The British fourpence coin, sometimes known as a groat, is a silver coin valued at 1⁄60 of one pound or 1⁄3 of one shilling. It was struck throughout the 18th century, though by 1800 it had come mostly to be coined to be given as ceremonial alms at the Royal Maundy service. It returned as a circulating coin in 1836, as the Royal Mint sought to fill the gap between the penny and the sixpence. The fourpence was issued at the urging of the politician Joseph Hume, who noted that fourpence was the cab fare for short journeys. The new coin did not endear him to hackney drivers, who had often received sixpence without a request for change, and they gave it the nickname "joey". There was also confusion between it and the sixpence. The threepence, struck for use in Britain from 1845, proved more popular than the fourpence, which was struck only once for circulation after the mid-1850s. This was in 1888 for use in British Guiana, though it continued to be used in Scotland for many years. (Full article...)

• ... that women's rights activist Shreen Saroor (pictured) was sent to a Catholic convent for her education after her mother became concerned with her tomboy-like behavior?
• ... that four US Army soldiers stole $36 million in valuables from a German castle in late 1945?
• ... that forensic scientist Luke S. May was nicknamed "America's Sherlock Holmes" for his work as an investigator?
• ... that the author of The Space-Time Painter considers the review bombing against it to be reasonable?
• ... that Rita Rusk was employed to style the hair of her former trainee Sharleen Spiteri after Spiteri became the lead singer of Texas?
• ... that architect Geoff Malone was tasked with impressing visitors with a "rocket ship" design for a Singapore movie theatre?
• ... that Sarah Kraning perceives sound as color, texture, and movement?
• ... that the ependytes, originally a Persian male tunic, became a luxury fashion statement in classical Athens, where it was worn by women and children?
• ... that part of the bonus paid to bartender Gary Hoffman after he was selected in the 1984 NFL draft was a round of drinks for his friends?

• José Jerí is sworn in as President of Peru after Dina Boluarte (pictured) is removed from office by the Congress.
• An explosion at an explosives manufacturing plant in Tennessee, United States, kills at least 16 people.
• María Corina Machado is awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for her pro-democracy activism in Venezuela.
• László Krasznahorkai is awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature.

October 14: Shemini Atzeret (Judaism, 2025)

• 1066 – Norman Conquest: William the Conqueror's forces defeated the English army at Hastings and killed Harold Godwinson (depicted), the last crowned Anglo-Saxon king of England.
• 1805 – War of the Third Coalition: French forces under Marshal Michel Ney defeated Austrian forces in Elchingen, present-day Germany.
• 1913 – The worst mining accident in the United Kingdom's history took place when an explosion resulted in 440 deaths at the Universal Colliery in Senghenydd, Wales.
• 1943 – The Second Philippine Republic, a Japanese puppet state, was established with Jose P. Laurel as its first president.
• 1964 – Members of the Politburo voted to remove Nikita Khrushchev as First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and replace him with Leonid Brezhnev.

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Tell es-Sakan is an archaeological site about 5 kilometres (3 mi) south of Gaza City in Palestine. It was the site of two separate Early Bronze Age urban settlements. Ancient Egypt expanded its territory into southwestern Palestine in the latter half of the 4th millennium BCE and during this time Tell es-Sakan was founded as an administrative centre for the Egyptian colonies in the region. It was inhabited from about 3300 BCE to 3000 BCE. After a period of abandonment a Canaanite city was established around 2600 BCE and inhabited until about 2250 BCE, after which Tell es-Sakan was permanently abandoned. Tell es-Sakan functioned as a trading post and was positioned along what was probably a dried-up channel of the Wadi Ghazzeh – a watercourse that is dry most of the year but in the Bronze Age would have been navigable. The site covered around 8 to 9 hectares (20 to 22 acres), of which 0.14 hectares (0.35 acres) has undergone archaeological excavation. (Full article...)

• ... that women's rights activist Shreen Saroor (pictured) was sent to a Catholic convent for her education after her mother became concerned with her tomboy-like behavior?
• ... that four US Army soldiers stole $36 million in valuables from a German castle in late 1945?
• ... that forensic scientist Luke S. May was nicknamed "America's Sherlock Holmes" for his work as an investigator?
• ... that the author of The Space-Time Painter considers the review bombing against it to be reasonable?
• ... that Rita Rusk was employed to style the hair of her former trainee Sharleen Spiteri after Spiteri became the lead singer of Texas?
• ... that architect Geoff Malone was tasked with impressing visitors with a "rocket ship" design for a Singapore movie theatre?
• ... that Sarah Kraning perceives sound as color, texture, and movement?
• ... that the ependytes, originally a Persian male tunic, became a luxury fashion statement in classical Athens, where it was worn by women and children?
• ... that part of the bonus paid to bartender Gary Hoffman after he was selected in the 1984 NFL draft was a round of drinks for his friends?

• José Jerí (pictured) is sworn in as President of Peru after Dina Boluarte is removed from office by the Congress.
• An explosion at an explosives manufacturing plant in Tennessee kills at least 16 people.
• María Corina Machado is awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for her pro-democracy activism in Venezuela.
• László Krasznahorkai is awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature.

October 13: Thanksgiving in Canada (2025), Indigenous Peoples' Day in the United States (2025)

• 1710 – Queen Anne's War: French and Wabanaki forces surrendered to end the Siege of Port Royal, giving the British permanent possession of Nova Scotia.
• 1812 – War of 1812: British troops and Mohawk warriors repelled an American invasion from across the Niagara River at the Battle of Queenston Heights near Queenston, Ontario.
• 1908 – British suffragette Margaret Travers Symons became the first woman to speak in the House of Commons when she escaped from her escort into the chamber and shouted at the assembly.
• 1994 – The Troubles: In a meeting at Fernhill House, Belfast, loyalist leader Gusty Spence announced that the Combined Loyalist Military Command would observe a ceasefire.
• 2019 – At the Chicago Marathon, Kenyan runner Brigid Kosgei (pictured) set the current marathon world record for women running in a mixed-sex race.

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The 2021 World Figure Skating Championships were held from March 22 to 28, 2021, at the Ericsson Globe in Stockholm, Sweden. Sanctioned by the International Skating Union, the World Championships are considered the most prestigious event in figure skating. Medals were awarded in men's singles, women's singles, pair skating, and ice dance. The competition determined the entry quotas for each skating federation at the 2022 World Championships and was the first qualifying event for the 2022 Winter Olympics. The World Championships were the only ISU Championship event held during the 2020–21 season, while other competitions were cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The event was held without spectators. Nathan Chen (pictured) of the United States won the men's event, Anna Shcherbakova of Russia won the women's event, Anastasia Mishina and Aleksandr Galliamov of Russia won the pairs event, and Victoria Sinitsina and Nikita Katsalapov of Russia won the ice dance event. (Full article...)

• ... that the only casualty of USS Missouri's destruction (pictured) was a pet bear?
• ... that Lourdes Ambriz, singing voice of Belle in the Spanish version of Beauty and the Beast, became the artistic director of the Mexican national opera?
• ... that numerous historians and academics have argued that Israel has used the Holocaust to justify its treatment of Palestinians?
• ... that Riho Furui wrote her debut song after struggling with life in Canada?
• ... that professional sumo fighting stables are often housed in Shinto shrines when they travel outside of Tokyo?
• ... that the son of Mary Fortune – one of the earliest female writers of detective fiction – was a career criminal?
• ... that Diane Orr and C. Larry Roberts were once said to "epitomize the regional, independent filmmaker"?
• ... that in 2010 journalist Jonathan Capehart fell for a satirical tweet made by a fictional U.S. congressman, then wrote a lengthy response in The Washington Post?
• ... that the musical duo Braxe + Falcon formed a supergroup with the band Phoenix to make music about UFOs?

• José Jerí (pictured) is sworn in as President of Peru after Dina Boluarte is removed from office by the Congress.
• María Corina Machado is awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for her pro-democracy activism in Venezuela.
• László Krasznahorkai is awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature.
• The Nobel Prize in Physics is awarded to John Clarke, Michel Devoret, and John M. Martinis for their work on macroscopic quantum phenomena.

