2020 Missouri Amendment 2, also called the Medicaid Expansion Initiative, was a ballot measure to amend the Constitution of Missouri to expand Medicaid under the Affordable Care Act. The initiative was on the August 4, 2020, primary ballot and passed with 53.27% of the vote. Following Medicaid expansion initiatives in other states, Republican lawmakers in Nebraska and Utah added work requirements to their states' expansions; supporters aimed to prevent this by proposing state constitutional amendments for future Medicaid expansion initiatives. The measure was supported most in urban areas and opposed in rural areas. After a delay due to a lack of funding from the Missouri General Assembly and resulting litigation, the initiative was slowly implemented in October 2021. Republican lawmakers attempted to roll back the program and add a work requirement through a state constitutional amendment, which failed after the United States Supreme Court prevented its implementation. (Full article...)

• ... that pastor, poet, teacher, and musician Wycliffe Smith (pictured) has served as lieutenant governor of Saba and prime minister of Sint Maarten?
• ... that during Operation Security and Order, Mbah Suro's followers fought against Indonesian Army special forces with clubs and headbands?
• ... that NFL player Henry Monroe retired after one season to enter medical school?
• ... that workers of Jakarta's Public Facility Maintenance Agency are known as "orange troops"?
• ... that Luis Aranaz was named an "adopted son" of Sabadell after captaining the city's football club to two Spanish second-division titles in the 1940s?
• ... that the SWAT unit in Regina recruited their first female officer from the Regina Police Service in May 1991?
• ... that Namibian activist Werner Mamugwe was banned from entering Bechuanaland Protectorate due to his political activities?
• ... that North Korea thanked the United States for helping its sailors defeat a group of pirates?
• ... that "the Psycho" controlled the drug trade in Finglas, Cabra and Ballymun from the early 1990s until his death in 1996?

• An 8.8-magnitude earthquake strikes off the coast of the Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia, triggering tsunami warnings across the Pacific Ocean.
• In association football, the UEFA Women's Euro concludes with England defeating Spain in the final (player of the match Hannah Hampton pictured).
• In cycling, Tadej Pogačar wins the Tour de France.
• American professional wrestler Hulk Hogan dies at the age of 71.

August 4

• 1265 – Second Barons' War: Royal troops led by Prince Edward defeated baronial forces under Simon de Montfort at the Battle of Evesham in Worcestershire, England.
• 1862 – In Brooklyn, a mob composed largely of Irish Americans attacked a group of African Americans in a riot.
• 1991 – An explosion on the Greek cruise ship MTS Oceanos ruptured its hull, causing it to sink off the east coast of South Africa, with all 571 people on board rescued.
• 2006 – Sri Lankan civil war: Seventeen employees of the French nongovernmental organization ACF International were massacred in Mutur.
• 2020 – A large explosion of ammonium nitrate stored at the Port of Beirut in Lebanon killed 218 people and caused US$15 billion in damage.

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Red is the fourth studio album by the American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift (pictured). It was released in October 2012 by Big Machine Records. Swift designated Red as a breakup album and her last to be promoted as country music. The album incorporates styles of pop, rock, folk and country, and is composed of acoustic instruments, electronic synths and drum machines. Initial reviews mostly praised Swift's songwriting for its emotional exploration and engagement, but critics deemed the production inconsistent and questioned her identity as a country artist. Swift supported Red with the Red Tour (2013–2014). Red topped the charts and received multi-platinum certifications in Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the United Kingdom. In the United States it spent seven weeks atop the Billboard 200. Red was nominated for Album of the Year at the 2013 Country Music Association Awards, and Album of the Year and Best Country Album at the 2014 Grammy Awards. (Full article...)

• ... that Trichogenes claviger (examples pictured) can climb nets using outgrowths from its head?
• ... that Philippe Housiaux took a law examination instead of competing in the 1972 Summer Olympics?
• ... that helical strakes can be used to reduce structural fatigue on structures such as chimneys and pipelines?
• ... that "Whistle" was composed because of a miscommunication between a film director and the songwriters?
• ... that Fletcher Ransom wrote and illustrated a book of satirical cartoons about Theodore Roosevelt titled My Policies in Jungleland?
• ... that art students designed the stained-glass windows of the Chapel at George Fox University?
• ... that Don Summers signed with an NFL team despite having gone more than 400 days without catching a football?
• ... that AHOF, a K-pop group formed on a reality show, includes two members who were not on the winning team?
• ... that Worrall Reed Carter wrote about beans, bullets and black oil?

• Former president of Nigeria Muhammadu Buhari (pictured) dies at the age of 82.
• Clashes between Druze militias and the Syrian Armed Forces result in hundreds of deaths.
• The International Criminal Court issues arrest warrants for Taliban leaders Hibatullah Akhundzada and Abdul Hakim Haqqani over their alleged persecution of women in Afghanistan.
• Flooding in Central Texas, United States, leaves at least 140 people dead.

July 21: Belgian National Day (1831), Marine Day in Japan (2025)

• 905 – Louis III, Holy Roman Emperor, was captured and blinded during his attempt to restore Carolingian power over Italy by King Berengar I.
• 1877 – Much of central Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, was burned and looted during the Great Railroad Strike of 1877.
• 1960 – Sirimavo Bandaranaike (pictured) was sworn in as prime minister of Ceylon, becoming the world's first democratically elected female head of government.
• 1990 – The Taiwanese military ordered the deportation of dozens of illegal immigrants from mainland China in sealed boat holds, causing 25 deaths due to suffocation.
• 2007 – Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, the final book in the popular Harry Potter series by J. K. Rowling, was released and sold 15 million copies in its first 24 hours, making it the fastest-selling book in history.

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Sir William Gordon-Cumming (20 July 1848 – 20 May 1930) was a Scottish landowner, soldier and socialite. He was the central figure in the royal baccarat scandal of 1891. He joined the British Army in 1868 and saw service in South Africa, Egypt and the Sudan; he served with distinction and rose to the rank of lieutenant-colonel. An adventurer, he also hunted in the US and India. A friend of Edward, Prince of Wales, for over 20 years, in 1890 he attended a house party at Tranby Croft, where he took part in a game of baccarat at the behest of the prince. During the course of two nights' play he was accused of cheating, which he denied. After news of the affair leaked out, he sued five members of the party for slander; Edward was called as a witness. The case was a public spectacle in the UK and abroad, but the verdict went against Gordon-Cumming and he was ostracised from polite society. After the court case he married an American heiress, but their relationship was unhappy. (Full article...)

• ... that François-Edmond Fortier published more than 3,300 postcards of French West Africa (example pictured) between 1901 and 1920?
• ... that a language riot broke out between members of Our Lady of the Rosary in 1917?
• ... that Oleksandr Rodin's opera Kateryna was staged despite barricades, bombings, and an air-raid alarm?
• ... that Paul Among the People treats the Pauline epistles as sources comparable to Homer, Aristophanes and Virgil on Greco-Roman attitudes?
• ... that Gyula Kakas competed at two Olympics in gymnastics, set the Hungarian pole-vault record, and played for a national-champion football club?
• ... that a lyric in Beautiful Chaos was praised for "spreading queer joy"?
• ... that defending champions Bermuda did not compete in the women's football tournament at the 2015 Island Games?
• ... that Vatican Taekwondo has no registered athletes or coaches?
• ... that Iceland's entry for Eurovision in 2025 brought out a line of Ash Wednesday costumes?

• Former president of Nigeria Muhammadu Buhari (pictured) dies at the age of 82.
• Clashes between Druze militias and the Syrian Armed Forces result in hundreds of deaths.
• The International Criminal Court issues arrest warrants for Taliban leaders Hibatullah Akhundzada and Abdul Hakim Haqqani over their alleged persecution of women in Afghanistan.
• Flooding in Central Texas, United States, leaves at least 140 people dead.

July 20

• 1807 – French brothers Claude and Nicéphore Niépce received a patent for their Pyréolophore, one of the world's first internal combustion engines.
• 1951 – Abdullah I of Jordan was assassinated while visiting the Al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem.
• 1976 – The Viking 1 lander became the first spacecraft to successfully land on Mars and perform its mission.
• 1997 – USS Constitution, one of the United States Navy's original six frigates, sailed for the first time in 116 years after a full restoration.
• 2015 – A suicide attack (aftermath pictured) in Suruç, Turkey, for which Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) claimed responsibility, killed 34 people and injured 104 others.

