Post Office campaigner Sir Alan Bates has reached a settlement with the government, more than 20 years after he started campaigning for justice for victims of the Horizon scandal.

Sir Alan led a group of 555 subpostmasters who took part in a landmark legal action against the Post Office.

The sum paid to Sir Alan has not been made public.

Between 1999 and 2015, more than 900 subpostmasters were wrongly prosecuted after the faulty Horizon IT system indicated shortfalls in Post Office branch accounts.

Hundreds more poured their own savings into their branch to make up apparent shortfalls in order to avoid prosecution.

Marriages broke down, and some families believe the stress led to serious health conditions, addiction and even premature death.

A spokesperson for the Department for Business and Trade said: "We pay tribute to Sir Alan Bates for his long record of campaigning on behalf of victims.

"We can confirm that Sir Alan's claim has reached the end of the scheme process and been settled."

The Department has now paid "over £1.2 billion to more than 9,000 victims".

The Post Office/Horizon scandal reached new heights in the public consciousness after Sir Alan's campaign for justice was portrayed in the ITV drama series Mr Bates vs the Post Office.

Earlier this year, Sir Alan accused the government of putting forward a "take it or leave it" offer of compensation amounting to less than half of his claim.

Many victims have previously complained about being forced to accept low offers of compensation, without the benefit of legal help.

Last month, the government announced that all victims who are claiming compensation will now be entitled to free legal advice to help them with their offers.

There are four different compensation schemes, which are aimed at different groups of victims.

Individual eligibility for compensation depends on the particular circumstances of each case.

However, the schemes have been criticised for being too slow and complicated, with many of the worst-affected victims receiving far less than their original claims.

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The very first humans millions of years ago may have been inventors, according to a discovery in northwest Kenya.

Researchers have found that the primitive humans who lived 2.75 million years ago at an archaeological site called Namorotukunan used stone tools continuously for 300,000 years.

Evidence previously suggested that early human tool use was sporadic: randomly developed and quickly forgotten.

The Namorotukunan find is the first to show that the technology was passed down through thousands of generations.

According to Prof David Braun, of George Washington University, in Washington DC, who led the research, this find, published in the journal Nature Communications, provides incredibly strong evidence for a radical shake-up in our understanding of human evolution.

"We thought that tool use could have been a flash in the pan and then disappeared. When we see 300,000 years of the same thing, that's just not possible," he said.

"This is a long continuity of behaviour. That tool use in (humans and human ancestors) is probably much earlier and more continuous than we thought it was."

Archaeologists spent ten years at Namorotukunan uncovering 1,300 sharp flakes, hammerstones, and stone cores, each made by carefully striking rocks gathered from riverbeds. These are made using a technology known as Oldowan and is the first widespread stone tool-making method.

The same kinds of tools appear in three distinct layers. The deeper the layer the further back the snapshot in time. Many of the stones were specially chosen for their quality, suggesting that the makers were skilled and knew exactly what they were looking for, according to the senior geoscientist on the research team, Dr Dan Palcu Rolier of the University of São Paulo in Brazil.

"What we see here in the site is an incredible level of sophistication," he told BBC News.

"These guys were extremely astute geologists. They knew how to find the best raw materials and these stone tools are exceptional. Basically, we can cut our fingers with some of them."

Geological evidence suggests that tool use probably helped these people survive dramatic changes in climate.

The landscape shifted from lush wetlands to dry, fire-swept grasslands and semideserts," said Rahab N. Kinyanjui, senior scientist at the National Museums of Kenya.

These sharp environmental changes would normally force animal populations to adapt through evolution or move away. But the toolmakers in the region managed to thrive by using technology rather than biological adaptation, according to Dr Palcu Rolier.

"Technology enabled these early inhabitants of East Turkana to survive in a rapidly changing landscape - not by adapting themselves, but adapting their ways of finding food."

The evidence of stone tools at different layers shows that for a long and continuous period, these primitive people flew in the face of biological evolution, finding a way of controlling the world around them, rather than letting the world control them.