October 12

• 1406 – Chen Yanxiang, the only person from Indonesia known to have visited dynastic Korea, reached Seoul after having set out from Java four months before.
• 1798 – The Peasants' War began in Overmere, Southern Netherlands, with peasants taking up arms against the French occupiers.
• 1917 – First World War: New Zealand troops suffered more than 2,000 casualties, including more than 800 deaths, in the First Battle of Passchendaele, making it the nation's largest loss of life in one day.
• 1960 – Japan Socialist Party leader Inejirō Asanuma (pictured) was assassinated during a live television recording by a far-right ultra-nationalist using a short sword.
• 1979 – Typhoon Tip, the largest and most intense tropical cyclone ever recorded, reached a worldwide record-low sea-level pressure of 870 mbar (25.69 inHg) in the western Pacific Ocean.

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Georg Karo (1872–1963) was a German archaeologist who specialised in Mycenaean and Etruscan civilisation. He was twice director of the German Archaeological Institute at Athens (DAI), in which capacity he excavated the Mycenaean site of Tiryns and the Temple of Artemis on Corfu. A colleague of Wilhelm Dörpfeld, who had worked with Heinrich Schliemann at Troy, Karo published the findings from Schliemann's excavations of Grave Circle A at Mycenae. The work was considered to be Karo's greatest contribution to scholarship. He taught at Bonn between 1902 and 1905 before moving to the DAI in Athens as Dörpfeld's deputy. Although an early supporter of the Nazi government of Germany, Karo was forced from his post of director of the DAI in 1936 by antisemitism against his Jewish ancestry. In 1939, he fled to the United States, where he was accused of spying for the Nazi regime. He returned to Germany in 1952, and became an honorary professor at the University of Freiburg. (Full article...)

• ... that the Sappho Fresco (pictured) from Pompeii is not a portrait of Sappho?
• ... that Thames lightermen would pull their barges up to the Leaning Tower of Rotherhithe to collect their wages?
• ... that Christophe de Menil had "a long history of supporting 'difficult' art projects", according to The New York Times?
• ... that the Dutch colonial Amfioen Society was designed to maintain a legal monopoly over raw opium?
• ... that gymnast Mikhail Koudinov, at 14 years old, was New Zealand's youngest competitor at the 2006 Commonwealth Games?
• ... that Malpas's debut album was composed over email?
• ... that Solanum baretiae was named after Jeanne Baret, who circumnavigated the world disguised as a man?
• ... that Carolina Contreras founded one of the first all-natural hair salons in the Dominican Republic?
• ... that "Soda Pop" was originally "Ice Cream"?

• María Corina Machado (pictured) is awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for her pro-democracy activism in Venezuela.
• José Jerí is sworn in as President of Peru after Dina Boluarte is removed from office by the Congress.
• The Nobel Prize in Physics is awarded to John Clarke, Michel Devoret, and John M. Martinis for their work on macroscopic quantum phenomena.
• The Nobel Prize in Medicine is awarded to Mary E. Brunkow, Fred Ramsdell, and Shimon Sakaguchi for their work on peripheral immune tolerance.

October 11: Feast day of Saint James the Deacon (Anglicanism); National Coming Out Day

• 1797 – French Revolutionary Wars: The Royal Navy captured eleven Dutch Navy ships without any losses at the Battle of Camperdown.
• 1840 – Bashir Shihab II (pictured) surrendered to the Ottoman Empire and was removed as Emir of Mount Lebanon after an imperial decree by Sultan Abdülmecid I.
• 1942 – World War II: At the Battle of Cape Esperance on the northwest coast of Guadalcanal, American ships intercepted and defeated a Japanese fleet sent to attack Henderson Field.
• 1950 – A field-sequential color system developed by Hungarian-American engineer Peter Goldmark became the first color television system to be adopted for commercial use, only for it to be abandoned a year later.
• 1973 – Typhoon Nora, the fourth-most intense tropical cyclone on record, dissipated after killing 40 people and leaving more than a million homeless across Taiwan and the Philippines.

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Tragic Kingdom is the third studio album by American band No Doubt (pictured), released on October 10, 1995, by Trauma Records and Interscope Records. Produced by Matthew Wilder, it was the last No Doubt album to feature Eric Stefani. The album spawned seven singles, including "Just a Girl", which charted on the Billboard Hot 100 and the UK singles chart, and "Don't Speak", which topped the Billboard Hot 100 Airplay and reached the top five of many international charts. It reached number one on the Billboard 200, as well as topping the charts in Canada and in New Zealand, selling more than 16 million copies worldwide. The album was certified diamond by the RIAA in the United States and Canada, platinum in the United Kingdom, and triple platinum in Australia. At the 39th Annual Grammy Awards, No Doubt earned nominations for Best New Artist and Best Rock Album. Tragic Kingdom helped facilitate the ska revival of the 1990s and was ranked number 441 on Rolling Stone's 2003 list of the 500 greatest albums of all time. (Full article...)

• ... that architect Dirk Lohan paid $2,705 for the right to smash a window at a building his grandfather designed (pictured)?
• ... that Bernardo Zapater, a founding member of Spain's oldest private scientific society, is the namesake of a "totally underrated" flower?
• ... that the Sentachan Mine was listed as the second-coldest mine in the world by Mining.com?
• ... that Patricia Arquette researched cults and armies to prepare for her role as Harmony Cobel in the television series Severance?
• ... that Rockefeller University sold a version of Joan Mitchell's City Landscape for $17 million in 2024 to fund research?
• ... that Filipino police chief Guillermo Eleazar rose to prominence after publicly shaming another officer?
• ... that the urban environment around Glasgow's Argyle Street ash tree may have helped it to survive ash dieback disease?
• ... that Cal Clemens "tackled like a sledge hammer"?
• ... that a Japanese porn actor opened a restaurant that served poo-flavored curry?

• The Nobel Prize in Physics is awarded to John Clarke, Michel Devoret (pictured), and John M. Martinis for their work on macroscopic quantum phenomena.
• The Nobel Prize in Medicine is awarded to Mary E. Brunkow, Fred Ramsdell, and Shimon Sakaguchi for their work on peripheral immune tolerance.
• The ANO party, led by Andrej Babiš, wins the most seats in the Czech parliamentary election.
• Sarah Mullally is announced as the next archbishop of Canterbury, which will make her the first female leader of the Anglican Communion.

October 10

• 680 – Husayn ibn Ali, a grandson of Muhammad, was killed at the Battle of Karbala (depicted) by the forces of Yazid I, whom Husayn had refused to recognize as caliph.
• 1760 – In a treaty with Dutch colonial authorities, the Ndyuka people of Suriname gained territorial autonomy.
• 1911 – The Xinhai Revolution began with the Wuchang Uprising, marking the beginning of the collapse of the Qing dynasty and the establishment of the Republic of China.
• 1943 – World War II: The Kempeitai, the military police arm of the Imperial Japanese Army, arrested and tortured fifty-seven civilians and civilian internees on suspicion of their involvement in a raid on Singapore Harbour.
• 2004 – Eight-year-old Huang Na was abducted and murdered; her body was found three weeks later after a search across Singapore and Malaysia.

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Chris Pratt (born 1979) is an American actor. Born in Minnesota, he gained recognition by playing Andy Dwyer in the NBC sitcom Parks and Recreation from 2009 to 2015. Pratt achieved international stardom as Star-Lord in the Guardians of the Galaxy franchise (2014–2023), a role he reprises across multiple Marvel Cinematic Universe films. Pratt's popularity grew with his lead role as Owen Grady in the Jurassic World franchise (2015–2022). He has ventured into voice acting, voicing Mario in The Super Mario Bros. Movie (2023)—the highest-grossing film based on a video game in history—and Emmet Brickowski in the Lego Movie franchise (2014–2019). Known for repeatedly portraying similar characters across multiple films, which some critics have taken issue with, Pratt is one of the most commercially successful actors in Hollywood. From 2015 to 2017, he ranked amongst the world's highest-paid film stars and was included in the Time 100 (2015) and Forbes Celebrity 100 (2016). (Full article...)

• ... that flying ace Ángel Salas Larrazábal (pictured) was a co-leader of Spain for two days between the death of Francisco Franco and the ascension of King Juan Carlos I?
• ... that the architect of Chicago's 860–880 Lake Shore Drive nearly quit the project after his original floor plans were rejected?
• ... that author Jilly Cooper used Sue Macartney-Snape's illustrations to create the satirical novel Araminta's Wedding?
• ... that the process of lysine malonylation has been linked to diseases like obesity and type 2 diabetes?
• ... that Ana Aguayo has won gold medals for Mexico in basketball and flag football?
• ... that political philosophers focus on desirable norms, while political scientists concentrate on empirical descriptions?
• ... that King Baldwin III was 13 or 14 when he won his first military success—after which his mother took steps to prevent a second?
• ... that a hoard of valuable artwork was hidden within the Morozova Mansion in 1917?
• ... that ten dancers dressed as furry monkeys featured in the television premiere of Through the Crystal Ball?

