New programs cannot turn out the numbers needed to make up for the controller shortfall. But they hope to have a higher success rate than the Federal Aviation Agency’s official academy.

© Hiroko Masuike/The New York Times

The F.A.A. warned that a lack of certified air traffic controllers in Orlando could cause delays throughout the East Coast.

© Stefani Reynolds/Bloomberg

If the shutdown continues, administration officials predicted, air traffic controllers going without pay will start to leave the job just in time for the holiday travel season.

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