And this happened at the very beginning of the emergence of humanity, according to Dr Palcu Rolier.

"Tool use meant that they did not have to evolve by modifying their bodies to adapt to these changes. Instead, they developed the technology they needed to get access to the food: tools for ripping open animal carcasses and digging up plants."

There is evidence for this at the site: of animal bones being broken, being cut with these stone tools, which means that through these changes, they were consistently able to use meat as a way of sustenance.

"The technology gives these early inhabitants an advantage, says Dr Palcu Rolier.

"They are able to access different types of foods as environments change, their source of sustenance is changing, but because they have this technology, they can bypass these challenges and access new food."

At around 2.75 million years ago, the region was populated by some of the very first humans, who had relatively small brains. These early humans are thought to have lived alongside their evolutionary ancestors: a pre-human group, called australopithecines, who had larger teeth and a mix of chimpanzee and human traits.

The tool users at Namorotukunan were most likely one of these groups or possibly both.

And the finding challenges the notion held by many experts in human evolution that continuous tool use emerged much later, between 2.4 and 2.2 million years ago, when humans had evolved relatively larger brains, according to Prof Braun.

"The argument is that we're looking at a pretty substantial brain size increase. And so, often the assertion has been that tool use allowed them to feed this large brain.

"But what we're seeing at Namorotukunan is that these really early tools are used before that brain size increase."

"We have probably vastly underestimated these early humans and human ancestors. We can actually trace the roots of our ability to adapt to change by using technology much earlier than we thought, all the way to 2.75 million years ago, and probably much earlier."

On Saturday night a train from Doncaster bound for London was dramatically diverted after an alarm was raised on board. A man armed with a large knife, who is believed to have joined the train at Peterborough, carried out a vicious attack on multiple victims. Within 20 minutes a suspect had been arrested in Cambridgeshire, more than 70 miles from the train's intended destination of King's Cross in London.

Eleven people were treated in hospital, where one person remains in a stable but critical condition. The BBC has spoken to train passengers and stabbing victims alongside video and police statements to build a picture of how the attack and the emergency response unfolded.

'You need to run, you need to run'

The attack started just over an hour after the LNER train left Doncaster. At 19:29 it had pulled out of Peterborough station, where the suspect had apparently boarded. Just five minutes later the alarm was pulled near the middle of the train in coach J.

Amira Ostalski and a friend, both students at Nottingham University, had got on the train at the previous stop of Grantham and were travelling to London to "have some fun".

Amira was seated watching a film when she saw a man in a white shirt leap out of his seat about five rows in front of her followed by screams of "knife, knife". Amira then spotted a man holding a large kitchen knife and fled towards the rear of the train with her friend.

In the next carriage, coach H, YouTuber Olly Foster heard shouts of "run, run, there's a guy literally stabbing everyone", and initially thought it was a Halloween prank. But as passengers began pushing through the carriage Olly could see "blood all over the chair" he had leaned on, covering his hand in blood.

Olly then saw an older man, thought to be an LNER staff member, who "blocked" the attacker from stabbing a younger girl, leaving him with a gash on his head and neck.

Nottingham Forest fan Joe, 24, was not meant to be on the train. He had watched the team's football match against Manchester United earlier and missed a connecting train in Grantham.

Joe was texting his friends about his plans for the night when people came rushing through the carriage. "You need to run, you need to run," someone told Joe. He started running but when he turned to look behind him saw "a tall black male" holding "a bloodied knife".

Matt Kingston took his headphones out as he saw a group of people heading his way in coach H and also began running down the train. Another Nottingham Forest fan Alistair Day, 58, was next to the train's cafe bar in coach G, and saw people fleeing down the train with blood on their clothes.

Sheltering inside the cafe

The train's cafe bar transformed into an impromptu hiding space for those fleeing the attacker. Alistair said he saw around a dozen people inside this enclosed buffet counter in coach G and they were "trying to close up the shutters" to protect themselves from the assailant. Matt had managed to get inside the booth with the others.