• The ANO party, led by Andrej Babiš (pictured), wins the most seats in the Czech parliamentary election.
• Sarah Mullally is announced as the next archbishop of Canterbury, which will make her the first female leader of the Anglican Communion.
• Guillaume V succeeds his father Henri as Grand Duke of Luxembourg after the latter's abdication.
• English zoologist and primatologist Jane Goodall dies at the age of 91.

October 9: Leif Erikson Day in the United States, parts of Canada, and communities in the Nordic countries

• 1708 – Great Northern War: Russia defeated Sweden at the Battle of Lesnaya on the Russian–Polish border, in present-day Belarus.
• 1740 – European soldiers and Javanese collaborators started massacring Chinese Indonesians (depicted) in the port city of Batavia, modern-day Jakarta, with at least 10,000 people killed.
• 1793 – French Revolution: After a month-long siege, the leaders of Lyon surrendered, ending their revolt against the National Convention.
• 1912 – Following a reduction in pay, textile workers in Little Falls, New York, walked out of their mill, starting a three-month strike.
• 1952 – A footman shot and killed two colleagues and wounded the lady of the house at Knowsley Hall, England.

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Terraria is an action-adventure video game developed by Re-Logic and published by 505 Games. A sandbox game, it has no set goals. After creating the player character and choosing the game's difficulty, the player is placed in a two-dimensional, procedurally generated world where they explore, fight enemies, gather resources, and craft equipment. Players beat bosses, a tougher variety of enemies, to gain access to more items, resources, and equipment. By completing select goals, players receive access to non-player characters who sell items and offer services, such as healing and fishing quests. Terraria can be played alone or with others. Initially released in May 2011 on the Steam digital store, Terraria has received continuous content updates that have considerably changed it from its first version. Terraria has since seen the addition of new items, NPCs, enemies, and world difficulties, as well as quality-of-life improvements and crossovers with different games. Terraria has received generally favorable reviews from critics. (Full article...)

• ... that Ivatan women wear waterproof headdresses made of leaves (example pictured)?
• ... that John Stonebraker moved 300-pound (140 kg) ice blocks to prepare for the 1939 college football season?
• ... that the rulers of the 14th-century Emirate of Erzincan were Muslims, but its major cities were primarily Christian?
• ... that Barbara Wilk once hand-painted two thousand frames for her animated film?
• ... that Hano Qritho is rooted in an ancient biblical story and continues to be celebrated by Assyrians in Tur Abdin?
• ... that Takuya Kawamura announced his marriage through a card game?
• ... that the South Rim Fire destroyed seven toilets in Black Canyon of the Gunnison National Park?
• ... that the release of Tyla's 2025 EP was interpreted as both a failure and a success depending on the measurements used?
• ... that circus performer Ferry Torrez lived next door to his crocodiles?

• The ANO party, led by Andrej Babiš (pictured), wins the most seats in the Czech parliamentary election.
• Sarah Mullally is announced as the next archbishop of Canterbury, which will make her the first female leader of the Anglican Communion.
• Guillaume V succeeds his father Henri as Grand Duke of Luxembourg after the latter's abdication.
• English zoologist and primatologist Jane Goodall dies at the age of 91.

October 8

• 1862 – The Battle of Perryville, one of the bloodiest battles of the American Civil War, was fought west of Perryville, Kentucky.
• 1952 – Three trains collided (aftermath pictured) at Harrow & Wealdstone station in London, killing 112 people and injuring 340 others.
• 1969 – Demonstrations organized by the Weather Underground known as the Days of Rage began in Chicago, aimed at ending U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War.
• 1990 – The Croatian Army and Croatian Defence Council launched Operation Southern Move, their last offensive in the Bosnian War.
• 2019 – Anti-government protests calling for free and fair elections began in Baku, Azerbaijan.

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Licancabur is a prominent, 5,916-metre-high (19,409 ft) stratovolcano on the Bolivia–Chile border in the Central Volcanic Zone of the Andes. It is capped by a 400–500-metre (1,300–1,600 ft) wide summit crater which contains Licancabur Lake, a crater lake that is among the highest lakes in the world. There are no glaciers owing to the arid climate. Numerous plant and animal species live on the mountain. The volcanoes Sairecabur and Juriques are north and east of Licancabur, respectively. Licancabur formed on top of ignimbrites produced by other volcanoes and was active during the Holocene. Although no historical eruptions of the volcano are known, lava flows extending into Laguna Verde have been dated to 13,240 ± 100 before present and there may be residual heat in the mountain. The volcano has primarily erupted andesite, with small amounts of dacite and basaltic andesite. Several archaeological sites have been found on the mountain, possibly constructed by the Inca or Atacama people. (Full article...)

• ... that the force developed by the engines of the Saturn V (pictured) during testing shattered the windows of nearby houses?
• ... that voice actress Niina Hanamiya taught herself to read and write Egyptian hieroglyphs?
• ... that the editors of The Eastern Miscellany refused to cooperate with a British-imposed media blackout following the 1925 Shanghai massacre?
• ... that the Ibnu duo, Ibnu Said and Ibnu Wahyutomo, were two diplomats who carried out bureaucratic reforms within Indonesia's foreign ministry?
• ... that Lynch Fragments sculptures are made with metal scraps and objects like axes, barbed wire, chains, nails, padlocks, spikes, and wrenches?
• ... that Queen Eschiva and her children were kidnapped by the pirate Kanakes after her husband put a bounty on him?
• ... that the Holden Special Vehicles Maloo set the Guinness World Record for the fastest production utility or pickup truck in 2006?
• ... that Gorillaz's upcoming album is scheduled to feature at least six dead musicians?
• ... that Pelly Ruddock Mpanzu said he had "completed football" after the 2023 EFL Championship play-off?

• Sarah Mullally (pictured) is announced as the next archbishop of Canterbury, which will make her the first female leader of the Anglican Communion.
• Guillaume V succeeds his father Henri as Grand Duke of Luxembourg after the latter's abdication.
• English zoologist and primatologist Jane Goodall dies at the age of 91.
• A magnitude-6.9 earthquake in Cebu, Philippines, leaves at least 72 people dead.

October 7: First day of Sukkot (Judaism, 2025)

• 1513 – War of the League of Cambrai: A Venetian army under Bartolomeo d'Alviano was decisively defeated by the Spanish army commanded by Ramón de Cardona and Fernando d'Ávalos.
• 1780 – American Revolutionary War: Patriots and Loyalist militias engaged each other at the Battle of Kings Mountain in South Carolina.
• 1868 – Ōdate, the last castle of the Satake clan in Japan's Tōhoku region, was captured during the Boshin War.
• 1985 – During severe floods in Puerto Rico, about 130 people died as a result of the deadliest single landslide (pictured) on record in North America.
• 2023 – The military wing of the Palestinian nationalist Islamist political organization Hamas massacred people attending an open-air music festival in the Eshkol Regional Council, Israel.

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70 Pine Street is a 67-story, 952-foot (290 m) residential skyscraper in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan, New York City, United States. Designed by the architectural firm of Clinton & Russell, Holton & George in the Art Deco style, 70 Pine Street was constructed between 1930 and 1932 as an office building. The structure was originally named for the energy conglomerate Cities Service Company, its first tenant. Upon its completion, it was Lower Manhattan's tallest building and the world's third-tallest building. It features a brick, limestone, and gneiss façade with numerous setbacks and an extensive program of ornamentation. Despite having been built during the Great Depression, the building was profitable enough to break even by 1936, and ninety percent of its space was occupied five years later. The building and its first-floor interior were designated as official New York City landmarks in June 2011, and the structure was converted to residential use in 2016. (Full article...)

