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外國製無人機存國安風險 大疆遭美限制進口

null 周依恩
2025-12-23T05:53:22.502Z
美國將外國製無人機及相關零件列入國安風險列管清單。(資料照)

(德國之聲中文網)美國聯邦通信委員會(FCC)週一(12月22日)宣布將新型外國製無人機和零件列入風險名單,全球商用無人機市占率最高的廠牌、中國企業大疆(DJI)未來將無法獲得FCC批准進入美國市場。

美國國會去年12月通過一項國防法案,限期政府在今年12月23日前完成對大疆、道通(Autel)的安全審查,若審查認定中國無人機存在國安風險,政府應禁止其在美國銷售新的無人機。

上週日(21日),FCC收到美國政府跨部門審查結果,內容認定不僅大疆及道通,所有在外國生產的無人機及其關鍵零組件,都對美國的國家與個人構成安全風險,包括未經授權的監控、敏感數據外洩及供應鏈安全漏洞等。

列入風險清單者將無法獲批在美銷售;但若經五角大廈或國土安全部認定不構成安全風險,則可豁免於風險清單之外,現行已批准的型號亦不受影響。

FCC並指出,鑑於即將到來的重大活動,例如2026年世界盃、美國建國250週年慶祝活動,以及2028年洛杉磯奧運,有必要因應「犯罪分子、敵對外國行為者與恐怖分子」可能帶來的無人機威脅。

美國共和黨眾議員里克(Rick Crawford)對FCC此舉表示讚許,他認為,廣泛應用在美國空域的中國無人機「多年來一直是美國抵禦間諜的噩夢」,強調「不可用企圖侵占美國市場的低廉產品犧牲國家安全」。

無人機廣泛應用於農業、建築、執法與影視製作。其中,中國製無人機以性能優異、成本低廉著稱。(資料照)

中國製無人機市占率高

全球最大無人機製造商大疆在美國商用無人機的市占率超過50%。這些無人機廣泛應用於美國農業、測繪、執法與電影製作等業務,已成為美國民眾生活和工作的一部分。

大疆對FCC的措施回應,「相關資安疑慮缺乏證據,反而反映出保護主義,違背了開放市場的原則」。

美國無人機製造商Hylio共同創辦人兼執行長艾瑞克森(Arthur Erickson)則說,政府限制大疆,將為美國公司提供「迫切需要的成長空間」;但他同時也表示,FCC將禁令擴大到所有外國製無人機,這「很瘋狂、且令人意外……其實現在已有盟友組成的全球供應鏈,希望政府能夠釐清」。

德州無人機營運商羅賓森(Gene Robinson)擁有9架用於訓練執法部門、進行鑑識工作的DJI無人機隊,他表示,新禁令將傷害他以及許多仰賴中國無人機的人,但他理解政府的決定。他指出美國過去將製造外包給中國,「現在,我們正在付出代價……要回到過去那種自主狀態,會有一段成長的陣痛期。我們得咬牙撐過去,也別再讓這種事重演」。

DW中文有Instagram!歡迎搜尋dw.chinese,看更多深入淺出的圖文與影音報導。

© 2025年德國之聲版權聲明:本文所有內容受到著作權法保護,如無德國之聲特別授權,不得擅自使用。任何不當行為都將導致追償,並受到刑事追究。

Russia escalates attacks on key Ukrainian region of Odesa

DSNS Odesa Two firefighters face a wall of flamesDSNS Odesa
The region of Odesa has suffered hundreds of strike over the last week, Ukraine has said

Russia has intensified its strikes on the southern Ukrainian region of Odesa, causing widespread power cuts and threatening the region's maritime infrastructure.

Ukrainian Deputy Prime Minister Oleksiy Kuleba said Moscow was carrying out "systematic" attacks on the region. Last week, he warned that the focus of the war "may have shifted towards Odesa".

President Volodymyr Zelensky said the repeated attacks were an attempt by Moscow to block Ukraine's access to maritime logistics.

Earlier in December, Russian President Vladimir Putin threatened to sever Ukraine's access to the sea as retaliation for drone attacks on tankers of Russia's "shadow fleet" in the Black Sea.

"Shadow fleet" is a term that refers to hundreds of tankers used by Russia to bypass Western sanctions imposed after its full-scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022.

On Sunday night in the Odesa region, strikes cut off electricity for 120,000 people and sparked a fire at a major port which destroyed dozens of containers of flour and vegetable oil.

It was the latest in a series of hundreds of strikes which have disrupted power supplies in the region for days on end and caused several casualties.

Last week, a ballistic missile strike on the Pivdenniy port east of Odesa killed eight people and injured at least 30.

Another attack earlier in the week killed a woman who was travelling in a car with her three children and temporarily cut off the Odesa region's only bridge linking Ukraine and Moldova.

Map of Ukraine

Zelensky indicated a new commander of the air force for the region would be selected soon following the dismissal of Dmytro Karpenko over the weekend.

Odesa's port has always been key for the country's economy. The city is Ukraine's third largest after Kyiv and Kharkiv. It now occupies strategic importance as other ports in the Zaporizhzhia, Kherson and Mykolayiv regions are inaccessible to Ukraine due to Russian occupation.

Despite the war, Ukraine remains one of the world's top exporters of wheat and corn.

Since August 2023, Odesa has been the starting point of a crucial corridor that allows it to export grain out of the country, following the coastlines of Romania and Bulgaria before reaching Turkey.

Zelensky, who has previously accused Russia of "sowing chaos" on the people of Odesa, said that "everyone must see that without pressure on Russia, they have no intention of genuinely ending their aggression".

His comments came as the latest round of US-led diplomatic efforts wrapped up in Miami. The US separately met the Ukrainian and Russian delegations, with the meetings yielding optimistic statements but no clear progress to bring the end of Moscow's nearly four-year war on Ukraine any closer.

US President Donald Trump's special envoy Steve Witkoff said he and his Ukrainian counterpart Rustem Umerov had worked on "aligning positions" on a 20-point draft peace plan put forward by Ukraine earlier this month. The plan is an alternative to a proposal presented by the US in November, which was seen as favourable to Moscow.

Before Russian envoy Kirill Dmitriev even returned to Moscow from Florida, Kremlin foreign policy aide Yuri Ushakov told reporters that the European and Ukrainian changes to the peace proposal would not improve the chances of peace being achieved.

On Monday, Russian Deputy Foreign Minister Sergei Ryabkov accused EU countries of having a "firm aspiration" to derail potential Russia-US agreements on Ukraine and to "in general prevent Russia-American relations getting healthier".

He also said European countries were "possessed by a maniacal" fear of a Russian attack. Russia was ready to confirm in a legal agreement that it had no intention of attacking either the EU or Nato, Ryabkov added, echoing previous comments from Putin.

"We've never planned to [attack Europe], but if they want to hear it from us, well, let's do it, we'll put it in writing," Putin said in November.

Husband and five other men due in court charged with sex offences against ex-wife

Getty A stock image of the back of a police officer in uniform. Getty
All six men are due to appear in court on Tuesday

A husband and five other men have been charged with a string of sexual offences against his ex-wife over a 13-year period.

Philip Young, formerly of Swindon but now living in Enfield, has been charged with 56 sexual offences, including rape and administering a substance with intent to stupefy/overpower to allow sexual activity.

The 49-year-old has also been charged with voyeurism, possession of indecent images of children and possession of extreme images.

Five other men have also been charged with offences against his ex-wife, 48-year-old Joanne Young, who has waived her right to anonymity.

All six men are due to appear at Swindon Magistrates' Court on Tuesday.

Mr Young, who police described as a white British national, has been remanded in custody.

The five other men are on bail.

Their names and charges are:

  • Norman Macksoni, 47, of Wood End Close, Sharnbrook. Police described him as a black British national. He has been charged with one count of rape and possession of extreme images
  • Dean Hamilton, 47, of no fixed abode. Police said he was a white British national. He has been charged with one count of rape and sexual assault by penetration and two counts of sexual touching
  • Conner Sanderson Doyle, 31, of Crofton Road, Swindon. Police said he was a white British national who had been charged with sexual assault by penetration and sexual touching
  • Richard Wilkins, 61, of Tattershall, Toothill, Swindon. He was described by police as a white British national and he has been charged with one count of rape and sexual touching
  • Mohammed Hassan, 37, of Torun Way, Swindon. Police described him as a British Asian male. He has been charged with sexual touching

Det Supt Geoff Smith, of Wiltshire Police, described the charges as a significant update in a "complex and extensive" investigation.

He added that Ms Young was being supported by specially trained officers.

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'A miracle': Officer shot in head during Bondi attack home from hospital

PA Media Constable Jack Hibbert dressed in a whiteT-shirt looking down at a dog and sitting in a restaurant.PA Media
Jack Hibbert had been working as a police officer for just months before he was shot

A young police officer who was shot in the head during the Bondi Beach attack has been released from hospital.

Probationary Constable Jack Hibbert - who is just four months into the job - was patrolling a Hanukkah event when two gunmen opened fire, injuring over 40 people and killing 15.

The 22-year-old, who was also hit in the shoulder, has lost vision in one of his eyes but is now recovering at home, his family confirmed in a statement.