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Great Wilbraham is a Neolithic causewayed enclosure, an archaeological site near the village of Great Wilbraham in Cambridgeshire, England. The enclosure is about 170 metres (560 ft) across, and covers about 2 hectares (4.9 acres). Causewayed enclosures were built in England from before 3700 BC until c. 3500 BC; they are characterized by the enclosure of an area with ditches that are interrupted by gaps, or causeways. Their purpose is not known; they may have been settlements, meeting places, or ritual sites. The Great Wilbraham enclosure was first identified from aerial photographs in 1972. An excavation was begun in 1975 by David Clarke, with a planned five-year research programme, but he died in 1976 and his results remained unpublished. His archive of finds and records was reanalysed in the 2000s. The site was rich in finds, including Neolithic flint, pottery from periods from the Neolithic to the present day, and animal bone. The site has been protected as a scheduled monument since 1976. (Full article...)

• ... that the Ennis House (pictured) was variously characterized as "a mausoleum, fortress, Tibetan monument, Mayan temple, and palace"?
• ... that, in 12th-century Igodomigodo, King Ohuede proposed allowing women to inherit the throne in the absence of male heirs?
• ... that one Japanese bullet train service once skipped the cities of Nagoya and Kyoto?
• ... that, when five consecutive Ranger spacecraft failed, Harris Schurmeier was put in charge with a mandate to transform the program?
• ... that Here Will I Nest was the first dramatic Canadian feature film to be shot in colour, and the first film adaptation of a Canadian play?
• ... that Prescott Currier was one of the first Americans to visit the British code-breaking centre at Bletchley Park?
• ... that Elyn Saks's memoir about her life with schizophrenia won her a "Genius Grant"?
• ... that the subculture of Aristasia combined Guénonian Traditionalism with lesbian separatism?
• ... that fencer Bernardo de la Guardia was a competitor and a judge – at the same Olympic Games?

• Former president of Nigeria Muhammadu Buhari (pictured) dies at the age of 82.
• Clashes between Druze militias and the Syrian Armed Forces result in hundreds of deaths.
• The International Criminal Court issues arrest warrants for Taliban leaders Hibatullah Akhundzada and Abdul Hakim Haqqani over their alleged persecution of women in Afghanistan.
• Flooding in Central Texas, United States, leaves at least 140 people dead.

July 19

• 1845 – A fire in Manhattan, New York, destroyed 345 buildings, killed 30 people, and caused at least $5 million in damage.
• 1903 – French cyclist Maurice Garin won the first edition of the Tour de France.
• 1919 – Following Peace Day celebrations marking the end of the First World War, English ex-servicemen unhappy with unemployment and other grievances rioted and burned down Luton Town Hall.
• 1997 – The Troubles: The Provisional Irish Republican Army announced that it would resume its ceasefire, ending its 28-year campaign against British rule in Northern Ireland.
• 2013 – The NASA spacecraft Cassini took a photograph of Saturn with Earth in the distance (detail pictured), for which people were invited to "wave at Saturn".

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Lieutenant-General Henry de Hinuber (1767–1833) was a Hanoverian army officer who commanded units of the King's German Legion (KGL) during the Napoleonic Wars. Initially serving in the Hanoverian Army, in 1782 he fought in the Second Anglo-Mysore War in India. He was present at the siege of Cuddalore. The French Revolutionary Wars began a decade later and Hinuber served in the Flanders Campaign. When Hanover was invaded in 1803, Hinuber offered his services to the British Army and was given command of the 3rd Line Battalion of the KGL before commanding a brigade in the Bay of Naples in 1809. He was promoted to major-general in 1811 and given command of a brigade in Lord Wellington's Peninsular War army in 1813. Hinuber commanded his brigade at the Battle of Nivelle in 1813 and then at the siege of Bayonne the following year, when he led the response to the French counter-attack. He joined the army of the new Kingdom of Hanover in 1816. He received his last command in 1831, of the 2nd Division of a corps of the German Federal Army, and died in Frankfurt two years later. (Full article...)

• ... that Glódís Perla Viggósdóttir (pictured) scored two goals for the Iceland women's national football team the day before she graduated from university?
• ... that the literary heritage of Nova Scotia includes the first newspaper and the first literary journal in Canada?
• ... that according to the Zoo Miami communications director, 100 men could beat a single gorilla if they "envelop the gorilla and create a human straightjacket"?
• ... that the memorial for James Bunbury White, the founder of Whiteville, North Carolina, was knocked down in a car crash 200 years after his death?
• ... that before the establishment of the Singapore's Rail Test Centre, the bulk of rolling-stock testing had to be conducted overseas?
• ... that the artist Cady Noland has disavowed artworks that she no longer considered genuine because they were damaged or altered?
• ... that Christ Church, Amherstburg, a Canadian church built by a Loyalist, features timbers fashioned after a ship's hull?
• ... that Li Jinhua was the first female spokesperson of the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs?
• ... that an announcer damaged the tower of an Arkansas radio station while driving a moving van?

• Former president of Nigeria Muhammadu Buhari (pictured) dies at the age of 82.
• The International Criminal Court issues arrest warrants for Taliban leaders Hibatullah Akhundzada and Abdul Hakim Haqqani over their alleged persecution of women in Afghanistan.
• Flooding in Central Texas, United States, leaves at least 130 people dead.
• Astronomers announce the discovery of 3I/ATLAS, an interstellar object passing through the Solar System.

July 18

• 1290 – King Edward I issued an edict to expel all Jews from England.
• 1723 – Johann Sebastian Bach directed the first performance of his cantata Erforsche mich, Gott, und erfahre mein Herz in Leipzig.
• 1976 – At the Olympic Games in Montreal, Nadia Comăneci (pictured) became the first person to score a perfect 10 in a modern Olympics gymnastics event.
• 1989 – American actress Rebecca Schaeffer was shot and killed by Robert John Bardo, eventually prompting the passage of anti-stalking laws in California.
• 1995 – Selena's album Dreaming of You, instrumental in popularizing Tejano music, was released posthumously.

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Hurricane Claudette was the third tropical storm and first hurricane of the 2003 Atlantic hurricane season. A fairly long-lived July Atlantic hurricane, Claudette began as a tropical wave in the eastern Caribbean. It moved westward past the Yucatán Peninsula before moving northwestward through the Gulf of Mexico. Claudette remained a tropical storm until just before making landfall in Port O'Connor, Texas, on July 15, when it quickly strengthened to a strong Category 1 hurricane. Forecasting its path and intensity was uncertain, resulting in widespread and often unnecessary preparations. Claudette caused one death and moderate damage in Texas, mostly from strong winds, as well as extensive beach erosion. Because of the damage, President George W. Bush declared portions of South Texas as a Federal Disaster Area. Claudette also caused significant rainfall and minor damage in the Mexican state of Quintana Roo, as well as minor damage on Saint Lucia. (This article is part of a featured topic: 2003 Atlantic hurricane season.)

• ... that the former Essex County Courthouse (pictured) was designed by an American and built by Canada's future prime minister?
• ... that Patriarch Arnulf's "niece" Emma probably really was just his niece?
• ... that some medical professionals run clinics dedicated to illegal abortions in Ivory Coast?
• ... that NFL player Adolph Bieberstein was later an attorney who argued before the United States Supreme Court?
• ... that four uninhabited islands triggered a dispute between the Indonesian provinces of Aceh and North Sumatra?
• ... that Sangay Tenzin started his international swimming career at the World Championships?
• ... that no major hurricane has hit Mexico earlier in the year than Hurricane Erick since records began?
• ... that the identity of "Barbara O'Brien", the author of Operators and Things, a 1958 autobiographical account of schizophrenia, has not been publicly revealed?
• ... that Saiyuud Diwong's cookbook Cooking with Poo won an Oddest Title of the Year award?

• The International Criminal Court issues arrest warrants for Taliban leaders Hibatullah Akhundzada and Abdul Hakim Haqqani (pictured) over their alleged persecution of women in Afghanistan.
• Flooding in Central Texas, United States, leaves at least 130 people dead.
• Astronomers announce the discovery of 3I/ATLAS, an interstellar object passing through the Solar System.
• The Vera C. Rubin Observatory in Chile releases the first light images from its new 8.4-metre (28 ft) telescope.