• ... that a window-washing railroad track ran atop Chicago's Inland Steel Building (pictured)?
• ... that Ted Aber created a series of alphabetized files on 1,600 family names while researching the history of Hamilton County, New York?
• ... that the 2022 German presidential election was held at Paul Löbe House instead of the Reichstag due to the COVID-19 pandemic?
• ... that Béatrice Uria-Monzon, in the title role of Bizet's Carmen, preferred a "meditative" and "dreamy" performance over a "sexy" one?
• ... that Sonangol Sinopec International once outbid both ExxonMobil and British Petroleum for two oil sites in Angola?
• ... that the Armenians were enraged when their 60-year-old king married the 12-year-old Sibylla of Cyprus?
• ... that Second-Ponce de Leon Baptist Church has hosted a speech by US president Jimmy Carter and the funeral of his attorney general?
• ... that Alexander McQueen's second runway show featured a pregnant woman with a shaved head, a model in a plaster corset, and a woman pretending to put her finger in her vagina?
• ... that Tyler Neville overcame being born deaf, a sunken chest, a fractured back, more than 20 surgeries, and cancer to sign with an NFL team?

• Guillaume V (pictured) succeeds his father Henri as Grand Duke of Luxembourg after the latter's abdication.
• Sarah Mullally is announced as the next archbishop of Canterbury, which will make her the first female leader of the Anglican Communion.
• English zoologist and primatologist Jane Goodall dies at the age of 91.
• A magnitude-6.9 earthquake in Cebu, Philippines, leaves at least 70 people dead.

October 6: German-American Day in the United States, Mid-Autumn Festival (2025) in China, Taiwan, and Korea

• 1762 – Seven Years' War: The Battle of Manila concluded with a British victory over Spain, leading to a twenty-month occupation.
• 1777 – American Revolutionary War: Fort Clinton and Fort Montgomery were captured by British forces under Sir Henry Clinton, dismantling the Hudson River Chains.
• 1985 – Police constable Keith Blakelock was killed during rioting in the Broadwater Farm housing estate in Tottenham, London.
• 1995 – Astronomers Michel Mayor and Didier Queloz reported the discovery of a planet orbiting 51 Pegasi (depicted) as the first known exoplanet around a main-sequence star.
• 2000 – Denouncing corruption in Argentine president Fernando de la Rúa's administration and the Senate, Vice President Carlos Álvarez resigned.

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Otto Hahn (1879–1968) was a German chemist who was a pioneer in the field of radiochemistry. He is referred to as the father of nuclear chemistry. Working with Lise Meitner at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry in the building that now bears their names, they discovered isotopes of the radioactive elements radium, thorium, protactinium and uranium. He also discovered the phenomena of atomic recoil and nuclear isomerism, and pioneered rubidium–strontium dating. In 1938, Hahn, Meitner, Otto Robert Frisch and Fritz Strassmann discovered nuclear fission, for which Hahn alone was awarded the 1944 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. He worked on the German nuclear program during World War II and at the end of the war he was arrested by the Allied forces and detained in Farm Hall. After the war, he became the founding president of the Max Planck Society and one of the most influential and respected citizens of post-war West Germany. (Full article...)

• ... that Abenaki guide Mitchell Sabattis (pictured) co-invented the Adirondack guideboat?
• ... that President Maximiliano Hernández Martínez resigned prior to the 1935 Salvadoran presidential election so that he could circumvent a constitutional ban on re-election?
• ... that Hyde Park Presbyterian Church in Austin, Texas, was disassembled and moved in order to drive a saloon out of the neighborhood?
• ... that most cocoa in Samoa is consumed locally as a drink known as koko Samoa?
• ... that Chris Samuels, on the last play of his NFL career, caught a pass that set up a game-winning score – and broke his leg?
• ... that a dream of a concert inspired the creation of the band behind Shobaleader One: d'Demonstrator?
• ... that Xymmer phungi was named after the revolutionary leader Phan Đình Phùng?
• ... that there was a baseball match between the two most common surnames in Japan?
• ... that Bootles' Baby's author's baby was Bootles?

• Guillaume V (pictured) succeeds his father Henri as Grand Duke of Luxembourg after the latter's abdication.
• Sarah Mullally is announced as the next archbishop of Canterbury, which will make her the first female leader of the Anglican Communion.
• English zoologist and primatologist Jane Goodall dies at the age of 91.
• A magnitude-6.9 earthquake in Cebu, Philippines, leaves at least 70 people dead.

October 5: World Teachers' Day

• 1838 – A band of Cherokee people attacked settlers near Larissa, Texas, killing or abducting 18 people.
• 1903 – Samuel Griffith (pictured) became the first Chief Justice of Australia, while Edmund Barton and Richard O'Connor became the first Puisne Justices of the High Court of Australia.
• 1962 – Dr. No, the first James Bond film, was released.
• 2000 – Colour revolutions: During protests over irregularities in the Yugoslavian general election, a wheel-loader was driven into the Radio Television of Serbia building, giving the protests the nickname "Bulldozer Revolution".
• 2014 – Formula One racing driver Jules Bianchi sustained fatal head injuries in a crash at the Japanese Grand Prix, dying the following year.

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Clownfishes are saltwater fishes found in the warm and tropical waters of the Indo-Pacific. They mainly inhabit coral reefs and have a distinctive colouration typically consisting of white vertical bars on a red, orange, yellow, brown or black background. Clownfishes developed a symbiotic and mutually beneficial relationship with sea anemones, which they rely on for shelter and protection, while they in turn, clean, fan and protect them. Clownfishes live in groups consisting of a breeding female and male, along with some non-breeding individuals. The female ranks at the top of the hierarchy, followed by the breeding male. The recognisable colour patterns and social nature of clownfishes have contributed to their popularity, having appeared in the film Finding Nemo. They are highly sought after in the aquarium trade and are often taken from the wild, which has led to their decline. (Full article...)

• ... that Shaktikanta Das (pictured) qualified with a degree in history, yet rose to lead India's central bank?
• ... that to compete as Timor-Leste's first Winter Olympian at the 2014 Games, Yohan Goutt Gonçalves had to raise US$75,000, most of which came from himself and his family?
• ... that Zinaida Nevzorova entered into a marriage of convenience with Gleb Krzhizhanovsky to keep their activist group together, but they later developed a genuine romantic relationship?
• ... that destruction layers at the Byzantine Church of Khirbet et-Tireh in Palestine were probably caused by the 749 Galilee earthquake?
• ... that a judicial decision urged Kenya to recognize the land of the Endorois people, but it still had not done so more than a decade later?
• ... that the 2025 Leagues Cup final set an attendance record for the tournament and for any sporting event at its host stadium?
• ... that Celine Dion won the Eurovision Song Contest 1988 for Switzerland by a single point?
• ... that Indonesia's ambassador to Serbia, Andreano Erwin, joined the foreign ministry because his trading company went bankrupt?
• ... that sabotage in World War II involved delaying the Nazi nuclear program, derailing trains, freeing Jews – and explosive rats?

• Guillaume V (pictured) succeeds his father Henri as Grand Duke of Luxembourg after the latter's abdication.
• English zoologist and primatologist Jane Goodall dies at the age of 91.
• A magnitude-6.9 earthquake in Cebu, Philippines, leaves at least 68 people dead.
• In Madagascar, Prime Minister Christian Ntsay's government is dissolved amid protests against water and power cuts.

October 4: Cinnamon Roll Day in Sweden and Finland

• 1448 – Skanderbeg and Gjergj Arianiti signed a peace treaty to end the Albanian–Venetian War.
• 1633 – Smolensk War: Forces from the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth broke the Russian siege of Smolensk (depicted).
• 1862 – American Civil War: After a naval battle in Galveston Harbor, Texas, Confederate commanders negotiated the surrender of the city to Union forces.
• 1925 – Great Syrian Revolt: Rebels led by Fawzi al-Qawuqji captured the city of Hama from the French Mandate of Syria.
• 1927 – Gutzon Borglum and approximately 400 workers began sculpting Mount Rushmore.

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In the Spaghetti House siege, an attempted robbery of the Spaghetti House restaurant in September 1975 in Knightsbridge, London, three men barricaded themselves and the staff in a storeroom. The ringleader was Franklin Davies, a 28-year-old Nigerian student who had previously served time in prison for armed robbery. The hostages were released unharmed after six days. Two of the gunmen gave themselves up, and Davies shot himself in the stomach. All three were later imprisoned, as was one of their accomplices. The police used fibre optic camera technology for live surveillance, and monitored the actions and conversations of the gunmen. The feed was watched by a forensic psychologist who advised police on the state of the men's minds, and how to best manage the ongoing negotiations. The siege was concluded on 3 October 1975. The 1976 play A Hole in Babylon and the 1982 Italian comedy film Spaghetti House were loosely based on the events of the siege. (Full article...)