"As a family, we couldn't ask for anything more - having our Jack home, especially for Christmas, truly feels like a miracle."

They thanked the public for their "overwhelming support" and praised medical staff for their "exceptional" care and dedication.

"While he is home, he is still recovering and will need space, support, and continued positive thoughts during this time," the statement added.

Even after he was shot during the attack, Constable Hibbert continued to help festival attendees until he physically couldn't, his family previously said.

"Many of his colleagues who were present on the night of the incident have visited in hospital and given testaments to Jack's bravery during the incident... They described how Jack acted, he moved toward people in need, not away from danger," they said.

He was one of two police officers injured in the shooting, with the second officer Constable Scott Dyson, 25, still recovering from his injuries in hospital, according to the last police update.

Last week, NSW Police Commissioner Mal Lanyon visited Constable Hibbert in hospital, praising him as a "positive young man".

Lanyon added that the force would rally around Constable Hibbert and find "appropriate duties for him" after his recovery.

Police have alleged the suspected gunmen were inspired by Islamic State ideology and targeted the Jewish festival in what has been declared a terror attack.

Naveed Akram, 24, has been charged with 59 offences, including 15 counts of murder and one of terror. A second gunman - his father, Sajid Akram - was shot dead by police at the scene.

On Monday, new court documents alleged the pair "meticulously" planned the attack for months, and two days prior to the shooting, visited Bondi for reconnaissance.

England will investigate reports of Ashes drinking

England will investigate reports of Ashes drinking

England director of cricket Rob KeyImage source, Getty Images
Image caption,

Rob Key has been England director of cricket since 2022

England will investigate reports of players drinking excessively during a break from the Ashes series in the beach town of Noosa.

The England squad spent four nights on the Queensland coast between the second and third Tests.

Several outlets, including the BBC, reported that some players were drinking for a significant portion of their time in Noosa, as well as on two previous days in Brisbane, the venue for the second Test.

Although they returned an improved performance in the third Test in Adelaide, England were beaten to ensure they cannot win back the Ashes from Australia.

The home side have taken an unassailable 3-0 lead in only 11 days of cricket.

England director of cricket Rob Key told BBC Sport: "Headlines can be misleading at times, saying it's a stag do and stuff like that.

"Stories of players drinking six days solid - that's unacceptable. We'll be looking into seeing what the facts are as opposed to the things that have been embellished or elaborated on."

The break in Noosa was arranged in advance of the Ashes tour and went ahead despite England falling 2-0 behind after two Tests.

While the entire squad was present in Noosa, former Kent and England batter Key was in another part of Queensland.

Players were told to expect media attention and they were captured by TV cameras and photographers.

That included shots of some members of the squad drinking at an outside table of a bar on the main high street in the town.

"When you see a picture of five or six guys sitting down for lunch, a couple of them having drinks, you need to see what's going on with that," said Key.

"If it's true that it became a stag do and people are out drinking all the time excessively, that's not acceptable. I don't agree with a drinking culture. I don't like a drinking culture."

Key also said he previously looked into reports that white-ball captain Harry Brook and batter Jacob Bethell were drinking the night before a match on the limited-overs tour of New Zealand that preceded the Ashes.

A clip of Brook and Bethell was shared on social media, reportedly taken in Wellington the night before the third one-day international on 1 November.

"I didn't feel like that was worthy of formal warnings, but it was probably worthy of informal ones," said Key.

"There wasn't any formal action. We've had four years where we've had none of these issues really, with any of the players, and there's a whole process that we put in place for stuff like that - for what you do if they're out of line.

"That was a bit of a wake-up call for what they're going into. I don't mind players having a glass of wine over dinner. Anything more than that, I think is ridiculous."

Despite the questions over the behaviour of some players in Noosa, Key defended their right to take the break from the Ashes.

Brook, Bethell, Ben Duckett, Jofra Archer and others could spend almost six months away from home following the tours of New Zealand, Australia, and the T20 World Cup in India and Sri Lanka in the new year.

"Harry Brook is going to only be at home for six days this entire winter," said Key.

"We have to create a time where these players can get away from cricket because they're not going to do it by being at home.

"We live in an age as well where it's impossible to avoid cricket. I sit there on my phone and every Instagram thing comes up. I know that players say they shouldn't look at it, but they do.

"You can't escape cricket, especially on an Ashes series and the scrutiny. Getting away and being able to just forget about that and live like a normal person is really important."

习近平促中央企业强化关键核心技术攻关

中共总书记习近平本周对中央企业工作作出重要指示,要求中央企业立足实体经济,强化关键核心技术攻关,推动科技创新和产业创新深度融合。

据新华社报道,中央企业负责人会议星期一至星期二(12月22日至23日)在北京召开,由国务院副总理张国清主持,会上传达了习近平重要指示。中国国务院总理李强、国务院秘书长吴政隆出席会议。

习近平指出,2012年中共十八大以来,中央企业积极服务国家战略,在国民经济中发挥了骨干和支柱作用。

习近平强调,中央企业要充分认识肩负的职责使命,更好服务中共和国家工作大局,服务经济社会高质量发展,服务保障和改善民生,勇担社会责任,为中国式现代化建设贡献更大力量。

他并要求中央企业聚焦主责主业,持续优化国有经济布局,切实增强核心功能、提升核心竞争力。要进一步深化改革,完善中国特色现代企业制度,健全公司治理结构,着力解决制约企业发展的深层次问题,建设世界一流企业。要统筹发展和安全,有效防范化解风险,不断夯实企业安全发展的基础。

习近平强调,要坚持和加强中共的全面领导,加强企业领导班子建设,压实管党治党责任,推动中共领导融入公司治理各环节,促进党建工作与生产经营深度融合。要完善制度、强化监督,坚决惩治腐败,锲而不舍纠治“四风”(形式主义、官僚主义、享乐主义和奢靡之风),着力营造风清气正的政治生态。

李强在会议上讲话时则指出,“十五五”(2026年至2030年)时期是基本实现社会主义现代化夯实基础、全面发力的关键时期,中央企业要把思想和行动统一到中共中央对形势的科学判断和决策部署上来,进一步明确方位、找准定位,切实担负起职责和使命。

李强要求中央企业要在推进重大基础设施建设中提供强力保障,加快传统基础设施更新和数智化改造,适度超前开展新型基础设施建设。要在实现产业链供应链自主可控中当好担纲主力,结合主责主业发展新兴产业和未来产业,保障能源资源供应,增强产业链韧性。

他并要求中央企业在推进高水平科技自立自强中强化基础支撑,加强应用基础研究,提升关键共性技术供给质量。要在服务国家重大战略中积极主动作为,为发展全局作出更大贡献。

在进一步深化国资国企改革方面,李强要求在优化国有经济布局、完善现代企业制度、提升国资监管效能等方面走在前列。他并要求把中共领导贯穿到改革发展各方面全过程,纵深推进全面从严治党,营造风清气正的政治生态。

李强强调,中央企业负责人要以更加奋发有为的精神状态履职尽责,增强大局观念,善抓主要矛盾,勇于改革创新,提高驾驭复杂局面、解决突出问题的能力,带领企业不断开创改革发展新局面。

因应台北捷运袭击案 蒋万安仅出席双城论坛主论坛

因应台北捷运袭击案,台北市长蒋万安将缩短赴上海出席双城论坛行程,仅参加来临星期天(12月28日)上午举行的主论坛。

综合台湾联合新闻网和TVBS新闻网报道,台北市政府星期二(23日)说,因应上星期五(19日)发生的无差别攻击事件,市长蒋万安第一时间要求全市、全面提升维安层级,并已连续四天亲自主持1219事件紧急维安应变小组会议,紧盯案件调查进度、公共场所及重大活动的维安强化、伤者慰问与安抚民心的具体进展。

台北市政府指出,蒋万安认为当前首要之务仍是守护市民安全与城市秩序,为尽可能坐镇台北安定民心,同时兼顾已持续15年的双城论坛交流,因而缩短个人出访行程。

台北市政府称,蒋万安将于28日参加主论坛后返回台北。市政府主团仍依原订行程,由副市长林奕华率领于星期六(27日)出发。 

据台媒早前报道,台北市政府12月10日向台湾大陆委员会申请,市长蒋万安将于12月27、28日两天一夜赴上海出席双城交流。

香港大埔火灾独立委员会到宏福苑了解情况

香港大埔火灾独立委员会成员到宏福苑了解情况,根据计划,他们将在九个月内完成调查报告。

据《明报》报道,委员会成员星期二(12月23日)现身宏福苑,他们身穿防护衣、戴着头盔,在消防带领下视察。

独立委员会由主席陆启康及两名成员陈健波和欧阳伯权组成,他们将审视火灾的原因,提出建议,防止同类事件再次发生。

香港特区官员上星期五(12月19日)主持会议,讲解政府部门如何配合针对宏福苑火灾而成立的独立委员会调查工作,强调任何欺骗、隐瞒或误导行为将面临严肃的法律后果。

大埔宏福苑火灾是香港近80年来最严重火灾,已造成161人死亡。

中国住建部长倪虹:着力稳定房地产市场

中国楼市近年持续低迷之际,住房城乡建设部部长倪虹强调,着力稳定房地产市场,重点是因城施策控增量、去库存、优供给,结合城市更新、城中村改造盘活利用存量用地,推动收购存量商品房用作保障性住房、安置房、宿舍、人才房等。