July 17: Constitution Day in South Korea (1948); World Emoji Day

• 1453 – The Battle of Castillon, the last engagement of the Hundred Years' War, ended with the English losing all holdings in France except the Pale of Calais.
• 1918 – RMS Carpathia, which had rescued survivors of the 1912 Titanic sinking, was sunk by a German U-boat with the loss of five crew.
• 1948 – In Olympia, Greece, the Summer Olympics torch relay, nicknamed the "relay of peace", began.
• 1992 – The Manchester Metrolink (pictured), the first modern street-running light-rail system in the United Kingdom, was officially opened.
• 1996 – TWA Flight 800 exploded in mid-air and crashed into the Atlantic Ocean near East Moriches, New York.

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Trinity was the code name given to the nuclear test that saw the first detonation of a nuclear weapon. The code name was assigned by J. Robert Oppenheimer, the director of the Los Alamos Laboratory, after a poem by John Donne. It was conducted on July 16, 1945, as part of the Manhattan Project on the Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range in the Jornada del Muerto desert. The test used a Fat Man bomb of the same design as that detonated over Nagasaki. The complex design of the implosion-type nuclear weapon required a major effort from the Los Alamos Laboratory, and testing was required to allay fears that it would not work. Its detonation (video featured) produced the explosive power of about 20 kilotons of TNT (84 terajoules). The test site is now part of the White Sands Missile Range. It was declared a National Historic Landmark District in 1965, and listed on the National Register of Historic Places the following year. (This article is part of a featured topic: History of the Manhattan Project.)

• ... that despite the presence of 300 witnesses, an inquest concluded that the lynching of Preston Porter Jr. (pictured) was carried out "at the hands of parties unknown"?
• ... that a forest in northern Wisconsin was subject to nuclear-radiation testing in the 1970s?
• ... that a photograph of Lesotho sprinter Motsapi Moorosi was sent into space on the Voyager Golden Records?
• ... that no other studio in Freetown attracted more steamer passengers in 1920 than the establishment run by the Lisk-Carew brothers?
• ... that architect Arthur Loveless was a collector of Chinese snuff bottles?
• ... that Formula One races in Golden Lap are simply colored dots traveling along a thick line?
• ... that a recent international aid vessel bound for Gaza counted among its crew Greta Thunberg and a French member of parliament?
• ... that there was a 24-year gap between the first Romanian Olympian and the next?
• ... that Little Benjamin the Ruler is buried in the churchyard of St Anne's Church, Lewes, but nobody knows who he was?

• The International Criminal Court issues arrest warrants for Taliban leaders Hibatullah Akhundzada and Abdul Hakim Haqqani (pictured) over their alleged persecution of women in Afghanistan.
• Flooding in Central Texas, United States, leaves at least 130 people dead.
• Astronomers announce the discovery of 3I/ATLAS, an interstellar object passing through the Solar System.
• The Vera C. Rubin Observatory in Chile releases the first light images from its new 8.4-metre (28 ft) telescope.

July 16

• 1790 – President George Washington signed the Residence Act, selecting a new permanent site along the Potomac River for the capital of the United States, which later became Washington, D.C.
• 1950 – Korean War: A Korean People's Army unit massacred 31 prisoners of war of the U.S. Army on a mountain near the village of Tuman.
• 1965 – South Vietnamese Colonel Phạm Ngọc Thảo (pictured)—an undetected communist spy—was reported dead due to injuries sustained during his capture, but it is generally assumed he was killed on the orders of military officials.
• 1990 – A 7.8 M_S earthquake struck the densely populated Philippine island of Luzon, killing an estimated 1,621 people.
• 2008 – A tainted milk powder scandal broke in China which ultimately involved an estimated 300,000 victims, the vast majority infants, with 54,000 hospitalized with kidney problems and six deaths.

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Manitoba is a province of Canada. Indigenous peoples have inhabited what is now Manitoba for thousands of years. In the early 17th century, English and French fur traders arrived and established settlements in the area. The Kingdom of England secured control of the region in 1673 and created Rupert's Land, which included present-day Manitoba, under the administration of the Hudson's Bay Company. Negotiations for the creation of the province of Manitoba commenced in 1869 but disagreements over the right to self-determination led to the Red River Rebellion. The resolution of the conflict and further negotiations led to Manitoba becoming the fifth province to join Canadian Confederation on 15 July 1870. Manitoba is Canada's fifth-most populous province. It has a widely varied landscape, from Arctic tundra and the Hudson Bay coastline to dense boreal forest, large freshwater lakes, and prairie grassland. Manitoba's largest city and capital is Winnipeg. (Full article...)

• ... that Alicella gigantea (example pictured) grows up to 34 cm (13 in) in length, making it the world's largest amphipod?
• ... that eight poems dedicated to the sixth-century Brittonic king Urien Rheged may be among the oldest vernacular literature from Europe?
• ... that the surname Baena was popular among Spanish Jews forced to convert to Catholicism during the Reconquista, even though few Jews in Baena had Jewish surnames in the first place?
• ... that the National Baseball Hall of Fame does not know who first used the notation "ꓘ" to represent a strikeout looking?
• ... that Guilty as Sock! was described as "the perfect arena" for "unsettled beef"?
• ... that a late-night live stream of Frei Gilson praying the Rosary during Lent in 2025 reached one million people?
• ... that Redhill MRT station features pink walls?
• ... that Katherine Balch is "like some kind of musical Thomas Edison"?
• ... that although Seal Island attracts tourists due to its reef, transport to the island is hard due to its reef?

• The International Criminal Court issues arrest warrants for Taliban leaders Hibatullah Akhundzada and Abdul Hakim Haqqani (pictured) over their alleged persecution of women in Afghanistan.
• Flooding in Central Texas, United States, leaves at least 130 people dead.
• Astronomers announce the discovery of 3I/ATLAS, an interstellar object passing through the Solar System.
• The Vera C. Rubin Observatory in Chile releases the first light images from its new 8.4-metre (28 ft) telescope.

July 15: Statehood Day in Ukraine (2022)

• 1410 – The Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania defeated the Teutonic Knights at the Battle of Grunwald, the decisive engagement of the Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War.
• 1815 – Aboard HMS Bellerophon, French emperor Napoleon (pictured) surrendered to Royal Navy captain Frederick Lewis Maitland, concluding the Napoleonic Wars.
• 1983 – Sega's first home video game console, the SG-1000 (pictured), was released in Japan.
• 2009 – A M_w 7.8 earthquake struck a remote region of Fiordland, New Zealand, the country's largest earthquake magnitude since the 1931 Hawke's Bay earthquake.
• 2018 – Croatian Mario Mandžukić scored the first own goal in a FIFA World Cup final in their defeat to France.

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William Hanna (July 14, 1910 – Marchy 22, 2001) was an American animator, voice actor, and musician who co-created Tom and Jerry and provided the vocal effects for the series's title characters. Hanna joined the the Harman and Ising animation studio in 1930 and gained prominence while working on cartoons such as The Captain and the Kids. In 1937, while working at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Hanna met Joseph Barbera. In 1957, they co-founded Hanna-Barbera, which became a successful television animation studio, creating or producing programs such as The Flintstones, The Huckleberry Hound Show, The Jetsons, Scooby-Doo, The Smurfs, and Yogi Bear. In 1967, Hanna-Barbera was sold to Taft Broadcasting for $12 million. Hanna and Barbera were nominated for two Academy Awards and won eight Emmys. Their cartoons have become cultural icons, and their cartoon characters have appeared in other media such as films, books, and toys. (Full article...)

• ... that Megalobulimus dryades (example pictured) is named after a kind of nymph from Greek mythology?
• ... that Bal Krishna Kaul, who served as the first Home and Finance minister of Ajmer State, undertook a 22-day hunger strike in Ajmer Jail?
• ... that 3.5% of a country's population can potentially change its government?
• ... that weightlifter Ri Suk, after returning from a four-year absence from competing internationally, then set eight world records in a single competition?
• ... that Shakira's Oral Fixation, Vol. 2 was only released in some Middle Eastern countries, and even then without the song "How Do You Do", which was deemed blasphemous?
• ... that Freddie Parker and Don King each played one game for the Green Bay Packers as replacement players in 1987 before being injured and never playing in the NFL again?
• ... that the first volume of Felix Klein's books on the history of mathematics does not mention the three women who originally transcribed his lectures?
• ... that some of the interior decoration of the Ernst-Haeckel-Haus is inspired by jellyfish?
• ... that, for many members of an online forum for mothers, Rupert Campbell-Black is "vaginally totemic"?