Alistair saw the man near the door waving a knife and trying to open the shutters, which by then had been locked. A video he provided to the BBC from inside the cafe bar shows multiple passengers inside, with at least one on the phone to emergency services. Alistair and another witness, Tom McLaughlan, told the BBC they saw a Nottingham Forest fan move to confront the attacker. "He wasn't the biggest guy. We tried to stop him," Alistair said.

It appears they were referring to Stephen Crean who later told the BBC the man pulled out a large knife when he confronted him outside the cafe bar. "He's gone for me and there was a tussle in the arms and that's where my hand, the fingers are really bad, four cuts through them, sliced. And then he raised it and must have caught me when I was ducking and diving and caught me on the head."

Stephen said he had been trying to give another passenger time to close the door to the cafe bar. "That door still wasn't shut behind me, because I could still see him struggling to close it. So until I knew it was I wasn't moving away from it."

Matt said the attacker then walked past the locked door while waving the knife around. "He then returned back up the train and passed us again." At that point a young man told Matt he'd been stabbed in the chest "so I helped with putting pressure on the wound and helped hold him up".

Another victim of the train attack was Scunthorpe United footballer Jonathan Gjoshe, who was slashed across the bicep and later needed an operation.

Alarm raised and train diverted

As soon as the alarm was raised the train driver, Andrew Johnson, a Royal Navy veteran, sprang into action and contacted the control centre. The decision was made to divert the train, which was travelling at 125mph (201km/h), to a slow track, which allowed it stop at Huntingdon Station just minutes after the emergency services were first called.

The East of England Ambulance Service received the first emergency call at 19:38. A minute later, Cambridgeshire police received a report about multiple stabbings on a train. Together, they mobilised a response team outside Huntingdon Station, just under 300m away from the police force's headquarters. At 19:41 the train arrived at the station, a minute before British Transport Police were also called to the incident.

Escape at Huntingdon Station

CCTV footage captured by a business in its car park shows passengers running up platform two towards the main station building. A dramatic TikTok video, filmed from a bridge on Brampton Road overlooking the rail tracks and station, shows police officers running towards the train along the same platform.

Tom saw two men who appeared to have been stabbed "covered in blood" as he fled the train. Alistair said he saw a man who had been in the cafe bar with him being carried towards an ambulance by paramedics. "I just want to know he's okay," he said.

Emergency services took 10 people to hospital where a further victim was treated. Six patients have since been discharged.

The LNER staff member who remains in a critical but stable condition "undoubtedly saved people's lives" by trying to stop the attacker, British Transport Police said.

Forced to flee again

CCTV footage shows a man climbing a fence at the station at 19:43 to an adjacent car park while holding a knife.

Amira, who had been hiding at the back of coach G armed with a metal tray to fight off the attacker if necessary, had run to the car park with her friend for safety when they got off the train.

But they saw the man walk in their direction. Fearing for their lives, they hid in a taxi. An image captured by Amira's friend through its windscreen shows the man being detained by six police officers near several bins in the car park, around 50m (160ft) from the fence.

Video filmed from a separate taxi nearby shows the officers armed with guns, Tasers and accompanied by a dog detaining a man on the ground. Clicks from the Taser are audible in the footage.

By 19:50 police had two men in custody, 32-year-old Anthony Williams, and a 35-year-old man who was released a day later after police established he was not involved. On Monday morning Williams appeared in court charged with 10 counts of attempted murder over the train attack.

Additional reporting by Adam Durbin.

Dick Cheney, who has died at the age of 84, had a glittering - if controversial - career in American public life.

He served as President Gerald Ford's White House chief of staff in the 1970s, before spending a decade in the House of Representatives.

President George H. W. Bush made him defence secretary during the first Gulf War and the US invasion of Panama.

In 2001, Cheney became one of the most powerful vice presidents in history.

He was a key architect of President George W. Bush's 'War on Terror' after the 9/11 terrorist attacks, and an early advocate of the invasion of Iraq.

But, in his final years, he became a bitter critic of the Republican party under the leadership of President Donald Trump.

"In our nation's 248-year history, there has never been an individual who is a greater threat to our republic," Cheney said.