据新华社、《中国建设部》等报道,全国住房城乡建设工作会议星期一至星期二(12月22日至23日)在北京召开,全面盘点2025年工作,系统总结“十四五”(2021年至2025年)时期住房城乡建设事业发展成就,研究部署“十五五”(2026年至2030年)时期和2026年重点任务。

倪虹作会上工作报告,住建部中共党组成员、副部长、总师出席会议。

会议指出,2026年,要着力抓好四方面工作,包括推进现代化人民城市建设、着力稳定房地产市场、加快建筑业提质升级,以及夯实高质量发展基础支撑。

对于着力稳定房地产市场,倪虹会上要求优化和精准实施保障性住房供应,实施房屋品质提升工程,有序推进“好房子”建设。进一步发挥房地产项目“白名单”制度作用,支持房地产企业合理融资需求。

倪虹表示,城市政府要用足用好房地产调控自主权,适时调整优化房地产政策,支持居民刚性和改善性住房需求,推动房地产市场平稳运行。加快构建房地产发展新模式,有序搭建基础性制度,在房地产开发上,做实房地产开发项目公司制。

在房地产融资上,推行主办银行制。在商品房销售上,推进现房销售制,实现“所见即所得”,从根本上防范交付风险。继续实行预售的,规范预售资金监管,维护购房人合法权益。

同时,倪虹也指出,深化住房公积金制度改革。实施物业服务质量提升行动,探索社区中共党组织领导下的居委会、业委会、物业服务企业协调运行新模式,探索“物业服务+生活服务”模式,推动“物业服务进家庭”。

中植系高层高兴山等被判刑

中植企业集团原董事局主席高兴山等高层非法吸收公众存款,被判处有期徒刑。

据北京市第一中级人民法院微信公众号消息,法院星期二(12月23日)对北京市人民检察院第一分院首批提起公诉的中植系管理人员——中植企业集团有限公司原董事局主席高兴山等人涉嫌犯非法吸收公众存款罪一案进行公开宣判,对被告人高兴山等人以非法吸收公众存款罪判处有期徒刑14年至四年六个月不等刑罚,并处罚金。

北京市第一中级人民法院经审理认为,高兴山等人作为中植企业集团有限公司直接负责的主管人员及其他直接责任人员,违反国家金融管理法律规定,变相吸收公众存款,扰乱金融秩序,行为均已构成非法吸收公众存款罪。法院根据各被告人犯罪的事实、性质、情节和对于社会的危害程度,依法作出上述判决。

法院称,本案案发后,公安机关全力开展涉案资产追缴工作。现追赃挽损工作仍在进行中。

中国资产管理巨头中植鼎盛时期管理资产价值超过1万亿元人民币(约1828亿新元),控股超过10家上市公司,手握多张金融牌照,在全国有20万左右的客户,投资金额百万起。它的商业模式是前端以高息吸引资金,后端投向房地产企业、城投债、上市公司,凭借房地产增长获得更高收益。2021年,中国对房地产信贷收紧,多家房企陆续爆雷,中植也陷入危机,从爆雷到申请破产清算仅用了半年。

客座评论:西方国家的“软外交”

张俊华
2025-12-19T09:42:28.195Z
马克龙的乒乓外交

(德国之声中文网)说起软硬兼施的外交,中国在这方面可谓是能手。90年代初,邓小平提出了韬光养晦的外交原则,换言之,就是以柔软的外交赢得西方国家的资金、技术支持。北京对西方各国当初一方面是以笑脸相迎,但一旦到关键时刻,中共的“锋锐“就不时会显露出来。譬如中方强迫西方公司在中国建立合资公司,并对西方技术在中国的本土化提出要求,以保证西方技术转移到中国。正是这种软硬兼施,使得中国从一个经济弱国转变成经济第二大国,而且垄断了一些关键领域的供应链。尽管今天中国自己的问题一大堆,而且经济将继续下滑,但习近平似乎不顾中国中期和长期的利益,用自己目前控制的关键产品如稀土和初级芯片等,企图让西方国家服从他的意志。 而西方国家为了实现今后跟中国真正的脱钩,同时又因在某些关键产品和资源对中国的依赖,不得不倾向于采用比以往更柔软的手段对付北京。

美国的战略

为了避免误解,首先要说明的是,今天我们所说的西方跟川普之前的西方已经不同。那时的西方阵营多少是一个以价值观为基础的、互利合作的团体,但今天仅仅美国政府跟其他地区尤其是跟欧盟距离很大。对美国政府来说,民主自由的价值和国际法已不再是制定外交政策的出发点。当然,从经济和军事实力来看,美国确实也远超欧洲。这也就决定了美国在跟北京软硬兼施时,与欧洲的做法不一样。

今年10月30日,美国总统特朗普和中国国家主席习近平在釜山会晤,就关税、稀土、农产品采购等多项议题达成共识

川普在今年跟中国的贸易战中,确实很难说有什么大斩获。而主要原因就在于北京有效地利用了美国的软肋,如对中国稀土的依赖。再加之中国巧妙地利用跟美国资本的关系,这使得川普最终不仅放松了对中国高级芯片的出口控制,而且在地域政治问题上,对北京非常谨慎。这当然也体现在美国政府低调处理北京对东京就“台湾有事就是日本有事”而引起的争端上。至少在今后的5年时间内,美国无法摆脱对中国稀土的依赖。这也就意味着,美国对北京的软处理方式,还将持续相当一段时间。 当然,美国时而也会在硬的方面露一手。最近拦截中国非法运往伊朗的货船上,美国行动果断甚至霸横,而北京在事后则连一个声都不敢吱。 但整体上来说,美国现有的对华政策正在发生根本性的变化。 这已经体现在目前已经透露出来的美国国安战略里。共和党原来那种反共的特性已经淡化了不少。而川普政府似乎愿意有限度地承认中国现有的经济实力包括军事实力。这也是他提出的所谓2G的理由。

欧洲的“不幸”

跟美国不同,欧洲对中国的感受依然有些理想主义的成分。 中国改革开放以来,很多欧洲国家拿出自己的家底帮助了中国,但后来自己却因为各种原因从强势退为弱势,所谓的弱势就是指,原来西方国家有自己传统的供应链和资源加工基地,而在全球化后,不少技术、资本、供应链和资源都转移到了中国。而德国资本至今对中国的痴心不仅不变,而且随着德国自己经济下滑,依然有不少公司对中国的市场和生产效率想入非非。 但在政府层面,以及欧盟本身,已经认定必须在关键领域跟中国实现脱钩。但欧洲的政治、经济两个不同领域显然对中国有不同的态度,无法在脱钩问题上完全协调。 这就体现在目前德国政府要求电讯行业在核心设备替换所有来自中国的产品。而电讯公司并不乐意,因为这意味着它们大大减少盈利。

中国国家主席习近平2025年12月5日陪同法国总统马克龙参观都江堰

出于对中国原料和供应链的依赖,欧洲不得不软下身段。相比较,欧洲对中国依赖程度远超于美国。而且,苦于乌克兰战争的折磨,使得欧洲经济处于低迷状态。马克龙不久前在北京想放下架子,向习近平表示诚意,代表欧盟试图说服他在某些领域(如电动车)对欧洲实施技术转移,这使人想起了中国在80、90年代那样恳求西方技术转移那样。 但习近平并不为此而动心。这不得不使得马克龙空手而归。

寻求非冲突的解决方案

实际上,中国不仅没有技术转移的打算,甚至想用各种手段扩大自己垄断霸权。安世事件的起因就反映了这个现实。安世半导体(Nexperia)最初是在 2017 年被中国智路资本和建广资产收购,之后由闻泰科技网站在2019-2020 年间完成了对安世半导体 100% 股权的控股,成为安世的最终所有者。

按理说,中方在收购时应该了解各种具体的法律条款。 譬如说, 荷兰法律管辖荷兰境内业务。 安世半导体位于荷兰及欧盟境内的实体与资产均受荷兰及欧盟法律约束。任何涉及技术、机械或知识产权的跨国转移需符合荷兰/欧盟法规要求。此外,中方也应该知道国际层面的技术转让规则,即重大转让须经东道国同意,不存在任何赋予中国在未经同意情况下出口荷兰注册公司全部技术的普遍性条约。

可是,北京也许是觉得仅仅垄断全球70%的初级芯片还不够,于是不顾荷兰的意志,非要把在那里的技术也转移到中国。 而这不符合法律条款。荷兰政府此次干预正是源于当局担忧此类技术转移缺乏适当的法律监督, 才采取了阻止的措施。而这大大激怒了北京,因为它直接妨碍了中国扩展垄断的野心。于是便出现了后来北京对初级芯片的出口禁令。而这又引起了欧洲的各家汽车厂商的惊慌