• The International Criminal Court issues arrest warrants for Taliban leaders Hibatullah Akhundzada and Abdul Hakim Haqqani (pictured) over their alleged persecution of women in Afghanistan.
• Flooding in Central Texas, United States, leaves at least 120 people dead.
• Astronomers announce the discovery of 3I/ATLAS, an interstellar object passing through the Solar System.
• The Vera C. Rubin Observatory in Chile releases the first light images from its new 8.4-metre (28 ft) telescope.

July 14: Bastille Day in France (1789); Festino di Santa Rosalia begins in Palermo, Italy

• 1223 – Louis VIII (seal pictured) became King of France and began a three-year reign.
• 1798 – The Sedition Act became law, making it a federal crime to write, publish, or utter false or malicious statements about the U.S. government.
• 1865 – A seven-man team made the first ascent of the Matterhorn, marking the end of the golden age of alpinism.
• 1960 – Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 1-11 ditched off Polillo Island in the Philippines, killing one person and injuring 44.
• 2014 – Lightning strikes started four fires in the Methow River in the American state of Washington, collectively known as the Carlton Complex Fire.

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Heartburn is a burning sensation felt behind the breastbone. It is a symptom that is commonly linked to acid reflux and is often triggered by food, particularly fatty, sugary, spicy, chocolate, onions, citrus, and tomato-based products. Lying down, bending, lifting, and performing certain exercises can exacerbate heartburn. Causes include acid reflux, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), damage to the esophageal lining, bile acid, mechanical stimulation to the esophagus, and esophageal hypersensitivity. Heartburn affects 25% of the population at least once a month. Endoscopy and esophageal pH monitoring can be used to evaluate heartburn. Some causes of heartburn, such as GERD, may be diagnosed based on symptoms alone. Lifestyle changes, such as losing weight and avoiding fatty foods, can improve heartburn. Over-the-counter alginates or antacids can help with mild or occasional heartburn. Heartburn treatment primarily involves H2 receptor antagonists and proton-pump inhibitors. (Full article...)

• ... that Megalobulimus dryades (example pictured) is named after a kind of nymph from Greek mythology?
• ... that Bal Krishna Kaul, who served as the first Home and Finance minister of Ajmer State, undertook a 22-day hunger strike in Ajmer Jail?
• ... that 3.5% of a country's population can potentially change its government?
• ... that weightlifter Ri Suk, after returning from a four-year absence from competing internationally, then set eight world records in a single competition?
• ... that Shakira's Oral Fixation, Vol. 2 was only released in some Middle Eastern countries, and even then without the song "How Do You Do", which was deemed blasphemous?
• ... that Freddie Parker and Don King each played one game for the Green Bay Packers as replacement players in 1987 before being injured and never playing in the NFL again?
• ... that the first volume of Felix Klein's books on the history of mathematics does not mention the three women who originally transcribed his lectures?
• ... that some of the interior decoration of the Ernst-Haeckel-Haus is inspired by jellyfish?
• ... that, for many members of an online forum for mothers, Rupert Campbell-Black is "vaginally totemic"?

• Flooding in Central Texas (pictured), United States, leaves at least 120 people dead.
• Astronomers announce the discovery of 3I/ATLAS, an interstellar object passing through the Solar System.
• The Vera C. Rubin Observatory in Chile releases the first light images from its new 8.4-metre (28 ft) telescope.
• In basketball, the Oklahoma City Thunder defeat the Indiana Pacers to win the NBA Finals.

July 13: Kashmir Martyrs' Day in Pakistan

• 1260 – Livonian Crusade: Samogitian forces defeated Teutonic knights and the Livonian Order at the Battle of Durbe.
• 1713 – Eight representatives of the Wabanaki Confederacy ratified the Treaty of Portsmouth, ending their hostilities against the British in Queen Anne's War.
• 1942 – World War II: The 1st Filipino Infantry Regiment was converted from a battalion to accommodate a larger number of volunteers spurred on by the Japanese invasion of the Philippines.
• 2013 – Typhoon Soulik (pictured) made landfall in East China and Taiwan, killing at least 20 people.
• 2020 – After a five day search, the body of American actress and singer Naya Rivera was recovered from Lake Piru, confirming her death.

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Holkham Hall is an 18th-century country house in Norfolk, England, constructed in the Neo-Palladian style for Thomas Coke, 1st Earl of Leicester. The hall was designed by the architect William Kent, with contributions from Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington, the Norfolk architect and surveyor Matthew Brettingham and Thomas Coke himself. Holkham is one of England's finest examples of the Palladian revival style of architecture. The exterior consists of a central block, of two storeys and four flanking wings. The interior of the hall is opulent, but by the standards of the day, simply decorated and furnished. The Holkham estate was built up by Sir Edward Coke, a lawyer in the reigns of Elizabeth I and James I and the founder of his family's fortune. It remains the ancestral home of the Coke family, who became Earls of Leicester. The house is a Grade I listed building, and its park is listed as Grade I on the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in England. (Full article...)

• ... that Marisa Dick (pictured) has two balance-beam elements named after her – the Dick and the Dick II?
• ... that Korean science fiction has evolved into distinct North and South branches since the first work appeared in 1929?
• ... that Sue Anderson helped to break the glass ceiling for female conductors on Broadway?
• ... that flowers falling off the final dress in Alexander McQueen's Sarabande was a serendipitous effect?
• ... that Oduwa's reign saw cowries becoming so widespread as currency that nobles stitched them into their clothes, causing runaway inflation?
• ... that the Georgian Philharmonic Orchestra, founded in 1925, gave a solidarity concert with Ukraine soon after the Russian invasion?
• ... that actress Emma Stone contributed "oddities" to "Florida!!!"?
• ... that Yulius Selvanus, the governor of North Sulawesi, Indonesia, used his parents' clan names for "personal branding"?
• ... that the Mansfield Town Mill has produced flour, textiles and cannabis?

• Flooding in Central Texas (pictured), United States, leaves at least 120 people dead.
• Astronomers announce the discovery of 3I/ATLAS, an interstellar object passing through the Solar System.
• The Vera C. Rubin Observatory in Chile releases the first light images from its new 8.4-metre (28 ft) telescope.
• In basketball, the Oklahoma City Thunder defeat the Indiana Pacers to win the NBA Finals.

July 12

• 1913 – Second Balkan War: The Serbian Army began the Siege of Vidin, which they abandoned six days later when an armistice between the Serbs and Bulgarians was signed.
• 1920 – The Soviet–Lithuanian Peace Treaty was signed, with Soviet Russia agreeing to recognize an independent Lithuania.

• 1948 – Arab–Israeli War: Israel Defense Forces officer Yitzhak Rabin signed an order to expel Palestinians from the towns of Lydda and Ramle.
• 1997 – Hayao Miyazaki's animated film Princess Mononoke is released, becoming the highest-grossing film in Japan for a few months.
• 2007 – Two U.S. Army AH-64 Apache helicopters (pictured) conducted a series of air-to-ground attacks in Baghdad.

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Llullaillaco is a dormant stratovolcano on the border between Argentina and Chile. It lies in the Puna de Atacama, a region of tall volcanic peaks on a high plateau close to the Atacama Desert, one of the driest places in the world. Its maximum elevation is most commonly given as 6,723 metres (22,057 ft), making it the second- or third-highest volcano in the world. Between 3700 m and 5000 m elevation there is a sparse plant cover, while at lower altitudes the climate is too dry for plants to grow. The volcano formed during the Pleistocene in two stages. The oldest rocks are about 1.5 million years old. About 150,000 years ago, the volcano's southeastern flank collapsed, generating a debris avalanche that reached as far as 25 kilometres (16 mi) from the summit. There are reports of activity from the 19th century. There are a number of archaeological sites on the mountain; Llullaillaco marks the highest archaeological site in the world. (Full article...)