• ... that Anne (pictured) was the last circus elephant in the United Kingdom?
• ... that priest Suitbert Mollinger served five years for fraud in a Dutch prison before founding one of the world's largest relic chapels in the United States?
• ... that agate gemstones have been found on every continent, including Antarctica?
• ... that Jackson Findlay is a fourth-generation Canadian Football League player?
• ... that people used Toontown Rewritten for virtual Black Lives Matter protests in 2020?
• ... that Walter of Montbéliard ruled Cyprus because his wife, Burgundia, was heir presumptive to the throne?
• ... that the Houaiss Dictionary of the Portuguese Language was so large that it had to be printed in Italy?
• ... that Shel Hershorn lost interest in photojournalism after the assassination of John F. Kennedy?
• ... that North Korea built the 72-Hour Bridge after its troops killed two US soldiers for trimming a tree?

• English zoologist and primatologist Jane Goodall (pictured) dies at the age of 91.
• A magnitude-6.9 earthquake in Cebu, Philippines, leaves more than 70 people dead.
• In Madagascar, Prime Minister Christian Ntsay's government is dissolved amid protests against water and power cuts.
• The ruling Party of Action and Solidarity retains its majority in the Moldovan parliamentary election.

October 3

• 1792 – Spanish forces departed Valdivia to suppress the indigenous Huilliche uprising in southern Chile.
• 1953 – Vancouver's Holy Rosary Cathedral was dedicated by Archbishop William Mark Duke, fifty-three years after it first opened.
• 1963 – Oswaldo López Arellano replaced Honduran president Ramón Villeda Morales in a violent coup, initiating two decades of military rule.
• 1992 – Sinéad O'Connor tore up a photograph of Pope John Paul II on live television.
• 2003 – Roy Horn of the American entertainment duo Siegfried & Roy (both pictured) was mauled by a tiger during a performance at the Mirage on the Las Vegas Strip.

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The 2019 WPA World Ten-ball Championship was a professional pool tournament for the discipline of ten-ball organised by the World Pool-Billiard Association (WPA) and CueSports International. It was the fifth WPA World Ten-ball Championship; the previous championship was held in 2015. After plans for an event in both 2016 and 2018 to be held in Manila fell through, a 2019 event at the Rio All-Suite Hotel & Casino in Las Vegas as part of a three-year deal for the event to be played in the United States was agreed. The event was held concurrently with the Billiard Congress of America's National Ten-ball event from July 22 to 26. The event was sponsored by cue manufacturer Predator Group. The competition featured 64 participants, selected according to world and continental pool rankings as well as qualifying events. Ko Ping-chung (pictured), representing Taiwan, won the event, defeating German player Joshua Filler 10–7 in the final. (Full article...)

• ... that the Ferber House (pictured) was rumoured to be haunted after the family who owned it went extinct?
• ... that voice actress Azusa Tachibana shares a name with a character from the anime K-On!, and so her mother pushed her to join her high school band?
• ... that a Maryland TV station's facilities originally housed a drug store and restaurant?
• ... that Japanese governor Takashi Kimura grew up admiring American baseball player Jim Abbott because both of them were missing a hand?
• ... that the Crystal Springs Dam survived the 1906 San Francisco earthquake despite being built just 1,000 feet (300 m) from the San Andreas Fault?
• ... that Harold Putnam was the 59th member of his family to serve in the Massachusetts legislature?
• ... that the editor-in-chief of The Ladies' Journal was removed in 1925 after he advocated for polyamory?
• ... that Anne Bayley's clinical research in Zambia showed that, contrary to widespread opinion in the early 1980s, HIV could be spread through heterosexual sex?
• ... that in the Zootopia abortion comic, Nick and Judy's apartment is modeled after Seinfeld?

• English zoologist and primatologist Jane Goodall (pictured) dies at the age of 91.
• A magnitude-6.9 earthquake in Cebu, Philippines, leaves more than 70 people dead.
• The ruling Party of Action and Solidarity retains its majority in the Moldovan parliamentary election.
• In golf, the Ryder Cup concludes with Europe defeating the United States.
• In Australian rules football, the Brisbane Lions defeat Geelong in the AFL Grand Final.

October 2: International Day of Non-Violence; Gandhi Jayanti in India; Yom Kippur (Judaism, 2025)

• 1470 – With King Edward IV of England forced to flee to the Burgundian Netherlands after a rebellion organised by Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick, Henry VI was restored to the throne of England.
• 1835 – Mexican dragoons dispatched to disarm settlers at Gonzales in Mexican Texas encountered stiff resistance from a Texian militia at the Battle of Gonzales, the first armed engagement of the Texas Revolution.
• 1942 – Second World War: HMS Curacoa (pictured) was accidentally rammed and sunk by RMS Queen Mary while escorting the liner to provide protection from submarine attacks.
• 1990 – A hijacked airliner collided with two other planes while attempting to land at Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport in China, killing 128 and injuring 71.
• 2018 – The Washington Post journalist Jamal Khashoggi was assassinated in the Saudi consulate in Istanbul, Turkey.

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T4 was a seagoing torpedo boat operated by the Royal Yugoslav Navy between 1921 and 1932. Originally built in 1914 for the Austro-Hungarian Navy as a 250t-class torpedo boat, she saw active service during World War I, performing convoy, patrol, escort and minesweeping tasks, anti-submarine operations and shore bombardment missions. Following Austria-Hungary's defeat in 1918, she was allocated to the Navy of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, which later became the Royal Yugoslav Navy, and was renamed T4. During the interwar period, T4 and the rest of the navy were involved in training exercises and cruises to friendly ports. In 1932, she ran aground on the island of Drvenik Mali off the central Dalmatian coast and the hull broke in half. The bow remained on the island, and the stern was towed to the Tivat Arsenal in the Bay of Kotor. (This article is part of a featured topic: Ships of the Royal Yugoslav Navy.)

• ... that musical theatre actress Josephine Hall (pictured) became famous for performing a song that she purposefully sang high and off-key?
• ... that Northwest Marine Iron Works produced the last sternwheel steam tugboat operated in the United States?
• ... that Elias Peleti is said to have been the most forgettable Latin patriarch of Jerusalem in a century?
• ... that the UK's best-selling single of 2013 has been described as a "rape anthem"?
• ... that Marianne Angermann earned a doctorate in chemistry in 1928 at a time when few women pursued higher education in Germany?
• ... that the Ostjuden anti-Semitic stereotype was used to describe Jews from Eastern Europe by both non-Jewish Germans and assimilated German Jews?
• ... that a lowly garrison soldier was responsible for relocating the capital of the Western Han dynasty?
• ... that Nigeria's independence on 1 October 1960 was marked by the lowering of the Union Jack and the raising of the country's new flag before 40,000 people at the Lagos Race Course?
• ... that Ida Barber campaigned against corsets in her fashion journalism?

• In golf, the Ryder Cup (course pictured) concludes with Europe defeating the United States.
• The ruling Party of Action and Solidarity retains its majority in the Moldovan parliamentary election.
• In Australian rules football, the Brisbane Lions defeat Geelong in the AFL Grand Final.
• In rugby union, the Women's Rugby World Cup concludes with England defeating Canada in the final.
• A crowd crush during a political rally kills at least 41 people in Karur, Tamil Nadu, India.

October 1: National Day in China (1949); Unification Day in Cameroon (1961); Independence Day in Tuvalu (1978); Defenders Day in Ukraine (2015)

• 1800 – With the signing of the Third Treaty of San Ildefonso, Spain returned the colonial territory of Louisiana to France in return for territories in the Italian region of Tuscany.
• 1868 – St Pancras railway station (pictured) in London, now the terminus of the Channel Tunnel Rail Link, opened to the public.
• 1965 – Seven Indonesian Army officers—including six generals—and a police inspector were murdered at dawn by a rebellious force in Jakarta; the Army then blamed the Communist Party, leading to a mass anti-communist purge that killed up to one million people.
• 1975 – In boxing, Muhammad Ali defeated Joe Frazier in a match known as the "Thrilla in Manila".
• 2018 – The International Court of Justice ruled that Chile was under no obligation to restore Bolivia's access to the Pacific Ocean, which it had lost in the 19th century.