荷兰官方最后认定欧洲对中国的依赖,于是决定以一种更温和的姿态跟北京商讨解决这一争议。现在,双方之间的问题只是得到暂时的平息。禁令暂时放缓了,但问题的根子并没有解决。 总有一天,中方会重新启动它把全部技术向北京转移的计划。而且,中国还公开阻止荷兰安世目前跟马来西亚的合作,因为这样可能打破中国初级芯片生产的垄断。

韬光养晦,为的是买得脱钩的时间

这一事件至少说明 欧洲人手中的牌不多,至少暂时无法像美国人处理中国运往伊朗的军火那样做到快刀斩乱麻。尽管欧洲确实也在寻找替代中国的芯片供应链,但估计至少还需几年时间才能部分找到替代。

德国外长瓦德富尔今年12月访华,稀土是讨论的重中之重

事实上,欧洲放下身段,采用温柔的方式跟北京“商量”是一种迫不得已。不仅安世事件是如此,最近德国外长在王毅那里拿到中方稀土一年许可期,也有类似之处。在欧洲无法实现跟中国脱钩之前,在欧洲自己的技术创新和经济重振没有达到一定程度之前,温和外交几乎是最优选择。

应该说,现在是习近平至少在外交方面得意之时。但过几年,北京这种霸权行为的效应将随着西方国家跟中国脱钩范围的扩大而大大缩小,甚至毫无作用。

本文作者张俊华为德籍华人政治学者,在德国生活三十余年。他曾就读于德国法兰克福大学,并获得哲学博士学位。此后曾执教于柏林自由大学等高校。现为法国Ecole Universitaire de Management客座教授。

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© 2025年德国之声版权声明:本文所有内容受到著作权法保护,如无德国之声特别授权,不得擅自使用。任何不当行为都将导致追偿,并受到刑事追究。

中国“断供”,美国国防工业如何避免稀土短缺

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中国“断供”,美国国防工业如何避免稀土短缺

FARAH STOCKMAN
雷神公司制造的导弹,“战斧”导弹(中)使用的磁体由稀土元素钐制成。
雷神公司制造的导弹,“战斧”导弹(中)使用的磁体由稀土元素钐制成。 T.J. Kirkpatrick for The New York Times
由于能精准命中千里之外的目标,“战斧”巡航导弹成为了各国军方所觊觎的利器。这种精确制导的实现依赖于弹翼上使用了由钐制成的强力磁体——钐是一种能够耐受高温的稀土金属。
今年中国对部分稀土实施出口管制后,切断了向美国国防承包商供应钐的渠道,而这些承包商为“战斧”导弹的制造商雷神公司供货。钐几乎完全在中国进行加工,全球超过85%的稀土磁体产自中国。
一项经过精心安排、涉及两家欧洲公司的交易为美国国防承包商提供了新的钐来源,使生产暂时得以继续。但这一供应来自一批自上世纪70年代起就存放在法国一家工厂里的原料,数量十分有限。现在,在欧洲库存耗尽之前,特朗普政府正争分夺秒地开拓新的供应来源。
今年4月,在特朗普总统对中国等多国加征关税后,中国开始要求钐以及另外六种稀土金属的出口必须获得许可证。中国驻华盛顿大使馆的一名发言人在电子邮件中表示,这些出口管制措施是为了“维护世界和平”。将钐用于军事目的的外国企业已被允许采购该材料。
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“所有国防承包商都无法沿用过去的采购渠道获取钐金属,”雷神公司一家供应商的高管坦言。由于话题敏感,此人要求匿名。“我们已被列入黑名单,再也拿不到这种材料了。”
大多数稀土磁体由钕制成,广泛用于手机、汽车零部件和电子产品等日常领域。但国防工业需要的是钐钴磁体,它们能够承受极端高温。
一块钐样品,它具有很高的耐热性。
一块钐样品,它具有很高的耐热性。 Benoit Tessier/Reuters
寻找替代方案极为重要。除非能够找到新的钐来源或替代材料,否则美国制造商将无法生产战斗机或精确制导导弹。曾负责供应链事务的前国防部官员艾莎·海恩斯表示,如果无法获取合适的磁体,他们可能被迫在武器精度上作出牺牲。
正在研发的新型装备系统——例如高超音速导弹——同样取决于能否从中国之外的地方获得钐金属。
“绝不能让任何一个国家拥有如此大的主动权,”已于4月退休的海恩斯说。“对方随时可以切断供应阀门。”
若非磁体制造业内人士的远见,局势或将更为严峻。总部位于纽约罗彻斯特,在瑞士、泰国和中国设有工厂的Arnold Magnetic Technologies首席商务官亚伦·威廉姆斯透露,当中国于4月4日宣布出口管制时,该公司手头已备有超过一年的钐金属库存。
到了夏天,Arnold公司的客户开始担心库存耗尽后怎么办。于是,Arnold公司向英格兰利物浦附近的Less Common Metals公司董事长格兰特·史密斯求助——该企业是西方世界所剩不多的稀土金属制造商之一。
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史密斯多年来一直在寻找中国钐的替代来源。最终他在法国的一家工厂找到了:一批封存数十年的硝酸钐库存。这批原料的所有者是比利时化工企业索尔维,其法国工厂曾位居全球最大稀土氧化物生产商之列。
将矿石转化为磁体需使用大型溶剂槽分离17种稀土元素,这一工艺正是索尔维公司参与开创的。据该公司发言人透露,20年前索尔维已停止在法国的稀土分离业务,称其变得“无利可图”。威廉姆斯指出,在中国以外加工的钐成本要高出五到八倍。
但索尔维保留了半成品库存,并且仍掌握着将其进一步精炼成史密斯所需形式的技术与设备。而Less Common Metals恰巧拥有一台能处理此工序的旧熔炉。
法国拉罗谢尔的一家索尔维公司旗下的稀土工厂。
法国拉罗谢尔的一家索尔维公司旗下的稀土工厂。 Dmitry Kostyukov for The New York Times
史密斯迅速组建了客户联盟,除Arnold还包括Permag——后者旗下的Electron Energy Corporation是数十年来为美国国防工业供应钐钴磁体的另一家制造商。这种买家俱乐部模式使史密斯能向索尔维报出具有吸引力的价格,以精炼全部约200吨库存。
史密斯将索尔维的钐运至英国,在那里将其转化为可熔炼合金的金属锭。随后,他的客户会把这些材料压制成块,美国的工厂再将其切割成磁体。这些磁体最终将植入导弹的弹翼舵机系统——通过调节弹体尾翼方位来控制飞行轨迹。
史密斯的交易刚刚谈妥,中国宣就布了出口限制。自那以后,他的电话几乎就没停过,焦急的航空航天和国防企业四处寻找钐的来源。
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“他们打来电话时,我可以拍着胸口告诉他们:‘不用恐慌,我们已经替你们安排好了,’”史密斯说。他的公司此前经营状况一直不佳。“从4月4日开始,我只休了两天假。我不是在开玩笑,真是忙疯了。”
史密斯估计,索尔维的这批库存足够其美国国防工业客户使用一年多。
Arnold公司的威廉姆斯表示:“稀土的问题在于,加工过程必须足够经济——你需要足够大的规模。格兰特搭建了一座短期到中期的‘过渡桥梁’,这一点至关重要。”
钐金属的市场需求相对有限。据行业咨询机构“关键矿物研究所”联合主席杰克·利夫顿估计,美国国防工业年需求量不足200吨。
史密斯对在索尔维库存耗尽前启动其他供应源充满信心,但下一批钐将来自哪里,仍远未明朗。
在宾夕法尼亚州兰迪斯维尔,Electron Energy Corporation工厂的一名技术人员正在混合钐钴合金。
在宾夕法尼亚州兰迪斯维尔,Electron Energy Corporation工厂的一名技术人员正在混合钐钴合金。 Gopal Ratnam/Bloomberg
特朗普政府已向加利福尼亚稀土矿的所有者MP材料公司提供了1.5亿美元贷款,用于扩建其钐金属加工设施,这是与该企业数十亿美元合作计划的一部分。但该项目可能需要数年才能实现产能。
此外,政府还向印第安纳州的ReElement Technologies提供了8000万美元贷款,该公司正运用新技术加工钐。第三家企业——加拿大的Ucore Rare Metals——已获得美国军方2240万美元资助,将在路易斯安那州建设专门生产钐和钆的设施,同样采用创新技术路线。
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但政府的支持并不能保证成功。2023年,澳大利亚矿业公司Lynas Rare Earths获得美国国防部合同,在得州锡德里夫特建设一座稀土加工厂,但该项目未能完成。如今,Lynas正在扩大其位于马来西亚的工厂,目标是在4月前分离钐及其他金属。
质疑者指出,特朗普政府正在资助那些从未生产过磁体的企业,且大量资金流向了钕铁硼磁体生产,而非国防工业最急需的钐钴磁体。
政府推动产业发展的努力引发了一连串雄心勃勃的计划。例如,成立于2019年的USA Rare Earth近日宣布计划在俄克拉何马州斯蒂尔沃特建设一座加工设施。上个月,该公司为收购另一家公司——史密斯的Less Common Metals——扫清了最后一道障碍。