• ... that Ivan I of Moscow (pictured) earned the nickname "Kalita", which literally means 'money bag'?
• ... that Morocco's abortion law requires spousal consent, but not explicitly the consent of the woman receiving the procedure?
• ... that Chinese pilot Shi Bangfan lost his left arm in a dogfight in which he downed a Japanese plane, and was later honored with a brand of cigarettes named after him?
• ... that El Salvador's only goal at a FIFA World Cup occurred during a 10–1 loss to Hungary?
• ... that Nurtami Soedarsono helped to identify victims of the 2012 Sukhoi crash?
• ... that The Big Con observes that big consultancies play both sides – advising the fossil-fuel industry while also shaping government climate policy?
• ... that sprinter Kenaz Kaniwete was the youngest athletics competitor at the 2024 Summer Olympics?
• ... that a socialist youth organization held an anti-NATO music festival attended by 20,000 people in 1982 West Berlin?
• ... that, despite calls in 1988 to remember housing activist Michael Brown, a 2024 academic article could not find any subsequent trace of him?

• Flooding in Central Texas (pictured), United States, leaves at least 120 people dead.
• Astronomers announce the discovery of 3I/ATLAS, an interstellar object passing through the Solar System.
• The Vera C. Rubin Observatory in Chile releases the first light images from its new 8.4-metre (28 ft) telescope.
• In basketball, the Oklahoma City Thunder defeat the Indiana Pacers to win the NBA Finals.

July 11: Day of Remembrance of the Victims of Genocide in Poland (1943)

• 813 – Byzantine emperor Michael I Rangabe (depicted), under threat by conspiracies, abdicated in favor of his general Leo the Armenian, and became a monk.
• 1848 – Waterloo Bridge Station, which later became Britain's busiest railway station by passenger usage, was opened by the London and South Western Railway.
• 1914 – The US Navy launched the USS Nevada (BB-36) as its first standard-type battleship.
• 1960 – To Kill a Mockingbird, a novel by Harper Lee featuring themes of racial injustice and the loss of innocence in the Deep South of America, was published.
• 2010 – The Islamist militia group Al-Shabaab carried out multiple suicide bombings in Kampala, Uganda, killing 74 people and injuring 85 others.

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Spyridon Marinatos (1901–1974) was a Greek archaeologist who specialised in the Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations of the Aegean Bronze Age, and excavated the Minoan site of Akrotiri (fresco pictured) on Thera between 1967 and 1974. He received several honours in Greece and abroad, and was considered one of the most important Greek archaeologists of his day. He joined the Greek Archaeological Service in 1919 and spent much of his early career on the island of Crete, where he excavated several Minoan sites. He served three times as head of the Greek Archaeological Service, including under the military junta which ruled Greece between 1967 and 1974. He was an enthusiastic supporter of the junta; in the late 1930s, he had been close to the dictatorial regime of Ioannis Metaxas. Marinatos died while excavating at Akrotiri in 1974, and is buried at the site. (Full article...)

• ... that a 1932 building (pictured) of the National Geographic Society Headquarters was constructed in part to house the group's collection of 300,000 photographs?
• ... that many of Johann Sebastian Bach's manuscripts were lost because some of his family members did not care about preserving them?
• ... that it took searchers three days to find the crash site of Western Air Lines Flight 34?
• ... that Roy Soemirat led the evacuation of Indonesian citizens from Iran during the Iran–Israel war?
• ... that Bill Maynard received letters thanking him for making Oh No It's Selwyn Froggitt "the cleanest show on television"?
• ... that Mary Kahil, an Egyptian Christian mystic, cofounded one of the earliest women's movements in the Arab world?
• ... that the band Pinmonkey got their name from an episode of The Simpsons?
• ... that Imogen was described as "puns-and-needles"?
• ... that Chad McCharles, before becoming a bishop, moonlighted as a school bus driver?

• Flooding in Central Texas (pictured), United States, leaves more than 110 people dead.
• Astronomers announce the discovery of 3I/ATLAS, an interstellar object passing through the Solar System.
• The Vera C. Rubin Observatory in Chile releases the first light images from its new 8.4-metre (28 ft) telescope.
• In basketball, the Oklahoma City Thunder defeat the Indiana Pacers to win the NBA Finals.

July 10: Independence Day in the Bahamas (1973)

• 645 – In a plot to eliminate the Japanese Soga clan, Prince Naka no Ōe assassinated Soga no Iruka (depicted), beginning the Isshi incident.
• 1519 – Zhu Chenhao declared Ming emperor Zhengde to be a usurper, beginning the Prince of Ning rebellion.
• 1668 – Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660): Henry Morgan with an English privateer force landed at Porto Bello (in modern-day Panama) in an attempt to capture the Spanish city.
• 1925 – Indian mystic and spiritual master Meher Baba began his silence until his death in 1969, only communicating by means of an alphabet board or by unique hand gestures.
• 1978 – Moktar Ould Daddah, the first president of Mauritania, was ousted in a coup d'état led by Mustafa Ould Salek.

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The goblin shark is a rare species of deep-sea shark. Sometimes called a "living fossil", it is the only extant representative of the family Mitsukurinidae, a lineage 125 million years old. This species looks unlike any other shark, with a long, flattened snout, highly protrusible jaws containing prominent nail-like teeth and pink coloration. Its snout is covered with ampullae of Lorenzini that enable it to sense minute electric fields produced by nearby prey, which it can snatch up by rapidly extending its jaws. It is usually three to four metres long (10 to 13 ft) when mature. Goblin sharks inhabit upper continental slopes, submarine canyons and seamounts deeper than 100 metres (330 ft). Anatomical features, such as its flabby body and small fins, suggest that it is sluggish in nature. It hunts for teleost fishes, cephalopods and crustaceans both near the sea floor and in the middle of the water column. The International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed it as Least Concern. (Full article...)

• ... that the end of the Okipa involved Bull Dancers of the Mandan tribe (example pictured) having ritual sex with married women and then smoking a "pipe of reconciliation" with their husbands?
• ... that the Cova de les Dones contains prehistoric art and ancient Roman inscriptions?
• ... that baseball player Chuck Hockenbery had to refuse an offer to join an MLB team?
• ... that around 2,000 prison guards were fired after the 2025 New York corrections officers' strike ended?
• ... that an openly gay referee officiated the 2025 PDC World Darts Championship final?
• ... that old bridge abutments became artificial reefs during the South Coast Rail project?
• ... that the limited edition of Reira Ushio's debut EP includes a booklet featuring short stories she wrote?
• ... that financial issues including the misuse of funds emerged at an Illinois TV station after its director died?
• ... that, before designing the Millard House, Frank Lloyd Wright designed the Millard House?

• Flooding in Central Texas (pictured), United States, leaves more than 110 people dead.
• Astronomers announce the discovery of 3I/ATLAS, an interstellar object passing through the Solar System.
• The Vera C. Rubin Observatory in Chile releases the first light images from its new 8.4-metre (28 ft) telescope.
• In basketball, the Oklahoma City Thunder defeat the Indiana Pacers to win the NBA Finals.

July 9

• 1640 – The Virginia Governor's Council made John Punch the first legally recognized slave in England's North American colonies.
• 1745 – War of the Austrian Succession: French victory at the Battle of Melle enabled their subsequent capture of Ghent from the Austrian Netherlands.
• 1790 – Russo-Swedish War: During the Battle of Svensksund in the Baltic Sea, the Swedish Navy captured a third of the Russian fleet.
• 1850 – Following Zachary Taylor's death, Millard Fillmore (pictured) became president of the United States, the last member of the Whig Party to hold that office.
• 1995 – Sri Lankan civil war: After advising civilians to take shelter in places of worship, the Sri Lanka Air Force bombed a church in Navaly, killing at least 147 people.

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Edgar (c. 944 – 8 July 975) was King of the English from 959 until his death. He mainly followed the political policies of his predecessors but made major changes in the religious sphere, with the English Benedictine Reform becoming a dominant religious and social force. His major administrative reform was the introduction of a standardised coinage, and he issued legislative codes concentrated on improving the enforcement of the law. After his death, the throne was disputed between the supporters of his two surviving sons; Edward the Martyr was chosen with the support of Dunstan, the archbishop of Canterbury. Chroniclers presented Edgar's reign as a golden age when England was free from external attacks and internal disorder. Modern historians see Edgar's reign as the pinnacle of Anglo-Saxon culture but disagree about his political legacy, and some see the disorders following his death as a natural reaction to his overbearing control. (Full article...)