Richard Bruce Cheney was born in Lincoln, Nebraska, on 30 January 1941.

His father worked for the US Department of Agriculture, while his mother had been a successful softball player in the 1930s.

When he was 13, his family moved to Casper, an oil town in Wyoming. In 1959, Cheney entered Yale on a scholarship, but failed to graduate.

He confessed that he fell in with “some kindred souls, young men like me who were not adjusting very well [to Yale] and shared my opinion that beer was one of the essentials of life.”

He went on to gain a Master's degree in political science from the University of Wyoming but - like his future boss, George W. Bush, he continued to party.

In his early 20s, Cheney was twice convicted of drink driving. The incidents focused his mind on the future.

"I was headed down a bad road if I continued on that course," he said.

In 1959, when he became eligible to be drafted for military service, Cheney made the most of every legal avenue to avoid putting on a uniform.

He obtained a string of deferments, first so that he could finish his college course and then when his new wife, Lynne became pregnant.

"I don't regret the decisions I made," he said later. "I complied fully with all the requirements of the statutes, registered with the draft when I turned 18. Had I been drafted, I would have been happy to serve."

Surprisingly this did not become a major campaign issue when he was running for the Vice-Presidency, even after Cheney questioned the ability of the Democratic presidential candidate, Senator John Kerry - himself a Vietnam veteran - to serve as commander in chief.

Dick Cheney's first taste of Washington came in 1968 when he worked for William Steiger, a young republican representative from Wisconsin.

Legend has it that he caught the eye of Donald Rumsfeld, former defence secretary, then about to take over at the Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO) under President Richard Nixon.

Rumsfeld mentored Cheney, first in the OEO, and then in the Ford White House.

When Gerald Ford made Rumsfeld his defence secretary in 1975, Cheney found himself chief of staff at the White House. He was just 34 years old.

Eschewing the standard limousine for his battered VW Beetle, Dick Cheney proved a popular and approachable master of ceremonies.

"He made the system run," said Brent Scowcroft, Ford's national security adviser. "Everybody had access to the president, but it was smooth, orderly. He didn't try to be a deputy president."

When Ford lost the presidency in 1976, Cheney returned to Wyoming and stood for its House of Representatives seat.

But, weeks into the campaign and smoking three packets of cigarettes a day, he had the first of his many heart attacks.

While he was recuperating, Lynne continued to campaign on his behalf - and Cheney was returned with an impressive 59% of the vote.

During his decade in the House, he gained himself the reputation as a drier-than-dry conservative, enthusiastically supporting Ronald Reagan's huge Cold War increases in defence spending.

More controversially, he opposed the release of Nelson Mandela from jail and was one of only 21 congressmen to vote against the prohibition of armour-piercing "cop killer" bullets.

Early in 1989, he was given the chance of higher office when President George H. W. Bush's nominee for defence secretary, Senator John Tower, was forced to withdraw amid allegations of heavy drinking and womanising.

Bush needed a congressman with a good reputation to take over at the Pentagon. He chose Dick Cheney and the Senate approved the choice without opposition.

Cheney's years at defence were some of the most momentous since the end of World War Two. The Berlin Wall and the Soviet empire collapsed and the United States was left to rethink its whole doctrine.

Although hawkish by nature, he oversaw a huge post-Cold War reduction in the military budget - where the number of servicemen and women fell from 2.2 million to 1.8 million.

Most of all, though, his time at the Pentagon will be remembered for the 1991 Gulf War with Iraq.

He took the lead in advocating military force against Saddam Hussein, whose troops had invaded Kuwait.

He persuaded Saudi Arabia's King Fahd to allow the deployment of more than 400,000 United States troops on his territory in the lead-up to Operation Desert Storm.

Dick Cheney flew to Riyadh to plan the attack with his generals. After a five week air campaign, coalition forces began a ground war.

Within 100 hours, Iraq's army had been routed.

Generals Colin Powell and Norman Schwarzkopf received the ticker-tape parades. But Dick Cheney, as much as his soldiers, deserved credit for the success of Desert Storm.