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前纽约州长助手孙雯案审判无效,被控充当中国代理人

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前纽约州长助手孙雯案审判无效,被控充当中国代理人

SANTUL NERKAR, ANUSHA BAYYA
2024年9月被捕并进行公诉提控后,孙雯(中右)与丈夫胡骁出现在布鲁克林联邦地区法院外。
2024年9月被捕并进行公诉提控后,孙雯(中右)与丈夫胡骁出现在布鲁克林联邦地区法院外。 Jefferson Siegel for The New York Times
周一,布鲁克林的一名联邦法官宣布孙雯案审判无效。此前陪审团表示无法就此案达成一致裁决。孙雯(Linda Sun)曾是民主党州长的一名助手,被控充当中国代理人。
42岁的孙雯被联邦检察官指控为一名不择手段的公务员,将自己的忠诚出卖给了中国,帮助中国实施全球影响力渗透行动并得到丰厚的回报。
检察官称,她和同时受审的丈夫胡骁(Chris Hu)按照北京的指示行事,包括阻止台湾官员与州长会面,以及从官方演讲中删除有关维吾尔人的表述。维吾尔人是一个主要为穆斯林的少数民族,长期受到中国共产党迫害。
作为回报,这对夫妇获得了包括交响乐演出门票、旅行福利以及多只南京盐水鸭在内的诸多好处。
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但夫妇两人的律师辩称,她只是履行职责。而陪审团似乎对司法部提出的指控并不信服。在特朗普总统时期,司法部对指控孙雯所依据的《外国代理人登记法》本身进行了严密的审视。
面对请求置评的记者,被一副黑色太阳镜遮住部分面容的孙雯微微一笑,并摇了摇头。她的律师贾罗德·谢弗在法院外发表声明称,审判无效“凸显了这些指控多么可疑和站不住脚”。
“在整个审判过程中,孙雯始终坚称自己无辜,”谢弗说道。“这一点现在也没有改变。”
《外国代理人登记法》一直被用来打击外国政府试图在美国进行的政治影响力操作,这是华盛顿近年来的重点目标。但今年2月,司法部长帕姆·邦迪指示,该法的起诉应限于“外国政府行为人进行的相对传统的间谍活动”。
检察官亚历山大·所罗门周一向法官布赖恩·科根表示,政府希望尽快重审此案。双方定于1月26日再次出庭。
陪审团的工作并不顺利。12月18日,科根不得不撤换一名陪审员,因为此人此前已计划在圣诞节那周旅行,迫使12人陪审团于12月22日更换新成员后重新开始审议。
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在超过一周的审议中,陪审团多次表示,他们在全部19项指控——包括签证欺诈、协助偷渡、洗钱和联邦项目贿赂——上都难以达成共识。
周一下午,进展似乎仍然甚微。当天上午,陪审员致信法官,详细说明未来几周的各种日程冲突,还有一名陪审员表达了继续服务会引起的经济担忧。
科根召集陪审团,询问首席陪审员是否已对任何被告的任何一项指控达成裁决。她摇了摇头。
孙雯和胡骁的律师辩称,她在州长安德鲁·科莫政府担任亚裔美国人顾问委员会联合主任的职责,要求她前往中国并与那里官员通信。孙的律师肯尼思·阿贝尔表示,政府没有拿出任何“确凿证据”来证明其指控。
阿贝尔在最后陈词中说:“说Linda为了几只盐水鸭做了政府指控的那些事,听起来有多荒谬就有多荒谬。”
科文顿·柏林律师事务所专门研究外国代理人案件的律师罗伯特·凯尔纳表示,孙雯案代表了近年来利用该法打击影响国内政治行为的趋势。
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孙雯于2012年加入科莫政府。此前,她曾担任民主党州众议员孟昭文(Grace Meng)的幕僚长,孟现为代表皇后区部分地区的联邦众议员。
她在政府中逐步升迁,从多元化办公室副主任升至亚裔美国人顾问委员会联合主任。科莫的继任者凯西·霍格尔继续留用她,并于2021年将其提拔为副幕僚长。据公开记录,她那一年年薪约14.5万美元。
在持续一个多月的审理期间,检察官提交的证据显示,孙雯的许多工作内容相当日常。例如,当科莫担任州长、霍格尔担任副州长时,一名中国领事官员要求孙拍摄一段与科莫共同庆祝农历新年的视频。
她建议让霍格尔出镜,并对另一名领事官员写道,霍格尔“比州长更听得进去我的话”。
但检察官也表示,在纽约州行政部门任职期间,孙雯为中国政府做了更实质性的工作,帮助其对抗“五毒”——北京急于压制的议题,包括台湾独立和维吾尔问题。
2024年7月,联邦探员突查孙雯夫妇在长岛的住所,查获了劳力士手表和法拉利Roma跑车等奢侈品,检察官称这些是用来自中国的资金购买的。
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检察官表示,孙还在中国获得了身份地位上的回报。她被任命为一个中共海外组织的主席,该组织负责招募海外华人华侨为党的利益工作。政府专家证人、国际法教授朱利安·库在庭上作证称,这一头衔让孙女士“有了另一条通向党内领导层的途径”。
庭审中检察官展示了孙与中国驻纽约领事馆官员往来的照片,并出示了他们称由孙伪造州长签名的中国代表团访美邀请函。
检察官还向陪审团展示了一部从孙雯处查获的手机壳,上有“Get Rich, Good Luck”(意为“发财好运”。——译注)的字样。
孙雯夫妇的律师向法官强调了审判给他们的客户带来的巨大负担。他们指出,由于大部分资产已被没收,被告难以支付又一场漫长审判的律师费用。
检察官称,孙雯在纽约交往的一些人来自“同乡会”,这些团体以促进共同的中国文化遗产为名,实际上已成为北京开展影响力行动的渠道。
他们表示,孙频繁与纽约一个与河南省政府有关联的同乡会的中间人通信,主要是张富印(Frank Zhang)和摩根·史(Morgan Shi)。这两人向中国驻纽约总领事黄屏汇报工作。上述人员均未被指控有任何不当行为。
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检察官称,孙雯按照中国领事馆的要求行事,就会获得回报。其中最引人注目的回报之一就是盐水鸭,检察官说这是由黄屏的厨师烹制的。
检察官向陪审团展示了2021年孙发给黄屏的短信,她简单地提出:“我想吃盐水鸭。”黄屏随即安排厨师制作。
“鸭子收到了,”孙雯后来回复。又过了一会儿,她发短信说“非常美味”,并附上一个舔嘴唇的表情符号。
科根在感谢陪审员时提到,英国政府最近已着手取消某些犯罪的陪审团审判。他表示自己不同意这种做法。
“你们几乎总是能做出正确裁决,”科根对他们说。

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Amazon blocks 1,800 job applications from suspected North Korean agents

Getty Images An Amazon fulfilment centre worker in a red pullover scans cardboard boxes of Amazon goods for deliveryGetty Images

A top Amazon executive has said the US technology giant has blocked more than 1,800 job applications from suspected North Korean agents.

North Koreans tried to apply for remote working IT jobs using stolen or fake identities, Amazon's chief security officer Stephen Schmidt said in a LinkedIn post.

"Their objective is typically straightforward: get hired, get paid, and funnel wages back to fund the regime's weapons programs," he said, adding that this trend is likely to be happening at scale across the industry, especially in the US.

Authorities in the US and South Korea have warned about Pyongyang's operatives carrying out online scams.

Amazon has seen a nearly one-third increase in job applications from North Koreans in the past year, said Mr Schmidt in his post.

He said the operatives typically work with people managing "laptop farms" - referring to computers based in the US that are run remotely from outside of the country.

The firm used a combination of artificial intelligence (AI) tools and verification by its staff to screen job applications, he said.

The strategies used by such fraudsters have become more sophisticated, Mr Schmidt said.

Bad actors are hijacking dormant LinkedIn accounts using leaked credentials to gain verification. They target genuine software engineers to appear credible, he said, urging firms to report suspicious job applications to the authorities.

Mr Schmidt warned employers to look out for indicators of fraudulent North Korean job applications, including incorrectly formatted phone numbers and mismatched education histories.

In June, the US government said it had uncovered 29 "laptop farms" that were being operated illegally across the country by North Korean IT workers.

They used stolen or forged identities of Americans to help North Korean nationals get jobs in the US, said the Department of Justice (DOJ).

It also indicted US brokers who had helped secure jobs for the North Korean operatives.

In July, a woman from Arizona was sentenced to more than eight years in jail for running a laptop farm to help North Korean IT workers secure remote jobs at more than 300 US companies.

The DOJ said the scheme generated more than $17m (£12.6m) in illicit gains for her and Pyongyang.