• ... that a monument in Croatia (pictured) depicts a small red car triumphing over a battle tank?
• ... that the 2025 St. Louis tornado caused the worst residential damage in the U.S. since the 2011 Joplin tornado?
• ... that Isabel Gutiérrez del Arroyo considered preserving Puerto Rican history to be the best way to serve her people?
• ... that players of a 2022 strategy board game have to manage stress, overheating, and tight cornering?
• ... that Jim Lankas retired from professional boxing and wrestling to enter farming?
• ... that Utah Jazz basketball broadcasts returned in 2023 to a station that is named after the team?
• ... that the first headquarters of New York magazine was a former political clubhouse?
• ... that Lucie Lagerbielke had a public feud in the press with critic Poul Bjerre after he criticised one of her books?
• ... that Angelina Jolie paid homage to Marilyn Monroe with a dress?

• Flooding in central Texas (pictured), United States, leaves more than 100 people dead.
• Astronomers announce the discovery of 3I/ATLAS, an interstellar object passing through the Solar System.
• The Vera C. Rubin Observatory in Chile releases the first light images from its new 8.4-metre (28 ft) telescope.
• In basketball, the Oklahoma City Thunder defeat the Indiana Pacers to win the NBA Finals.

July 8

• 1758 – French and Indian War: French forces defeated the British at Fort Carillon on the shore of Lake Champlain in the British colony of New York.
• 1950 – Korean War: American troops withdrew from Cheonan, in modern-day South Korea, after suffering heavy casualties from a North Korean attack.
• 1962 – Following student protests at Rangoon University, Burmese general Ne Win ordered the demolition of the historic students' union building.
• 1965 – Canadian Pacific Air Lines Flight 21 was destroyed by a bomb near 100 Mile House, Canada, killing 52.
• 2014 – In the 2014 FIFA World Cup semi-finals, Germany defeated Brazil 7-1 in the Agony of Mineirão (players pictured), breaking several tournament records.

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Weird Faith is the sixth studio album by the American singer-songwriter Madi Diaz (pictured), released on February 9, 2024, on the record label Anti-. The album followed her fifth studio album, History of a Feeling, as well as tours with Angel Olsen, Waxahatchee, and Harry Styles. It was written in Nashville and upstate New York, recorded in the latter by Diaz and Sam Cohen, and produced by Diaz, Cohen, and Konrad Snyder. Weird Faith has been described as an indie rock, indie folk, and indie pop album. The album features sparse, acoustic arrangements that highlight Diaz's lyrics and vocals, and it addresses themes of love, trust, and intimacy. Critics positively reviewed the album, particularly praising Diaz's emotional songwriting and the album's production. It was featured on several year-end lists and was nominated for two Grammy Awards. (Full article...)

• ... that the fossil soapberry Bohlenia (pictured) was named after Oregon's 1972 biology teacher of the year?
• ... that Libya's opposition to abortion has led it to form alliances with the United States and the Catholic Church?
• ... that Ipuk Fiestiandani defeated her husband's former deputy in a 2020 election?
• ... that the carnivorous dinosaur Eocarcharia may be a chimaera, its bones coming from two different families?
• ... that Jeannie Rice went from running to lose weight to running to set world records?
• ... that the Houston Rockets sold a majority stake in their League of Legends esports team for US$30 million?
• ... that Irene D. Paden turned an annual family summer trip into a book on American westward expansion trails?
• ... that Albanian investment in the AI startup Thinking Machines Lab required an amendment to the country's 2025 budget?
• ... that Pedro Durruti was executed by firing squad, but the Spanish State officially recorded his cause of death as cardiac arrest?

• Flooding in central Texas, United States, leaves at least 80 people dead.
• Astronomers announce the discovery of 3I/ATLAS (pictured), an interstellar object passing through the Solar System.
• The Vera C. Rubin Observatory in Chile releases the first light images from its new 8.4-metre (28 ft) telescope.
• In basketball, the Oklahoma City Thunder defeat the Indiana Pacers to win the NBA Finals.
• An attack on a Greek Orthodox church in Damascus, Syria, kills at least 25 people.

July 7

• 1575 – Anglo-Scottish Wars: A dispute between Sir John Forster and Sir John Carmichael led to a Scottish raid on Northumberland, England, in which 27 men were killed.
• 1800 – War of the Second Coalition: The British Royal Navy force attacked the well-defended French anchorage of Dunkirk (depicted), capturing a French frigate.
• 1937 – The Peel Commission published a report stating that the League of Nations' Mandate for Palestine had become unworkable and recommended the partition of British-administered Mandatory Palestine into two states.
• 1983 – After writing a letter to Soviet premier Yuri Andropov, American schoolgirl Samantha Smith visited the Soviet Union as Andropov's personal guest, becoming known as "America's Youngest Ambassador".

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Wintjiya Napaltjarri (c. 1923–1934 – 2014) was an Indigenous artist from Australia's Western Desert region. Wintjiya's involvement in contemporary Indigenous Australian art began in 1994 at Haasts Bluff (pictured) when she participated in a group painting project and in the creation of batik fabrics. She was also a printmaker, using drypoint etching. Her paintings typically use an iconography that represents the eggs of the flying ant (waturnuma) and hair-string skirts (nyimparra). Her palette generally involves strong red or black against a white background. A finalist in the 2007 and 2008 National Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Art Awards, Wintjiya's work is held in several of Australia's public collections, including the Art Gallery of New South Wales, the Museum and Art Gallery of the Northern Territory, the National Gallery of Australia, and the National Gallery of Victoria. Her work is also held in the Kluge-Ruhe Aboriginal Art Collection of the University of Virginia. (Full article...)

• ... that Kate Nash (pictured) part-funded a tour promoting her fifth album using an OnlyFans account?
• ... that some people chanted "USA, USA!" and others waved Peruvian flags at the inauguration of Pope Leo XIV?
• ... that Malawian bishop Fanuel Magangani was circumcised as an adult to promote its effectiveness in reducing HIV transmission?
• ... that Justyna Święty-Ersetic "snatch[ed] gold in the dying strides" of the women's 400 metres at the 2018 European Athletics Championships?
• ... that Mabel MacFerran Rockwell was the only female engineer to work on designing the electrical systems for Hoover Dam?
• ... that G: Gaya Hidup Ceria was the first gay magazine in Indonesia?
• ... that William R. Ferguson received a two-year prison sentence for selling a device that was claimed to cure disease through "a force unknown to science"?
• ... that the name of the song "Shagidi" was inspired by a children's game?
• ... that a Twitter user and an animal sanctuary were involved in a copyright dispute over Meatball?

• Astronomers announce the discovery of 3I/ATLAS (pictured), an interstellar object passing through the Solar System.
• The Vera C. Rubin Observatory in Chile releases the first light images from its new 8.4-metre (28 ft) telescope.
• In basketball, the Oklahoma City Thunder defeat the Indiana Pacers to win the NBA Finals.
• An attack on a Greek Orthodox church in Damascus, Syria, kills at least 25 people.
• The United States conducts military strikes on three nuclear facilities in Iran.

July 6

• 1685 – Troops loyal to James II of England defeated those of James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth at the Battle of Sedgemoor, the final battle of the Monmouth Rebellion.
• 1915 – First World War: The British and French prime ministers, H. H. Asquith and René Viviani, met at Calais to discuss future offensives including the Gallipoli campaign.
• 1940 – The Story Bridge in Brisbane, the longest cantilever bridge in Australia, was opened by Sir Leslie Wilson, Governor of Queensland.
• 2013 – In the first fatal accident involving a Boeing 777 airliner, Asiana Airlines Flight 214 crashed on final approach to San Francisco International Airport, resulting in three deaths.
• 2023 – As part of the federal prosecution of Donald Trump, Trump's personal aide Walt Nauta (pictured) pleaded not guilty to six charges, including conspiracy to obstruct justice and making false statements.

