intended recipient?
• ... that Papua New Guinea, despite having only 11.7 million people, speaks more than 800 languages?
• ... that the Papua New Guinean government almost ran out of foreign exchange reserves during a financial crisis in 1994?
• ... that the cavefish Oxyeleotris caeca is found in surface waters during the wet season?
• ... that changes in land use and forestry turned Papua New Guinea's contribution to climate change from being a net carbon sink to a net emitter?
• ... that communities around the Sirinumu Dam lack reliable access to electricity and drinking water?
• ... that Nancy Sullivan and ten other activists were sued by the Papua New Guinean government as retribution for opposing the Pacific Marine Industrial Zone?
• ... that the Organic Law on the Integrity of Political Parties and Candidates was intended to stop "yo-yo politics"?
• ... that inland fisheries in Papua New Guinea are used by more than half of people living in the mountainous Highlands Region?
• ... that a bay in Papua New Guinea is Goodenough?