自我膨胀与权力集中:特朗普将“帝王式总统”推向新高度

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自我膨胀与权力集中:特朗普将“帝王式总统”推向新高度

PETER BAKER
重返白宫的第一年里,特朗普毫不掩饰地对皇室排场的模仿,正如他以近乎不受约束的权力按个人喜恶改造美国政府与社会那般。
重返白宫的第一年里,特朗普毫不掩饰地对皇室排场的模仿,正如他以近乎不受约束的权力按个人喜恶改造美国政府与社会那般。 Haiyun Jiang/The New York Times
上个月在白宫接待沙特阿拉伯王储时,特朗普可谓使出了浑身解数。在正式白宫访问的传统排场之外,他又加上了一些更为奢华的点缀:一场激动人心的军机飞行表演,黑马仪仗队,还在东厅举行的盛大晚宴上用华贵的长桌取代了传统的圆桌。
在留意观察的白宫资深人士眼中,这些非同寻常的安排透着些许熟悉。仅仅两个月前,在接待特朗普的国事访问时,英国国王查尔斯三世同样安排了激动人心的军机飞行表演、黑马仪仗队,以及温莎堡圣乔治大厅盛大晚宴上的华贵长桌。
重返白宫的第一年里,特朗普毫不掩饰地对皇室排场有样学样,正如他以近乎不受约束的权力按个人喜恶改造美国政府与社会那般。无论仪式排场还是政策上,特朗普都确立了一种新的、更为大胆的“帝王式总统”,其程度甚至远超半个世纪前因理查德·尼克松而被广泛讨论的那种模式。
他已不再像第一任期那样有所克制,或受到制约。特朗普2.0就是全面释放的特朗普1.0。从椭圆形办公室里的金色装饰拆除东翼改建巨型宴会厅,从政府建筑乃至肯尼迪表演艺术中心布满他的姓名肖像到将个人生日定为国家公园免费开放日——这一切都显示出一种个人自我膨胀与权力集中的趋势,而国会或最高法院几乎没有形成有效制衡。
在美国殖民者推翻国王、建立共和国将近250年后,这或许是这个国家在总体和平时期最接近君主式集权的时刻。特朗普自行其是地重新解读宪法修正案架空国会设立的机构和部门。他向私营机构发号施令。他把军队派上美国街头,并在加勒比海对非军事船只发动未经授权的战争。他公然将执法行为用于其幕僚长所称的“清算宿敌”,向亲信盟友滥施赦免,并将批评等同于可判处死刑的叛乱行为
特朗普在白宫宴请沙特王储,其排场与他与英国国王查理三世会面时如出一辙。
特朗普在白宫宴请沙特王储,其排场与他与英国国王查理三世会面时如出一辙。 Kenny Holston/The New York Times
特朗普对总统职权的重塑已深刻改变了华盛顿的权力平衡,这种影响或许将延续至他离任之后。权力一旦被某个政府部门攫取,便鲜有自愿归还。曾经震惊体制的举动终将被视为常态。尽管其他总统也曾试探权力边界,但特朗普已径直冲破界限,并挑战任何阻止他的力量。
乔治·华盛顿大学政治史学家马修·达莱克指出:“他的第二任期在许多方面不仅意味着对总统规范与预期的背离,更是75年来总统权力持续扩张的顶峰。”
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这同样也是特朗普在两个任期之间四年筹划的结果。上一次执政时,他还是一名政治新手,不了解政府如何运作,身边是试图约束其极端想法的幕僚。而这一次,他带着完成第一任期未竟之业的计划上任,并配备了一支志同道合、忠诚于他的团队,决心重塑这个国家。
“总统这次上任时非常清楚自己想做什么,”特朗普的长期顾问杰森·米勒说。“总统现在已经有了四年的执政经验。他非常清楚一切如何运转。他了解所有国际参与者,也了解所有国内关键人物。他知道第一次执政时哪些战略和战术奏效,哪些行不通。”
强与弱
总统职位是一个鲜活的有机体,由具体执掌它的人塑造而成——无论是像安德鲁·杰克逊和西奥多·罗斯福那样自诩为行动派的人物,还是像德怀特·D·艾森豪威尔那样的父亲式形象,抑或是林登·B·约翰逊那样的立法高手,或是罗纳德·里根和贝拉克·奥巴马那样极具感染力的沟通者。它不仅仅是宪法第二条各个款项的总和,而是一个不断演进的体系,以适应复杂多变的世界所带来的种种挑战。
特朗普将总统职权披在身上,如同披着一件斗篷。权力是他第二个任期的主题。表面上,他否认自己有君主野心。“我不是国王,”在10月数百万美国人走上街头参加“No Kings(不要国王)”示威后,他这样表示。但与此同时,他又在欣然接受这种类比——部分是为了嘲讽批评者,但显然也因为他乐于接受这种说法。
他和团队曾发布多张他身着君主服饰的图片,包括一幅由人工智能生成的插图:他头戴王冠、驾驶标有“KING TRUMP(特朗普国王)”的战斗机,向抗议者倾倒粪便。当韩国人送给他一顶古代金冠的复制品时,他很高兴。“国王万岁!”他在社交媒体上这样写道。
6月,俄勒冈州波特兰市举行的“不要国王”示威活动。这是今年全国各地为抗议特朗普的君主制倾向而举行的多场示威活动之一。
6月,俄勒冈州波特兰市举行的“不要国王”示威活动。这是今年全国各地为抗议特朗普的君主制倾向而举行的多场示威活动之一。 Jordan Gale for The New York Times
在支持者眼中,特朗普对巨大权力的主张令人振奋而非不安。在他们看来,美国正在衰落,只有强腕才能撼动自由派“觉醒”的深层政府。在他们看来,这一体系压迫普通美国人,却让不受欢迎的移民、街头罪犯、全球主义富豪、低素质的少数族裔以及脱离现实的精英阶层受益。那些难以维持生计、或难以适应社会急剧变化的选民已经两次给予特朗普机会,希望他兑现瓦解陈规旧制的政治运作的承诺,并回应他们的诉求。
而在批评者看来,特朗普自恋、粗俗、腐败,是美国民主的威胁。他利用总统职位为自己和家人牟利,玷污了美国在全球的形象,试图抹去非裔美国人的真实历史,并推行了一系列伤害其宣称所代表群体的政策。
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所有人都认同的是,特朗普正以前所未有的方式主宰政治格局。他只手设定议程,并将自己的意志强加于整个体制之上。与此同时,他也是自民意调查出现以来持续不受欢迎程度最高的总统。根据盖洛普民意调查,在他参与的三次总统选举以及在他两次任期内的任何一天中,他从未获得过多数美国人的支持。
目前,他在盖洛普民调中的支持率为36%,低于所有当代经选举产生的总统在执政第一年结束时的水平,甚至低于他首个任期同期的数字(39%),也比排名比倒数第二的总统(小约瑟夫·R·拜登,43%)低七个百分点。如果只与连续执政两届的总统相比,特朗普的支持率仍低于他们几乎所有人在执政第五年结束时的支持率,唯一的例外是尼克松——在水门事件风暴中其支持率暴跌至29%。
一些批评者预测,特朗普的不受欢迎将开始侵蚀他的权力。“国会共和党人一直站在他身后,这很惊人,”在特朗普的第一任期与其决裂的亚利桑那州前共和党参议员杰夫·弗莱克说。“但我认为这种情况正在改变。有些不是勇气之举,而是看到近期的选举结果后意识到中期选举将非常艰难。”
特朗普的盟友认为这是批评者的一厢情愿。米勒称当前民调只是“暂时波动”,一旦今年早些时候通过的减税政策在2026年第一、二季度生效,民调将反弹。他说,“一旦经济像所有人预测的那样在第一、二季度飙升,一切都会迅速回升。”
绕过限制
共和国伊始,总统们就已经在试探权力边界,尤其在战时最为激进。亚伯拉罕·林肯甚至在战场之外暂停人身保护令,并在叛乱地区解放奴隶。伍德罗·威尔逊起诉一战批评者,并实质审查部分报纸。富兰克林·D·罗斯福拘禁了超过10万日裔,包括美国公民。大多数情况下,战争结束且安全得到恢复后,权力天平会在一定程度上回摆。
在近现代,“帝王式总统”这一概念因1973年历史学家小阿瑟·M·施莱辛格出版的同名书籍而广为人知。施莱辛格曾在约翰·F·肯尼迪的白宫工作。他认为,在尼克松拒绝拨付国会批准的特定款项、秘密轰炸柬埔寨、窃听对手并利用政府追捕敌人的情况下,总统职位“已经失控,急需重新定义和约束”。
1970年,理查德·尼克松总统在新闻发布会上发表讲话。“帝王式总统”一词因用来形容他的执政风格而广为流传。
1970年,理查德·尼克松总统在新闻发布会上发表讲话。“帝王式总统”一词因用来形容他的执政风格而广为流传。 Mike Lien/The New York Times
在水门事件期间,制衡体系最终重新确立。最高法院一致裁定尼克松交出罪证录音带,国会两党联盟推动弹劾总统,促使其辞职。从尼克松任期末开始,国会接连通过旨在限制行政权的新法案,涵盖战争权力、扣押、窃听和政府操守。
一些人认为,水门事件后的改革在只有一届任期的杰拉尔德·R·福特和吉米·卡特后过度削弱了总统权力。罗纳德·里根和乔治·W·布什以不同方式重新增强总统权力,尤其是在外交政策和国家安全领域。奥巴马让童年时期非法入境的移民免于遣返拜登单方面试图免除4000亿美元学生贷款债务,这都是权力的进一步扩张,但这四位总统都遭遇法院和国会的阻击,且都没有像特朗普走得那么远。
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“人们对尼克松做的一些事情感到不安,但相比特朗普完全失控的行为,那些简直是小巫见大巫,”长期研究白宫历史的记者和历史学家、阿瑟·施莱辛格之子罗伯特·施莱辛格说道。
“即便是尼克松也明白界限的存在,在试图突破时仍会小心翼翼,”施莱辛格补充道。“而特朗普对界限不感兴趣。无论是有意策略还是无意识的狡黠,他如此公开行事的方式在某种程度上使越界行为常态化了。”
依托盟友在他四年失权期间制定的“2025计划”蓝图,特朗普重返白宫后颁布了大量行政命令,让这位追求即时满足的总统省去了国会谈判的漫长过程。今年迄今,特朗普已签署约225项行政命令,几乎是过去四分之三世纪里任何一位总统在执政第一年所签署命令的三倍。
米勒认为,团队更具凝聚力。他说,“少了很多闲人或多余角色,这个白宫就是为了做事。”
但一些共和党人表示,白宫西翼内缺乏反对声音是有代价的。虽然特朗普如承诺般封锁了边境,并在加沙促成脆弱停火,但他对生活成本问题的看法显得与现实脱节,且在要求公开杰弗里·爱泼斯坦性侵案档案的两党联盟面前被迫让步。
“如果你生活在泡泡里,有时会被现实打个措手不及,”少数会偶尔批评特朗普的在任共和党人、来自内布拉斯加州的众议员唐·培根说道。“我不确定他是否听到这种反馈。第一任期时,他身边有人会说:‘总统先生,我知道您的意思,但这是我的想法。’而现在,基本上都是唯唯诺诺的人。”
特朗普在白宫召开内阁会议。在其第二个任期内,特朗普身边都是对他忠心耿耿的拥护者。
特朗普在白宫召开内阁会议。在其第二个任期内,特朗普身边都是对他忠心耿耿的拥护者。 Doug Mills/The New York Times
帝王还是岌岌可危?
一年接近尾声之际,已经出现了对不受约束权力的抵制迹象。一名法官驳回了特朗普政府对总统的政敌莱蒂西亚·詹姆斯和詹姆斯·B·科米的两项起诉,两大陪审团也拒绝重新起诉莱蒂西亚·詹姆斯。国会通过立法要求公开爱泼斯坦档案,此外还通过一项法案,要求国防部长皮特·海格塞斯交出对所谓毒贩船只的第二次打击的视频,否则将扣减其25%的差旅预算
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如果民主党在明年中期选举获胜,他们必将利用新获得的权力进一步反击特朗普。弗莱克等人预测,甚至一些共和党人也会在初选挑战者报名截止后开始发声。最高法院也可能在关税和出生公民权问题上限制特朗普。
弗吉尼亚大学米勒中心的总统历史学家拉塞尔·莱利承认,美国扩张总统权力的历史源远流长。但他补充说,“一旦战争或经济危机过去,我们同样有将总统重新塞回宪法框架的稳定表现。”
这些历史“有力地表明,我们今天看到的不会持久”。敢打包票吗?“我尚无足够智慧解答这个问题。”