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The siege of Breteuil was the investment of the Norman town of Breteuil, held by partisans of Charles II, King of Navarre, by French forces between April and about 20 August 1356. It was interrupted on 5 July when a small English army relieved and resupplied the town. The French king, John II, attempted to bring the English to battle, but they evaded him and the siege was renewed. The French attracted praise for the splendour and high status of many of the participants, but made little progress as the town was well-garrisoned and stocked with food for a year. Attempts to mine under the walls were to no avail. In August a large mobile siege tower was pushed up to the walls and an assault launched, but the tower was set on fire and the attack repulsed with many casualties. Taking Breteuil became a matter of prestige for John and he refused to take the army south to face a major English offensive. Eventually the garrison was given free passage and a huge bribe to persuade them to depart. (Full article...)

• ... that gymnast Gabby Douglas (pictured) has a Barbie doll modeled after her?
• ... that one of former British prime minister Rishi Sunak's favourite books is the 1988 romance Rivals?
• ... that when Matthew Wild directed Wagner's Tannhäuser, he made its main character gay?
• ... that after a tornado strike at a St. Louis–area Amazon warehouse killed six workers, the rebuilt warehouse still had no proper storm shelter?
• ... that Jamaican-Welsh noblewoman Justina Jeffreys was the inspiration for the character of Anthelia in the 1817 novel Melincourt?
• ... that Grand Theft Auto V is a popular video game in North Korea?
• ... that Frank Page's sons stole his corpse after he died, leaving their stepmother to bury an empty casket?
• ... that following the sinking of HNLMS Kortenaer, an officer responded to ethnic tensions on the lifeboats by beating his subordinates with a paddle?
• ... that after playing just one game, Michael Basinger retired from the NFL and became a country music performer?

• Astronomers announce the discovery of 3I/ATLAS (pictured), an interstellar object passing through the Solar System.
• The Vera C. Rubin Observatory in Chile releases the first light images from its new 8.4-metre (28 ft) telescope.
• In basketball, the Oklahoma City Thunder defeat the Indiana Pacers to win the NBA Finals.
• An attack on a Greek Orthodox church in Damascus, Syria, kills at least 25 people.
• The United States conducts military strikes on three nuclear facilities in Iran.

July 5: Fifth of July in New York

• 1830 – Algiers surrendered to French invaders, ending the Regency of Algiers (coat of arms pictured).
• 1937 – The Hormel Foods Corporation introduced Spam, the canned precooked meat product that would eventually enter into pop culture, folklore, and urban legend.
• 1922 – Brazilian Army rebels took over Fort Copacabana and launched a rebellion in Rio de Janeiro against President Epitácio Pessoa and President-elect Artur Bernardes.
• 1950 – Korean War: In the first encounter between North Korean and American forces, an unprepared and undisciplined U.S. Army task force was routed at the Battle of Osan.
• 1990 – An explosion at a petrochemical plant in Channelview, Texas, killed 17 people and injured five others.

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George Washington was a Founding Father and the first president of the United States. Born in Virginia, he opposed the perceived oppression of the American colonists by the British Crown and was commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. After being forced to retreat from New York City, he crossed the Delaware River and won the battles of Trenton and Princeton. Washington led a decisive victory at Yorktown, then served as president of the Constitutional Convention that drafted the US Constitution. As president, he set precedents for the office of president, such as republicanism, a peaceful transition, and the two-term tradition. Washington owned many slaves but opposed the practice near the end of his life. His image is an icon of American culture and he has been extensively memorialized. In both popular and scholarly polls, he is consistently considered one of the greatest presidents in American history. (Full article...)

• ... that gymnast Gabby Douglas (pictured) has a Barbie doll modeled after her?
• ... that one of former British prime minister Rishi Sunak's favourite books is the 1988 romance Rivals?
• ... that when Matthew Wild directed Wagner's Tannhäuser, he made its main character gay?
• ... that after a tornado strike at a St. Louis-area Amazon warehouse killed six workers, the rebuilt warehouse still had no proper storm shelter?
• ... that Jamaican-Welsh noblewoman Justina Jeffreys was the inspiration for the character of Anthelia in the 1817 novel Melincourt?
• ... that Grand Theft Auto V is a popular video game in North Korea?
• ... that Frank Page's sons stole his corpse after he died, leaving their stepmother to bury an empty casket?
• ... that following the sinking of HNLMS Kortenaer, an officer responded to ethnic tensions on the lifeboats by beating his subordinates with a paddle?
• ... that after playing just one game, Michael Basinger retired from the NFL and became a country music performer?

• The Vera C. Rubin Observatory in Chile releases the first light images (example shown) from its new 8.4-metre (28 ft) telescope.
• In basketball, the Oklahoma City Thunder defeat the Indiana Pacers to win the NBA Finals.
• An attack on a Greek Orthodox church in Damascus, Syria, kills at least 25 people.
• The United States conducts military strikes on three nuclear facilities in Iran.
• In rugby union, the Crusaders defeat the Chiefs to win the Super Rugby Pacific final.

July 4: Independence Day in the United States (1776); Republic Day in the Philippines (1946); Liberation Day in Rwanda (1994)

• 1837 – The Grand Junction Railway, the world's first long-distance railway with steam traction, opened between Birmingham and Newton Junction.
• 1918 – World War I: Allied forces led by the Australian general John Monash won the Battle of Hamel, demonstrating the effectiveness of combined-arms techniques in trench warfare.
• 1941 – German AB-Aktion in Poland: After capturing Lwów, the Nazis executed professors of the University of Lwów along with their families.
• 1945 – The Brazilian cruiser Bahia (pictured) was accidentally sunk by one of its own crewmen, killing more than 300 people.
• 1998 – The monster movie Pulgasari, the most-widely-seen North Korean film ever made, premiered in Tokyo, Japan.

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Happy Feet was an emperor penguin who, in June 2011, arrived at Peka Peka Beach in New Zealand's North Island after travelling about 3,200 kilometres (2,000 mi) from Antarctica. He was one of the northernmost emperor penguins ever recorded outside of captivity and the second emperor penguin to have been found in New Zealand. After arriving, he ingested sand on the beach, mistaking it for snow, and filled his stomach with it. He soon became unwell and was transported to Wellington Zoo, where he was given a 50 per cent chance of survival. Most of the sand was removed and he was kept at the zoo to recover. Happy Feet was released in the Southern Ocean on 4 September 2011. He was fitted with a satellite transmitter to track his location; this ceased transmission on 9 September, possibly due to the transmitter falling off or the penguin being preyed upon. Happy Feet's arrival and recovery attracted worldwide media coverage. He was named after the 2006 film Happy Feet. (Full article...)

• ... that the mountain cottontail (pictured) is abundant in the Hanford Site, a decommissioned nuclear production complex?
• ... that the YouTuber behind Stop Killing Games compared video-game publishers shutting down online-only games to silent-era film studios "burning their own films ... to recover the silver content"?
• ... that 17-year-old José Segundo Decoud helped to convince Antonio Estigarribia to surrender during the siege of Uruguaiana?
• ... that nucleariid amoebae are among the closest relatives of fungi?
• ... that a Thompson Seattle rooftop bar distributes drinks from copper containers shaped like flamingos?
• ... that one of the priority programmes announced by Supian Suri as mayor of Depok involved repairing school toilets?
• ... that a New Jersey TV station claimed that potential advertisers were "hostile" to efforts to encourage them to air commercials?
• ... that surgeon Stuart Stanton popularised an operation for stress incontinence?
• ... that Cybersocket, Inc., started by repackaging public domain information into a niche paperback guide to gay pornographic sites?

• The Vera C. Rubin Observatory in Chile releases the first light images (example shown) from its new 8.4-metre (28 ft) telescope.
• In basketball, the Oklahoma City Thunder defeat the Indiana Pacers to win the NBA Finals.
• An attack on a Greek Orthodox church in Damascus, Syria, kills at least 25 people.
• The United States conducts military strikes on three nuclear facilities in Iran.
• In rugby union, the Crusaders defeat the Chiefs to win the Super Rugby Pacific final.

July 3

• 1810 – Mauritius campaign of 1809–1811: A French frigate squadron under Guy-Victor Duperré defeated a convoy of three British East Indiamen near the Comoro Islands.
• 1970 – The Troubles: The British Army began the Falls Curfew in Belfast, Northern Ireland, which resulted in greater Irish republican resistance.
• 1988 – The US Navy warship Vincennes shot down Iran Air Flight 655 over the Persian Gulf, killing all 290 people aboard.
• 2005 – Same-sex marriage became legal in Spain with the coming into effect of a law passed by the Cortes Generales.
• 2017 – In Arizona, the Boundary Fire (pictured) burned out after 32 days, burning 17,788 acres (7,199 ha) of the Coconino and Kaibab National Forests.