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The battle of Morlaix was fought in Brittany on 30 September 1342 between an Anglo-Breton army under William, Earl of Northampton, and a far larger Franco-Breton force led by Charles of Blois (pictured). England and France, fighting the Hundred Years' War since 1337, had each sided with a faction in the Breton Civil War. The English had prepared a defensive position and when the first of three French divisions advanced it was shot to pieces by English archers using longbows. The second division, of men-at-arms, attacked but their charge was halted when they fell into a camouflaged ditch. Presented with a large, close-range target the English archers inflicted many casualties. The English then withdrew into a wood to their rear, which the French besieged, possibly for several days, before Northampton broke out with a night attack. This was the first major land battle of the Hundred Years' War and the tactics used foreshadowed those of both the French and the English for the rest of the 1340s. (Full article...)

• ... that in 1919 a restaurant with vending machines was opened in the 17th-century Great Armoury (pictured) in Gdańsk?
• ... that Livingstone Luboobi claimed that he chose to teach himself double mathematics at A-level because there was no teacher qualified enough?
• ... that Aso Tateno Dam started construction in 1983 and was only completed in 2024?
• ... that the family of a missing woman originally hid her being transgender to avoid prejudice during the search?
• ... that a mongrel lover wrote a typology of the dogs and a series of children's books based on them?
• ... that a Chinese art student who murdered her lover was released after only five years because the Japanese invaded?
• ... that Arthur Conan Doyle defeated Wilfrid Edgecombe at billiards every time he played him at The Harrogate Club?
• ... that the presumed skull of Menabe king Toera was returned to Madagascar by France almost 128 years after his death?
• ... that 83 manuscripts from Sozomeno da Pistoia's collection, which numbered 110 in 1460, have been found scattered across Europe?

• In the Moldovan parliamentary election, the ruling Party of Action and Solidarity retains its majority in the Parliament.
• In Australian rules football, the Brisbane Lions defeat Geelong in the AFL Grand Final (Norm Smith Medal winner Will Ashcroft pictured).
• In rugby union, the Women's Rugby World Cup concludes with England defeating Canada in the final.
• In India, a crowd crush during a political rally kills at least 41 people in Karur, Tamil Nadu.
• Inga Ruginienė becomes Prime Minister of Lithuania.

September 30: National Day for Truth and Reconciliation in Canada; Martyrs' Day in China

• 737 – Muslim conquest of Transoxiana: Türgesh tribesmen attacked and captured the exposed baggage train of the Umayyad army, sent ahead of the main force.
• 1882 – The Vulcan Street Plant in Appleton, Wisconsin, the first hydroelectric central station to serve a system of private and commercial customers in North America, went online.
• 1955 – American film actor James Dean suffered fatal injuries in a head-on car accident near Cholame, California.
• 1975 – The Boeing AH-64 Apache (example pictured), the primary attack helicopter for a number of countries, made its first flight.
• 2005 – The Danish newspaper Jyllands-Posten published controversial editorial cartoons depicting Muhammad, sparking protests across the Islamic world by many who viewed them as Islamophobic and blasphemous.

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Casey Stengel (July 30, 1890 – September 29, 1975) was the manager of the championship New York Yankees teams of the 1950s and of the New York Mets of the early 1960s. An outfielder for the 1912 Brooklyn Dodgers, he played on their 1916 National League championship team, then for the Philadelphia Phillies, the New York Giants and the Boston Braves. In 1925, he began a career as a manager, with mostly poor finishes for the next 20 years. In 1948, after he won the PCL title with the Oakland Oaks, the Yankees hired him. In his twelve seasons, they won ten pennants and seven World Series, including a record-setting five in a row (1949–1953), but Stengel was fired after losing the 1960 World Series. The Mets were an expansion team when they hired him in late 1961. They finished last all four seasons with Stengel, and he retired in 1965. Remembered as one of the great characters in baseball history, and known for his humorous sayings, Stengel was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1966. (Full article...)

• ... that Nereus Mendenhall (pictured) led a delegation to the Confederate States Congress in April 1862 to allow military exemption in the Confederate Army for Quakers?
• ... that chess tournaments implemented doping tests before doping in chess was even proven to be possible?
• ... that Salvador Chuliá composed Tríptico elegíaco para un percusionista for orchestra in memory of his son?
• ... that some Japanese sex workers after World War II organised their own self-defence groups?
• ... that NFL player Norbert Hayes was known as "Butts"?
• ... that Mar-a-Lago face is a plastic surgery trend popular in Donald Trump's entourage?
• ... that Peter Gersten has been called the "UFO lawyer"?
• ... that larvae of the mosquito Opifex fuscus live in high-salinity rock pools?
• ... that Mary C. Henderson once criticized Neil Simon for his excessive use of dinner tables?

• Former president of France Nicolas Sarkozy (pictured) is convicted of corruption and sentenced to five years in prison.
• Peter Mutharika is elected President of Malawi.
• Typhoon Ragasa leaves at least 28 people dead in Taiwan and the Philippines.
• In an effort led by France, several Western states recognize Palestinian statehood.
• Saudi Arabia and Pakistan sign an agreement to defend each other against attacks.

September 29: Michaelmas (Western Christianity)

• 1941 – The Holocaust: Nazi forces, aided by Ukrainian collaborators, began a massacre of Jews in a ravine in Kyiv, killing more than 30,000 civilians in two days and thousands more in the following months.
• 1955 – The first Indonesian legislative election resulted in an unexpectedly poor result for the Masyumi Party of incumbent prime minister Burhanuddin Harahap (pictured).
• 1990 – The Lockheed YF-22, the prototype for the F-22 Raptor, made its first flight.
• 2005 – John Roberts became the 17th Chief Justice of the United States; he would be the first Chief Justice to serve for twenty years since Melville Fuller in 1908.

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"Feather" is a song by American singer Sabrina Carpenter (pictured) from Emails I Can't Send Fwd:, the 2023 deluxe edition of her fifth studio album. A dance-pop, disco, and disco-pop song, "Feather" is a post-breakup track celebrating the freedom and relief one feels upon ending a relationship. Carpenter co-wrote it with Amy Allen and its producer, John Ryan. Its production was described as light and airy by music critics, who thought the song had impact on Carpenter's success the following year. "Feather" reached number 21 in the US, where it became her first song to reach the top 40, and was also Carpenter's first number 1 on the Pop Airplay chart. The music video, which depicts the deaths of several men who mistreat Carpenter and her dancing at their joint funeral in a church, caused controversy when the Catholic bishop of Brooklyn criticized the church scenes and suspended the priest who allowed them to be filmed. Carpenter performed the song on Saturday Night Live and on her tours. (Full article...)

• ... that a memorial park was planned in South Korea for composer Zheng Lücheng (pictured), despite controversy over his collaboration with North Korea and China?
• ... that an 829-kilometer-long (515 mi) lightning flash set a record eight years later?
• ... that Mr Flashy's gang used teenagers on electric scooters to deliver crack cocaine?
• ... that prison abolition is not embraced by most human rights organizations, despite similar evidence for harm as from recognized forms of cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment?
• ... that Philippine senator Bong Go showed his back two times to refute accusations from a YouTube series?
• ... that the Montreal Canadiens hockey team threatened to force a Vermont TV station to stop airing Boston Bruins games?
• ... that in 1808 a wealthy Frenchman bought 2,700 acres (1,100 ha) of land in central New York and built a large estate, but abandoned it and returned to Europe less than a decade later?
• ... that Josiah Mtekateka, the first indigenous Malawian Anglican bishop, began his career as a priest's dog keeper?
• ... that relations were sour from the onset between the Afghan emperor Ahmad Shah Durrani and the Qianlong Emperor of Qing China?

• Peter Mutharika (pictured) is elected President of Malawi.
• Typhoon Ragasa leaves at least 28 people dead in Taiwan and the Philippines.
• Saudi Arabia and Pakistan sign an agreement to defend each other against attacks.
• American actor and filmmaker Robert Redford dies at the age of 89.
• In boxing, Terence Crawford defeats Canelo Álvarez, becoming undisputed champion in his third weight class.

September 28

• 235 – Pope Pontian (pictured) resigned after being exiled to Sardinia, becoming the first pope to relinquish the position.
• 1821 – The Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire from Spain was drafted in the National Palace in Mexico City.
• 1924 – A team of U.S. Army Air Service aviators landed in Seattle, Washington, to complete the first aerial circumnavigation of the world.
• 1958 – Fernando Rios, a Mexican tour guide in New Orleans, was killed in an instance of gay bashing.
• 2009 – A protest held by 50,000 people in Conakry, Guinea, was forcefully disrupted by the military junta, resulting in at least 157 deaths and over 1,200 injuries.