Peter Baker是《纽约时报》首席白宫记者。特朗普是他报道的第六任美国总统,有时他也撰写将总统和美国政府置于更宏观的背景和历史框架下的分析性文章。

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Poll: America’s allies say the US creates more problems than it solves

Unreliable. Creating more problems than solving them. A negative force on the world stage. This is how large shares of America's closest allies view the U.S., according to new polling, as President Donald Trump pursues a sweeping foreign policy overhaul.

Pluralities in Germany and France — and a majority of Canadians — say the U.S. is a negative force globally, according to new international POLITICO-Public First polling. Views are more mixed in the United Kingdom, but more than a third of respondents there share that dim assessment.

Near-majorities in all four countries also say the U.S. tends to create problems for other countries rather than solve them.

The findings offer a snapshot of how Trump’s reshaping of U.S. foreign policy — including through an expansive trade agenda, sharp rhetoric toward longtime allies and reoriented military posture — is resonating across some of Washington's closest allies.

When asked whether the U.S. supports its allies around the world or challenges them, a majority of Canadians say the latter, as well as just under half of respondents in Germany and France. In the U.K., roughly 4 in 10 say the U.S. challenges, rather than supports, its allies, more than a third say it cannot be depended on in a crisis, nearly half say it creates problems for other countries, and 35 percent say the U.S. is a negative force overall.

Trump has blurred traditional lines of global alliances during his first year back in office, particularly in Canada and Europe. He called Europe a “decaying” group of nations led by “weak” people in a recent POLITICO interview and his sweeping National Security Strategyargued that the continent has lost its “national identities and self-confidence."

By contrast, the strategy reserved less scathing language for Russia — even as U.S. allies in Europe gear up for what leaders have called a “hybrid war” with Moscow.

Secretary of State Marco Rubio defended the administration’s approach when asked about European criticisms, saying the transatlantic alliance remains rooted in shared “civilizational” values. “I do think that at the core of these special relationships we have is the fact that we have shared history, shared values, shared civilizational principles that we should be unapologetic about,” Rubio said at a briefing last week.

But as Trump disrupts long-standing relationships, skepticism among allied leaders may be seeping into public sentiment, said Matthew Kroenig, vice president and senior director of the Atlantic Council’s Scowcroft Center for Strategy and Security.

“Public opinion in democracies often reflects elite opinion,” he said. “What you're probably seeing there is that you do have politicians in these countries expressing skepticism about the United States and about the Trump administration, and that's being reflected in the public opinion polling.”

Leaders across Europe and Canada recalibrate under Trump’s foreign policy agenda

That dynamic is playing out across Europe and Canada, as leaders across the countries try to keep the increasingly strained relationships intact.

In Germany, wavering U.S. military support for Ukraine, questions about Washington’s commitment to NATO and Trump's tariff war have added urgency for Chancellor Friedrich Merz to move beyond the country’s long-established limits on defense spending and economic policy. Weeks before taking office, Merz secured a historic spending overhaul that unlocked hundreds of billions of euros for defense and infrastructure investments after years of self-imposed austerity.

“Every foreign policy statement by Trump is followed closely, and often discussed in light of what it may mean for U.S. policy shifts regarding European security issues, such as commitment to NATO, future U.S. troop presence in Europe, and support for Ukraine,” said Dominik Tolksdorf, a transatlantic expert at the German Council on Foreign Relations.

In France, where skepticism toward the U.S. has long run deep, President Emmanuel Macron has pursued personal diplomacy with Trump while using the president’s unpredictability to bolster arguments for greater European strategic autonomy.

“Handing over one’s sovereignty to another power is a mistake — De Gaulle said nothing else,” one high-ranking French military officer, who was granted anonymity to speak candidly, told POLITICO. Another defense official said Trump’s National Security Strategy had increased “awareness that something is not right.”

In the U.K., Trump remains polarizing, but Prime Minister Keir Starmer has largely avoided public confrontation. His priorities now include finalizing a U.K.-U.S. trade deal and coordinating a European response to Trump’s efforts to end the war in Ukraine — without angering the White House, the delicate balance many allied leaders are trying to strike.

Canada, meanwhile, has seen the sharpest deterioration in relations, which have soured amid a punishing trade war and Trump's intermittent rhetoric on annexation.

Flavio Volpe, the president of Canada’s Automotive Parts Manufacturers' Association, described the economic disruption linked to Trump's trade moves. "People lost their jobs — ones they worked their entire lives — and billions of dollars in Canadian capital evaporated in an unexplainable turn away from the bankable post-Cold War balance of power by the White House," he wrote on LinkedIn.

Democrats remain skeptical of the U.S. on the world stage

Overall, Americans still view their country more favorably than their allies do. Nearly half — 49 percent — say the U.S. supports its allies around the world. A majority, 52 percent, say it can be depended on in a crisis, and 51 percent say the U.S. is a positive force globally.

But Democrats — who have displayed deeply pessimistic views about their country since Trump’s return to office — hold far more negative views.

Almost half of voters who backed former Vice President Kamala Harris last year — 47 percent — also say the U.S. is a negative force in the world overall, compared with just 13 percent of Trump voters. Three in four Trump voters say the U.S. is a positive force in the world.

Many Democrats also don’t just express skepticism about the U.S., but view other countries and international blocs as stronger models: 58 percent of Harris voters say the European Union is a positive force in the world, and nearly two-thirds — 64 percent — say the same about Canada, greater than the shares who say the same about the U.S.

"This tracks with our other research on the rapid change of perceptions of the U.S. over the last year,” said Seb Wride, head of polling at Public First. “Americans themselves are not blind to it.”

Prior to the 2024 election, strong majorities of both Democrats and Republicans — 71 percent and 69 percent — said the U.S. was a positive force in the world over the course of its entire history, Public First polling from October of last year found.

Exactly one year later, Democrats have sharply changed their views, with 77 percent of Trump voters still saying the U.S. is positive, compared with just 58 percent of Democrats.

“That's around 1 in 8 Democrats changing their views on the role the U.S. has played in its entire history, in just one year,” said Wride.

Voters who backed Trump last November overwhelmingly view the U.S. in a positive light, but subtle differences emerge within his coalition. Eighty-one percent of self-identifying MAGA Trump voters say the U.S. is a positive force in the world overall, compared with 71 percent of non-MAGA Trump voters. Still, 17 percent of non-MAGA Trump voters say the opposite, that the U.S. is a negative force.