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The Sonata for E♭ Alto Saxophone and Piano, Op. 19, was composed by Paul Creston (pictured) in 1939. The sonata was commissioned by Creston's frequent collaborator, the American saxophonist Cecil Leeson. Creston began composition by June; it was completed by the end of August and slated for publication in 1940, although this was postponed to 1945 due to World War II. The sonata is in three movements and takes around thirteen minutes to perform. Its form follows a traditional, Classical-era structure. The sonata as a whole is of considerable difficulty for both players. Creston and Leeson premiered the sonata at the Carnegie Chamber Hall on February 15, 1940. No critics were present at the premiere, but the sonata's 1955 debut recording by Vincent Abato and Creston received a mixed response. Most found the sonata enjoyable, but there was criticism of a perceived simplistic and salon-like styling. (Full article...)

• ... that male fish in the subclass Holocephali (pictured) often have special organs on top of their head that are used to grasp females while mating?
• ... that Simmie Knox was recommended to paint the official White House portraits of Hillary and Bill Clinton by Ruth Bader Ginsburg?
• ... that My Schizophrenic Life concludes by its author realizing her illness is not a "life sentence"?
• ... that although he was only active for three games with them, NFL player Dick Capp made a play that helped his team win the Super Bowl?
• ... that a Christian army was allegedly saved from a fire when Archbishop Robert I of Nazareth raised the True Cross against the flames?
• ... that in 1956 a brand new Swissair plane crashed on delivery?
• ... that the colour of Rockbank railway station's pedestrian bridge represents the earth surrounding the station?
• ... that Windsor-style pizza features shredded pepperoni and canned mushrooms?
• ... that Liquid Glass was criticised for being too transparent?

• The Vera C. Rubin Observatory in Chile releases the first light images (example shown) from its new 8.4-metre (28 ft) telescope.
• In basketball, the Oklahoma City Thunder defeat the Indiana Pacers to win the NBA Finals.
• An attack on a Greek Orthodox church in Damascus, Syria, kills at least 25 people.
• The United States conducts military strikes on three nuclear facilities in Iran.
• In rugby union, the Crusaders defeat the Chiefs to win the Super Rugby Pacific final.

July 2

• 1779 – American Revolutionary War: French troops landed near St. George's, Grenada, and began their capture of the island.
• 1990 – Singing Revolution: The Soviet economic blockade of Lithuania (pictured) was lifted when the Lithuanian parliament agreed to suspend the effects of their act to re-establish Lithuania as a state.
• 1998 – Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets by J. K. Rowling, the second novel of the Harry Potter series, was published.
• 2013 – In the Indonesian province of Aceh on the northern end of Sumatra, a M_w 6.1 strike-slip earthquake killed at least 35 people and injured 276 others.
• 2020 – A landslide at a jade mine in Hpakant killed 175–200 miners, the deadliest mining accident in Burmese history.

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Maple syrup is a syrup usually made from the xylem sap of sugar maple, red maple or black maple trees. In cold climates, these trees store starch in their trunks and roots before the winter; the starch is then converted to sugar that rises in the sap in the spring. Trees can be tapped by boring holes into their trunks and collecting the sap. This is processed by heating to evaporate some of the water, leaving the concentrated syrup. Maple syrup was first collected and used by the Indigenous people of North America; the practice was adopted by European settlers. Quebec, Canada, is by far the largest producer, making about three-quarters of the world's output. The syrup is graded based on its density and translucency. Maple syrup is often eaten as an accompaniment to food, as an ingredient in baking and as a sweetener and flavouring agent. Maple syrup and the sugar maple tree are symbols of Canada and several US states, in particular Vermont. (Full article...)

• ... that in 1793, Jean-Baptiste Belley (pictured), a former black slave, was elected as a deputy to the French National Convention?
• ... that "Seigfried" by Frank Ocean credits all four Beatles as songwriters?
• ... that the McKenzie & Willis Store was demolished after the 2011 Christchurch earthquake, but its facade was kept and restored?
• ... that Suzy Knickerbocker called James Ross Mellon one of the world's most eligible bachelors?
• ... that a 44-point comeback in a 2024 semi-final was the Australian Football League's largest semifinal comeback ever?
• ... that Alena Veselá, at age 101, was present at the cornerstone ceremony for a new concert hall in Brno, which she had promoted for decades?
• ... that residents of the Acres hired Frank Lloyd Wright to design their houses, but eventually lost patience with him over his approach to the project?
• ... that artist Agnes Gallus fled Hungary for Canada during the 1956 revolution?
• ... that a single horsehair helped solve the murder of Nancy Titterton?

• The Vera C. Rubin Observatory in Chile releases the first light images (example shown) from its new 8.4-metre (28 ft) telescope.
• In basketball, the Oklahoma City Thunder defeat the Indiana Pacers to win the NBA Finals.
• An attack on a Greek Orthodox church in Damascus, Syria, kills at least 25 people.
• The United States conducts military strikes on three nuclear facilities in Iran.
• In rugby union, the Crusaders defeat the Chiefs to win the Super Rugby Pacific final.

July 1: Canada Day (1867)

• 1782 – American Revolutionary War: Five American privateer vessels raided the British settlement at Lunenburg, Nova Scotia (depicted).
• 1935 – The first Grant Park Music Festival was held in Chicago's Grant Park.
• 1940 – Second World War: The Grand Quartier Général of the French Army was disbanded, following the French surrender.
• 1960 – Ghana became a republic, with Kwame Nkrumah as its first president.
• 1970 – The Belfast Banking Company, which issued banknotes in Northern Ireland, merged with its rival Northern Bank.

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Pari Khan Khanum (1548–1578) was a Safavid princess, the daughter of the second Safavid shah, Tahmasp I, and of his Circassian consort, Sultan-Agha Khanum. Pari Khan played a central role in the succession crisis after her father's death in 1576. She thwarted the plans of her brother Haydar Mirza and enthroned her favoured brother, Ismail Mirza, as Ismail II. Instead of gratitude, she received restrictions and house arrest, and may have been behind his death in 1577. She endorsed her brother Mohammad Khodabanda, who was almost blind, expecting to rule behind the scenes, but his wife, Khayr al-Nisa Begum, emerged as a rival and procured her killing. Regarded as the most powerful woman in Safavid history, Pari Khan was able to dominate the ineffective Safavid court in a society that imposed harsh restrictions on high-class women. Praised by her contemporaries for her intelligence, in later chronicles she was portrayed as a villain who murdered two brothers and tried to usurp the throne. (Full article...)

• ... that the monumental khachkars (pictured) at Aprank Monastery can be seen from eight kilometres (five miles) away?
• ... that ducks, an owl, a horse and a baby were utilized for the opening scene of a Doctor Who episode?
• ... that despite winning Australia's top literary prize, The Hand That Signed the Paper has since been labelled a hoax?
• ... that an Oregon TV station planned to be off the air for two to four weeks to complete a move—but did not fully return to air for nearly two years?
• ... that the Academy of Music was the name of three different theaters located on the same property on the Atlantic City Boardwalk which were all destroyed by fires?
• ... that Taylor Swift did not contact the family of actress Clara Bow before releasing a song about her?
• ... that Jeremiah Chamberlain was murdered outside of his home by a local landowner?
• ... that a whistled language created for a video game was reused in an episode of The Last of Us?
• ... that the Bishop of Chiclayo Edinson Edgardo Farfán Córdova described his predecessor Pope Leo XIV as smelling like sheep?

• The Vera C. Rubin Observatory in Chile releases the first light images (example shown) from its new 8.4-metre (28 ft) telescope.
• In basketball, the Oklahoma City Thunder defeat the Indiana Pacers to win the NBA Finals.
• An attack on a Greek Orthodox church in Damascus, Syria, kills at least 25 people.
• The United States conducts military strikes on three nuclear facilities in Iran.
• In rugby union, the Crusaders defeat the Chiefs to win the Super Rugby Pacific final.