Bill Clinton's presidential election victory in 1992 saw Cheney leave Washington once again.

This time he became CEO of Halliburton, a huge multinational company that is a leading supplier of equipment to the oil industry. There he remained, until summoned back to public life by George Bush Jnr.

Initially, he was asked to chair the search for someone to be vice president. But, having reviewed his recommendations, the young presidential candidate asked Dick Cheney if he would join him on the ticket.

After the attacks on 11 September 2001, Cheney was isolated from the president for a number of weeks - taken to an "undisclosed location" - in order to secure the succession if George W. Bush should be killed.

He was a leading advocate of US military action in both Afghanistan and Iraq. He insisted that Saddam Hussein was hiding weapons of mass destruction, and saw his defeat as the finishing of old business.

Cheney was a strong supporter of waterboarding captured terrorist suspects, declaring himself to be a "strong proponent of our enhanced interrogation techniques".

But it was his close links to, and long experience in Congress which made him a new type of vice-president. Cheney kept offices in the Capitol building as well as near the commander-in-chief, so as to be at the heart of the legislative process.

He played an influential role in keeping Bush's tax policies conservative, and rolling back environmental protections that were hampering American businesses.

Cheney had the ear of the president at all times and was never slow in using his privileged access to by-pass other senior members of the administration.

He did so to some effect in 2001, when he persuaded Bush to sign an order stripping captured foreign terrorist suspects of their legal rights.

This was to the anger of the Secretary of State, Colin Powell who first heard about the decision when it was broadcast on the news channel, CNN.

In October 2002, and later in July 2007, while President Bush was undergoing medical procedures, Cheney became acting president for a few hours under the terms of the 25th Amendment.

But his inability to shepherd legislation through Congress brought accusations that Mr Cheney was a liability.

And, even though George W Bush said that he would retain his running mate for 2004, there was pressure in Republican circles to dump him.

The president stood firm and Cheney played a central role in the decisive victory against John Kerry and his running mate John Edwards.

There was one exception to his conservatism which emerged during the campaign.

He opposed a constitutional ban on gay marriage - supported by President Bush - because his daughter Mary was a lesbian.

Cheney announced that - although the final decision should be left to individual states - he was personally in favour of marriage equality. "Freedom means freedom for everyone," he said.

His reputation became damaged when it emerged that Halliburton had won the contract to restore Iraq's oil industry, and that he was to receive $500,000 in deferred compensation from the company.

More controversy was to follow. In 2005, his former chief of staff Lewis "Scooter" Libby was indicted on charges relating to the leaking of a CIA agent's identity to the press.

And in 2006, after intense pressure from politicians and the media, Cheney was forced to take responsibility for accidentally shooting a hunting companion.

Harry Whittington, 78, was left with 30 pellets in his body, leading to a minor heart attack. Mr Cheney later called the incident "one of the worst days of my life".

The unfortunate episode became fodder for US late-night comedians and was seized upon by opponents as a damaging political metaphor - showing Cheney blasting away at the wrong target.

The vice president also grew worried that terrorists might try and assassinate him, by sending an electronic signal to his pacemaker - having seen a fictional version of this plot on the TV series, Homeland.

"I was aware of the danger that existed," he late wrote. "I knew from the experience we had and the necessity for adjusting my own device that it was an accurate portrayal of what was possible."

The pacemaker was taken out and replaced with one that had no connection to wifi.

After eight-years as vice-president, the man widely seen as the architect of President Bush's "war on terror" left office in January 2009.

He became a critic of the Obama administration's national security policies, opposing plans to close the US detention centre in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba.

He lashed out at his vice presidential successor, Joe Biden, calling him "dead wrong" for saying another attack on the scale of 11 September 2001 was unlikely.

After a full heart transplant in 2012, he remained an active political figure. And, despite decades working for Republican presidents, he became a bitter opponent of President Donald Trump.

Having initially endorsed him in 2016, Cheney was appalled by allegations of Russian interference in the presidential election and Trump's seemingly casual attitude towards Nato.