POLITICO’s Matt Honeycombe-Foster contributed reporting from the United Kingdom, Victor Goury-Laffont and Laura Kayali contributed from France, Nette Nöstlinger contributed from Germany and Nick Taylor-Vaisey contributed from Canada. Giselle Ruhiyyih Ewing also contributed.

© Illustration by Anna Wiederkehr/POLITICO (source images via AP)

中国修订治安管理处罚法 私下发送淫秽信息也违法

中国加大传播淫秽信息处罚力度,从明年1月1日起,向好友私下发送淫秽信息也违法。

据《南方日报》报道,明年1月1日起,新修订的《中华人民共和国治安管理处罚法》将正式施行,其中第八十条对传播淫秽信息的处罚规定作出明确细化,加大了处罚力度。

报道称,以往公众存在“私下传播淫秽信息仅属道德问题”的认知误区,新规修订明确纠正这一认知。

新《治安管理处罚法》第八十条明确删除了传播场景的限制,将利用信息网络传播淫秽信息的所有行为均纳入规制范围,无论传播对象是多人还是单人、场景是公开还是私密,只要实施传播行为并被查证属实,即可启动行政处罚程序。

新法明确将“利用信息网络、电话以及其他通讯工具传播淫秽信息”纳入治安处罚范畴,无论传播场景是公开微信群还是私人私聊,只要证据确凿,均可处以10日以上15日以下拘留,可并处5000元(人民币,下同,约914新元)以下罚款;情节较轻的,也将面临五日以下拘留或1000元以上3000元以下罚款。

报道还引述了一个案例。在广东省惠州市龙门县人民法院审理的一宗传播淫秽物品案中,路姓被告人多次使用手机微信账号向自己的微信好友转发淫秽小视频共54个。

法院经审理后认为,路姓被告人法律意识淡薄,利用互联网和移动通讯终端向他人传播淫秽电子信息,虽然不是以牟利为目的,但行为侵害了社会主义道德风尚和良俗,产生了社会危害性,已触犯刑律,构成传播淫秽物品罪。

这一消息在互联网上引起争议。有网友认为,新法管得过宽了,“夫妻之间发个情趣图片也要抓吗?”;还有网民担忧网络监控无处不在,“你和别人的私密聊天内容,在监管那里都是透明的。”

《环球时报》前总编辑胡锡进也发微博称,要防止片面、歪曲解读新修订的《治安管理处罚法》,反对在司法实践中过度定义传播淫秽信息,“夫妻之间、情侣之间点对点发信息示爱、调情,不应被列入‘传播淫秽信息’的范畴。那太过了。”“性有善恶之分,没有对性的兴趣,生育如何提高?”

胡锡进认为,从《南方日报》的报道看,更像是司法实践中的问题,是层层加码的结果。

直播间出现大量色情内容 快手:遭黑灰产攻击

中国短视频平台快手上出现大量色情内容,快手称,平台遭到黑灰产攻击,已报警。

据红星新闻报道,很多网友星期一(12月22日)晚反映,快手直播间出现大量色情内容,包括播放淫秽影片、主播擦边低俗表演等,有的直播间观看人数上万。

北京公安局海淀分局接线工作人员表示,目前已接到多个群众报案,正在了解相关情况。

快手方面回应称,星期一晚上10时左右,平台遭到黑灰产攻击,目前已紧急处理修复中,平台坚决抵制违规内容,相应情况已上报给相关部门,并向公安机关报警。

US regulator approves pill form of Wegovy weight-loss drug

Reuters White boxes of Ozempic and Wegovy made by Novo Nordisk are seen at a pharmacy Reuters

The US Food and Drug Administration has approved a pill version of the weight-loss drug Wegovy, according to maker Novo Nordisk.

It marks a first in this new era of weight-loss medications with Wegovy being the only so far to gain approval for the pill version of their GLP-1 drug, which has only been available as an injection.

Wegovy's Danish makers Novo Nordisk said the once-daily pill was a "convenient option" to the inject-able and would provide the same weight loss as the shot. It comes after Wegovy was approved by the FDA specifically for weight loss.

Others like Ozempic, which has similar weight-loss effects, were primarily approved for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes.

The BBC has contacted the FDA for comment.

This breaking news story is being updated and more details will be published shortly. Please refresh the page for the fullest version.

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Trump unveils plans for 'Golden Fleet' battleships named after himself

Watch: Trump announces new class of Navy battleships

President Donald Trump has announced that the US will commission a new series of heavily armed Navy "battleships" named after himself, as part of a revamped "Golden Fleet".

Construction on the Trump Class USS Defiant ships, which will be equipped to carry an array of weapons, is expected to begin soon, with Trump saying they will be operational in two-and-a-half years.

The announcement is part of a larger planned expansion of the US Navy by President Trump in both manned and unmanned vessels, including larger missile-armed warships and smaller vessels.

Officials have warned that the US currently lags behind China in both shipbuilding capacity and total output.

Speaking at his Mar-a-Lago golf club in Florida alongside defence secretary Pete Hegseth, Secretary of State Marco Rubio and Secretary of the Navy John Phelan on Monday, Trump said he approved the construction of two new battleships to start, with a plan to build up to 25.

"They'll be the fastest, the biggest, and by far, 100 times more powerful than any battleship ever built," Trump said.

Once completed, Trump said the armed vessels would be equipped to carry hypersonic and "extremely lethal" weapons, and would be the flagships of the US Navy.

Trump, who spoke while flanked on both sides with posters of renderings of the "Trump class" ships, said the vessels would be built domestically, and their construction would create "thousands" of jobs.

Reuters Donald Trump speaking at a podium in Mar-a-Lago. He is wearing a dark navy blue suit with a bright red tie. Behind him is Secretary of State Marco Rubio. Beside him is a big photo featuring a rendering of Trump Class USS Defiant. Hie is standing in a room with ornate, gold accents behind him. Reuters
Trump said he approved the construction of two new battleships to start, with a plan to build up to 25

In a recent interview with the Wall Street Journal, Phelan said that Trump had specifically asked for a "big, beautiful" battleship-type vessel as part of the fleet, which will also include dozens of support and transport vessels.

On 19 December, another new set of vessels, based on the US Coast Guard's Legend-class National Security Cutter, were announced by the US Navy.

"Recent operations from the Red Sea to the Caribbean make the requirement undeniable - our small surface combatant inventory is a third of what we have," Chief of Naval Operations Daryl Caudle said in a video statement about the new ships.

"We need more capable blue water small combatants to close the gap and keep our [destroyers] focused on the high-end fight," he added.

Reuters A rendering of the 'Trump Class' USS Defiant is displayed, on the day U.S. President Donald Trump makes an announcement about the Navy's "Golden Fleet", at Mar-a-lago in Palm Beach, Florida, U.S., December 22, 2025.
It shows a big ship with a large American flag waving aboard it, on a sea of water. Behind it is the Statue of Liberty and the New York skyline. Reuters
Trump unveiled a rendering of the Trump Class USS Defiant at an announcement in Mar-a-Lago on Monday

A similar vessel, the Constellatio-class frigate - which Trump approved during his first term in office - was cancelled in 2024 after repeated delays and cost overruns.

Only two ships were reportedly expected to be delivered after approximately $2bn (£1.49bn) was spent on the project.

US officials and defence analysts have repeatedly warned that the US is lagging behind China, its main potential maritime rival, in shipbuilding capacity.

Over 60% of the world's orders this year went to Chinese shipyards, and its navy is already the largest in the world.

Since returning to office in January, Trump has vowed to revive the US shipbuilding industry.

"We used to make so many ships," Trump said in March. "We don't make them very much, but we're going to make them very fast, very soon. It will have a huge impact."

In October, Trump and Finnish President Alexander Stubb penned a deal for the US to purchase 11 Finnish-designed icebreakers, including seven built in the US with Finnish expertise.

The president's announcement also comes as US naval and air assets have surged to the Caribbean amid rising tensions with Venezuela.

The US started attacking vessels in September that were alleged to be carrying drugs, with strikes leaving at least 100 people dead.

Speaking to reporters on Monday, Trump claimed that thousands of American lives had been saved because of the boat strikes by stopping lethal drugs from entering the US.

The attacks have been criticised by some experts, who said they could violate international laws governing armed conflict.

Call of Duty co-creator Vince Zampella dies in California car crash

Variety via Getty Images Vince Zampella at EA's "Battlefield 6" Reveal Celebration held at the Sunset Room on July 31, 2025 in Los Angeles, California.Variety via Getty Images
Vince Zampella in July 2025

Vince Zampella, who co-created the widely-popular video game Call of Duty, has died in a car crash in California, aged 55.

Zampella's death was confirmed by Electronic Arts, which owns Respawn Entertainment, a game studio he co-founded.

The influential video game developer died after his car crashed and caught fire on a highway in Los Angeles on Sunday, US media report.

"This is an unimaginable loss, and our hearts are with Vince's family, his loved ones, and all those touched by his work," a spokesperson for Electronic Arts told the BBC.

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