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The Stockton and Darlington Railway (S&DR), the world's first public railway to use steam locomotives, first operated on 27 September 1825. It initially connected collieries near Shildon with Darlington and Stockton in County Durham, north-east England. The transport of coal proved profitable, and the line was soon extended to a new port at Middlesbrough. The opening of the S&DR was seen as proof of steam railway effectiveness. While coal was hauled by steam locomotives, horses drew passenger coaches along the rails until carriages hauled by locomotives were introduced in 1833. The S&DR suffered severe financial difficulties at the end of the 1840s but the discovery of iron ore in Cleveland led to an increase in revenue. At the beginning of the 1860s it took over railways that had crossed the Pennines, but was itself taken over by the North Eastern Railway, continuing to operate independently until 1876. Much of the original route is now served by the Tees Valley line. (Full article...)

• ... that the American electronic artist Ships In The Night (pictured) makes synthwave music with melodies inspired by bird songs, church bells, and trains?
• ... that Gerard Way played pornography while recording the vocals of "You Know What They Do to Guys Like Us in Prison" as a form of method acting?
• ... that Richard Nixon asked Jet Li to be his personal bodyguard during the 1974 China national wushu team's tour to the United States?
• ... that the regimental band of the British Central Africa Regiment were known as the "canary birds" because of their bright yellow pants?
• ... that Endah Subekti Kuntariningsih began her career in her current political party as a typist?
• ... that viewers complained over the reopening of a fictional pub in an episode of EastEnders as they felt that it looked "almost identical" to the original?
• ... that the Japanese considered enlisting Tekinaiti as an anti-British collaborator—until they discovered he had a Union Jack tattooed on his chest?
• ... that the 74th Street Generating Station's interior was once described as "an industrial-grade Grand Canyon"?
• ... that US Air Force pilot Alexander Kratz Rupp once kidnapped a goat?

• Peter Mutharika (pictured) is elected president of Malawi.
• Typhoon Ragasa affects Taiwan and the Philippines, leaving at least 25 people dead.
• Saudi Arabia and Pakistan sign an agreement to defend each other against attacks.
• American actor and filmmaker Robert Redford dies at the age of 89.
• In boxing, Terence Crawford defeats Canelo Álvarez, becoming undisputed champion in his third weight class.

September 27: Meskel (Orthodox Tewahedo)

• 1422 – The Treaty of Melno was signed, establishing the Prussian–Lithuanian border, which afterwards remained unchanged for about 500 years.
• 1875 – The Ellen Southard was wrecked in a storm at Liverpool, England; the U.S. Congress subsequently awarded 27 Gold Lifesaving Medals to the men who rescued her crew.
• 1940 – World War II: Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy and the Empire of Japan signed the Tripartite Pact in Berlin, officially forming a military alliance known as the Axis.
• 1949 – Members of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference unanimously selected Zeng Liansong's design for the flag of China (pictured).
• 2014 – Mount Ontake in central Japan unexpectedly erupted, killing 63 people in the nation's deadliest eruption in more than 100 years.

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SMS Rheinland was one of four Nassau-class battleships, the first dreadnoughts built for the Imperial German Navy and launched on September 26, 1908. Her service with the High Seas Fleet during World War I included fleet advances into the North Sea, some in support of raids by I Scouting Group as well as the Battle of Jutland, in which Rheinland was engaged by British destroyers. The ship also saw duty in the Baltic Sea during the Battle of the Gulf of Riga. She returned to the Baltic as the core of an expeditionary force to aid the White Finns in the Finnish Civil War in 1918, but ran aground. The damage done by the grounding was too severe and Rheinland was decommissioned to be used as a barracks ship for the remainder of the war. In 1919, following the scuttling of the German fleet at Scapa Flow, Rheinland was ceded to the Allies who, in turn, sold the vessel to ship breakers in the Netherlands to eventually be broken up to scrap metal. (This article is part of a featured topic: Battleships of Germany.)

• ... that 99% of the collection of the National Museum of Ecuador is not on public display (example of the 1% pictured)?
• ... that Samsul Ashar pawned personal valuables to support his city's football club?
• ... that the size of the entrance hall at the British legation in Uruguay was increased after a diplomat complained that there was not enough room to hold dances?
• ... that a former North Korean spy has been unable to return to North Korea since 1953?
• ... that Christapor Mikaelian was killed by his own explosives, which were intended for the attempted assassination of Sultan Abdul Hamid II?
• ... that burial vaults at Spring Street Presbyterian Church were forgotten under a parking lot until 2006?
• ... that one anthropologist has described scenes in the 1893 Wild Australia Show as examples of "settler denialism" and "colonial fantasy"?
• ... that Marcello Magni voiced more than a dozen characters in the claymation series Pingu?
• ... that Seven McGee was given his name because he was the youngest of seven children in his family?

• Typhoon Ragasa (satellite image shown) affects Taiwan and the Philippines, leaving at least 25 people dead.
• Saudi Arabia and Pakistan sign an agreement to defend each other against attacks.
• American actor and filmmaker Robert Redford dies at the age of 89.
• In boxing, Terence Crawford defeats Canelo Álvarez, becoming undisputed champion in his third weight class.

September 26

• 1087 – William II, son of William the Conqueror, was crowned king of England.
• 1907 – The British Colony of New Zealand officially became a dominion to reflect its political independence since the 1850s.
• 1944 – World War II: The Soviet Army completed the Tallinn offensive, driving German forces out of Estonia.
• 1983 – The racing yacht Australia II, captained by John Bertrand, won the America's Cup and ended the New York Yacht Club's 132-year defence of the trophy.
• 2008 – Swiss pilot and inventor Yves Rossy (pictured) flew a wingpack powered by jet engines across the English Channel.

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Joan (Autumn/Winter 1998) was the twelfth collection by British fashion designer Alexander McQueen for his eponymous fashion house. Continuing his dual fascination with religion and violence, it was inspired by imagery of persecution, most significantly the 1431 martyrdom of Joan of Arc, who was burned at the stake. The collection's palette was mainly red, black and silver; colours which evoked notions of warfare, death, blood and flames. Many looks referenced ecclesiastical garments and medieval armour, including items that mimicked chainmail and one ensemble that had silver-plated armour pieces. The runway show was staged in London. The set design was sparse and industrial: a dark room lit by metal lamps suspended over the runway. The 100-foot (30 m) runway was covered in black ashes, and models entered through a black backdrop backlit in red. Ninety-one looks were presented; primarily womenswear with some menswear. Critical response to the clothing and the runway show was positive.(Full article...)

• ... that Romanian actor Matei Millo (pictured) continued an 1877 performance of a politically charged comedy even after the offended authorities had extinguished his theater's candelabra?
• ... that Kembangan station is decorated with a mural of a church and a mosque?
• ... that several 19th-century presidential elections in El Salvador had candidates that ran virtually unopposed?
• ... that the village office on the islet of Koja Doi was destroyed by a tsunami in 1992, after which it was rebuilt across a causeway on the larger Besar Island?
• ... that a 1526 pirate raid might have inspired a Maltese ballad about a bride being abducted from her wedding?
• ... that in the 1984 Summer Olympics, boxer Zaw Latt nearly knocked out his opponent in the first round, but did not win a single judge's vote?
• ... that the Yonezawa Shokai Building is the only building left in the former city center of Rikuzentakata after it was destroyed by a tsunami?
• ... that an alleged deal between labour boss Ramsingh Verma and mill owner R. C. Jall provoked a bitter dispute between Verma and union leader G. R. Tiwari, leading to Verma's ousting?
• ... that reviewers described Prudence and Emily as "unsophisticated ducklings", whereas Bella showed "badass bitchery"?

• Saudi Arabia and Pakistan sign an agreement to defend each other against attacks.
• American actor and filmmaker Robert Redford (pictured) dies at the age of 89.
• In boxing, Terence Crawford defeats Canelo Álvarez, becoming undisputed champion in his third weight class.
• In television, The Studio wins best comedy and The Pitt wins best drama at the Primetime Emmy Awards.