He supported his older daughter, Liz, as she became a leading Republican 'never Trump' in the House of Representatives - and condemned the refusal to accept the result of the 2020 election.

Dick Cheney later published a statement that he would vote for Kamala Harris in the 2024 presidential election.

It was an action that guaranteed that he will be remembered with mixed emotions on both sides of the political aisle.

For years, Cheney was a hero to the Republican right for his forthright manner and dry-as-dust ideological beliefs - and reviled by the left, who accused him of working for the interests of the oil industry.

But, he ended up supporting gay marriage and a Democratic party presidential candidate - while his frequent attacks on Donald Trump destroyed his relationship with his former party.

The chancellor's pitch: the Budget will be painful, due to the actions of others, but it will be worth it, to tackle debt, help public services and promote growth.

How does that add up?

Rachel Reeves pinned the need for expected tax rises on the actions of previous governments – post-Brexit trading arrangements, austerity – as the underlying reasons for a disappointing assessment by the official forecasters of the economy's productivity.

That productivity has been held back by years of poor investment, and improvements have been slow. Lower productivity means weaker growth in the economy, hitting tax income and affecting assumptions about how much money the chancellor has to find to meet her financial rules.

Reeves also pointed to other external forces - tariffs and supply chain disruption – for the underwhelming performance of growth and inflation.

But some of these were foreseeable. Even if the official assessment is worse than thought, productivity - a measure of the output of the economy per hour worked - has long been problematic.

And when it comes to external factors, President Trump's trade hostilities, for example, are expected to have a very limited impact on growth.

Economists say the chancellor may need tax rises totalling some £30bn to meet her financial rules by a comfortable margin.

Reeves accused past Conservative governments of prioritising political convenience, but her fiscal position also reflects similar actions by her own government.

The public purse is having to find several billions of pounds to fund U-turns over welfare and Winter Fuel Payments.

Analysts, including those at the Bank of England, also point to the chancellor's own tax rises in last year's Budget as hindering growth and employment, and adding to inflation pressures this year.

It was always risky for Reeves to suggest she wouldn't be back for another hefty tax raid. She met her financial rules by only a slim margin last year. The gamble didn't pay off, but it can't just be blamed on ill winds from elsewhere.

It now appears that taxes are going to rise – and significantly. The chancellor argues money is needed to support the extra funding that has been put into public services, but the performance of these services depends on more than just cash.

Official figures indicate that in the year after Labour came to power, the public sector, and in particular healthcare, became less efficient as productivity dropped. There's more work to be done if we're to get bang for our buck.

For the actual detail on which taxes will rise, we'll have to wait until the Budget.

But by skirting around the issue of whether manifesto pledges will be adhered to, while claiming to have inherited a dire environment, the chancellor has stoked speculation that income tax rates may rise.

The pledges of not increasing the main rates of VAT, employee National Insurance Contributions and income tax always seemed risky to economists – the "big three" account for the majority of tax take. But they are also the most visible taxes for the public, and their inclusion in the manifesto made them appear taboo, glass only to be broken in cases of emergency.

A rise in, say, income tax rates may come to pass (perhaps accompanied with a cut in National Insurance to offset the impact on workers). But it may not.

The Budget is still being put together. The door to breaking manifesto pledges may have been deliberately nudged open so that if it doesn't come to pass, then an alternate package of tax rises, however large, would be greeted with relief.

There are a multitude of other options to consider– a levy on banks or the gambling industry, a further freezing of the thresholds at which different rates of taxes on incomes become applicable (so-called fiscal drag), a change in the liability of partnerships for National Insurance and even the tax treatment of pension levies have all been mooted.

And those tax rises will still be substantial, and felt primarily in the pockets of the better off.

Finding tax rises of the tune of £20-£30bn - sucking that amount out of the economy - is impossible without affecting incomes or profits, which risks damaging the outlook for growth.

However big the tax bill, this Budget may not deliver everything the chancellor wishes for.

It has been called the 50-year tax taboo.

It is more than half a century since a chancellor of the exchequer chose to put up the basic rate of income tax.