September 25

• 275 – After the assassination of Aurelian, Tacitus (depicted) was chosen by the Senate to succeed him as Roman emperor.
• 1066 – Harold Godwinson defeated King Harald III of Norway and his English ally Tostig Godwinson at the Battle of Stamford Bridge, ending the last Norse invasion of the British Isles.
• 1775 – American Revolutionary War: Ethan Allen and a small force of American and Quebec militia failed to capture the city of Montreal from British forces.
• 1800 – French Revolutionary Wars: After U.S. ships became involved, French forces abandoned their invasion of the Batavian island of Curaçao.
• 1990 – The Ram Rath Yatra, a political–religious rally organised to erect a temple to the Hindu deity Rama on the site of the Babri Masjid in Ayodhya, began in the Indian state of Gujarat.

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Burger's Daughter is a novel by the South African writer Nadine Gordimer (pictured). Set in the mid-1970s, it details a group of white anti-apartheid activists seeking to overthrow the South African government. It follows the life of Rosa Burger as she comes to terms with her father's legacy as an activist in the South African Communist Party. Gordimer was involved in South African politics and knew Bram Fischer, Nelson Mandela's treason trial defence lawyer. She modelled the novel's Burger family on Fischer's family and described Burger's Daughter as an homage to Fischer. The novel was first published in the United Kingdom in 1979. It was banned in South Africa a month after its publication, and its import and sale were prohibited by the South African Publications Control Board. Three months later, the Publications Appeal Board overturned the ban and restrictions were lifted. The novel was generally well received by critics and won the Central News Agency Literary Award in 1980. (Full article...)

• ... that four statues at the tomb of Yue Fei (two pictured) in Hangzhou, China, were ritually defecated on for centuries?
• ... that on the same day as the Pikysyry campaign's final battle, Paraguayan president Francisco Solano López had his brother shot?
• ... that Émilienne Morin participated in the legal defence campaign of her future partner before they had even met?
• ... that Ex parte Rodriguez would have invalidated an 1873 election based on the placement of a semicolon in the Texas Constitution?
• ... that Rama Alexander Asia attempted to make community forestry permits last up to 100 years, although legally they could only last for 25?
• ... that Giant Digger opened in an area of Lotte World Adventure Busan designed as a mining town inhabited by ogres?
• ... that Lloyd A. Williams was Malcolm X's godson?
• ... that the Magong First Fishing Port opened in 1940, was severely damaged by US raids in 1945, and was only largely reactivated around 1955?
• ... that Japanese YouTuber Pocky named his channel after his dog?

• Saudi Arabia and Pakistan sign an agreement to defend each other against attacks.
• American actor and filmmaker Robert Redford (pictured) dies at the age of 89.
• In boxing, Terence Crawford defeats Canelo Álvarez, becoming undisputed world champion in three weight classes.
• In television, The Studio wins best comedy and The Pitt wins best drama at the Primetime Emmy Awards.

September 24: Heritage Day in South Africa; Independence Day in Guinea-Bissau (1973)

• 1568 – At San Juan de Ulúa (present-day Veracruz, Mexico), a Spanish naval fleet forced English privateers to halt their trade (battle pictured).
• 1789 – The Judiciary Act of 1789 was signed into law, establishing the U.S. federal judiciary and setting the number of Supreme Court justices at six.
• 1903 – Alfred Deakin became the second Australian prime minister, succeeding Edmund Barton, who left office to become a founding justice of the High Court of Australia.
• 1950 – The "Great Smoke Pall", generated by the Chinchaga fire, the largest recorded fire in North American history, was first recorded in present-day Nunavut and may eventually have circled the entire globe.
• 1975 – Dougal Haston and Doug Scott of the Southwest Face expedition became the first people to reach the summit of Mount Everest by ascending one of its faces.

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20 Exchange Place is a skyscraper in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan, New York City. Completed in 1931, it was designed by Cross & Cross as the headquarters of the City Bank–Farmers Trust Company, predecessor of Citigroup. The building, standing at approximately 741 feet (226 m) with 57 usable stories, was one of New York City's tallest buildings and the world's tallest stone-clad building upon its completion. The building has a granite and limestone facade, while its internal superstructure is made of steel. The lower section of the facade fills the entirety of an irregular quadrilateral city block and contains piers with figures depicting the "giants of finance". The upper stories, consisting of a square tower with chamfered corners, are offset from the base. The building is an official New York City landmark and a contributing property to the Wall Street Historic District. (Full article...)

• ... that Jorge Meléndez (pictured) was appointed as the National Democratic Party's candidate for president of El Salvador in 1919, after both frontrunners suddenly dropped out days before the election?
• ... that the Téléscaphe was an underwater cable car system that allowed tourists to visit the seabed?
• ... that opera singer Olga Olgina used the same stage name as her mother?
• ... that "Ya Laylat al-Eid", originally a number in Dananeer, a 1940 musical about a singing slave girl, was removed from the film and had its lyrics changed to better associate it with Eid?
• ... that being outranked by Bishop Thomas Agni of Lentini so infuriated the future Pope Urban IV that he left Palestine and went to Rome?
• ... that Taylor Swift announced her new album on a sports podcast?
• ... that the first field test of one potential truth serum by the U.S. government was on an unwitting mafia enforcer?
• ... that, amidst Laurent Saint-Cyr's transition to office as chair of Haiti's Transitional Presidential Council, "bursts of gunfire" were heard in the capital?
• ... that a musk duck named Ripper could apparently say "you bloody fool"?

• Saudi Arabia and Pakistan sign an agreement to defend each other against attacks.
• American actor and filmmaker Robert Redford (pictured) dies at the age of 89.
• In boxing, Terence Crawford defeats Canelo Álvarez, becoming undisputed world champion in three weight classes.
• In television, The Studio wins best comedy and The Pitt wins best drama at the Primetime Emmy Awards.

September 23: Celebrate Bisexuality Day

• 1780 – American Revolutionary War: British officer John André was captured by Patriot forces, thereby revealing a plot by Continental Army general Benedict Arnold (pictured) to hand over West Point, New York.
• 1913 – The United Mine Workers of America begin a strike against the Rockefeller-owned Colorado Fuel & Iron Company, sparking the Colorado Coalfield War.
• 2002 – The first version of the web browser Firefox was released by the Mozilla Organization.
• 2008 – A gunman shot and killed ten students at the Seinäjoki University of Applied Sciences in Kauhajoki, Finland, before committing suicide.
• 2019 – The British travel company Thomas Cook Group ceased operations with immediate effect, leaving around 600,000 tourists stranded around the world.

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Thomas J. Hudner Jr. (1924–2017) was a United States Navy officer and naval aviator. He received the Medal of Honor for his actions in trying to save the life of his wingman, Ensign Jesse L. Brown, during the Battle of Chosin Reservoir in the Korean War. Born in Fall River, Massachusetts, Hudner attended Phillips Academy in Andover and the United States Naval Academy. Initially uninterested in aviation, he eventually took up flying and joined Fighter Squadron 32, flying the F4U Corsair at the outbreak of the Korean War. Arriving near Korea in October 1950, he flew support missions from the aircraft carrier USS Leyte. He later served in the Vietnam War. After retiring as a captain in 1973, he worked for various veterans' organizations in the United States. He is interred at Arlington National Cemetery. The Arleigh Burke-class guided-missile destroyer USS Thomas Hudner is named for him. (Full article...)

• ... that the statue of Michael Arthur Bass (pictured) in England stands in front of the town hall he paid for?
• ... that the subjects of Robert M. Edsel's book The Monuments Men returned more than five million works of art stolen by the Nazis during World War II?
• ... that Rinalds Grants, Archbishop of Riga, began his career as a criminal investigator?
• ... that one airbreathing catfish species cooperates in pack hunting with another species of catfish?
• ... that Samuel Toloza fought off Iraqi militants with only a knife after his convoy was attacked and ran out of ammunition?
• ... that The Battle of Calverhine, Henry Darger's largest collage, is ten feet (3 m) wide and almost impossible to make out with the naked eye?
• ... that Małgorzata Rosiak, after receiving a snowboard as a Christmas present, went on to win 14 national championships and medals at the European and World Championships?
• ... that the Book of Accusations excoriates halakhic interpretation, Kabbalah, magic, superstition, the commentary of Rashi, and the Ashkenazi rabbinical tradition of pilpul?
• ... that when the architect of Chicago's IBM Building was driven to the construction site, he reportedly asked, "Where's the site"?