The chancellor in question was Labour's Denis Healey and the Budget was delivered on 15 April 1975.

Not once since have any of his successors done the same thing.

Five decades later, could Rachel Reeves change all of that in three weeks time?

That was one of the big questions hovering over Downing Street as us reporters headed in almost before dawn for the chancellor's breakfast time speech and news conference.

Tradition dictates that three weeks out from a Budget the air is full of every conceivable voice but the chancellor's. But not this time.

Why?

You can pick your expression of choice: softening up, expectation management, pitch-rolling. They all translate as preparing us for unpopular choices to come.

Reeves volunteering to commandeer the broadcasting apparatus of Downing Street – the specially built news conference room in No 9 – tells you everything about the scale of what she is toying with at the end of the month.

Well, I say everything, not quite. The actual choices, the decisions, including which taxes will go up and by how much, will come at the end of the month.

What we got this morning was the argument, the case for what she will do. One senior figure said to me, think of the news conference as being like the first five pages of the chancellor's speech on Budget Day, in which she sketches out the economic landscape as she sees it before she announces what she is going to do.

On the day itself, reporters tend to gloss over those opening pages afterwards, because the choices are more newsworthy than the argument.

So, the Treasury's rationale goes, Reeves wanted to set out the argument in isolation today, so it does get heard.

In the next three weeks, expect plenty of focus on page 21 of Labour's election manifesto from last year.

Here is what it says, in black and white: "Labour will not increase taxes on working people, which is why we will not increase National Insurance, the basic, higher or additional rates of income tax, or VAT."

It is why I chose to read it out, word for word, to the chancellor – scrutinising their promises on your behalf.

Reeves told me she regarded it as a "courtesy" to you to set out in broad terms the trade offs she is contemplating.

Senior government figures know that driving a coach and horses through that manifesto promise will be visible from space and could be a, if not the defining moment for Sir Keir Starmer and Reeves.

And maybe in the end she won't do it – and be able to say words to the effect of "it wasn't as bad as you thought".

But economists are suggesting that perhaps, given the state of the books, they might have run out of better ideas.

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A rail worker credited with saving multiple lives during a mass stabbing on a train has been named as Samir Zitouni.

The 48-year-old's actions on the Doncaster to London King's Cross service on Saturday evening were described as "nothing short of heroic".

Mr Zitouni remains "critically unwell" but stable in hospital, British Transport Police said.

Anthony Williams, 32, from Peterborough, was charged on Monday with 10 counts of attempted murder.

Ten people on board the LNER train, which stopped at Huntingdon in Cambridgeshire, were taken to Addenbrooke's Hospital in Cambridge.

An eleventh person went to the hospital later.

Six of those have been discharged, four remain in a stable condition.

This breaking news story is being updated and more details will be published shortly. Please refresh the page for the fullest version.

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Far-right activist Tommy Robinson has been found not guilty of a terror offence after not giving police access to his phone in July 2024.

The 42-year-old, who was charged under his real name Stephen Yaxley-Lennon, was stopped by officers at the Channel Tunnel in Folkestone while driving a silver Bentley.

Police became suspicious of Robinson's "vague replies" about his travel plans and demanded access to his iPhone under Schedule 7 of the Terrorism Act 2000.

Westminster Magistrates' Court heard that officers who detained Robinson had "no real recollection" of questions asked during the 40-minute stop on 28 July last year.

The court heard that police failed to record the selection criteria for stopping him and appeared "fundamentally unclear" about the use of their Schedule 7 powers.

The judge said the stop "gave the impression of an arbitrary decision based on who you are" and concluded that "it was actually what you stood for and your beliefs that acted as the principal the reason for the stop."

This breaking news story is being updated and more details will be published shortly. Please refresh the page for the fullest version.

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'I was used to not being liked'

'I would love to be a mum'

A couple who live minutes from Huntingdon Station have described how they sheltered train passengers running away from the knife attack.

One of the six people who knocked on Jan and Les Sears' door had blood on her clothes, while another "was so distraught".

The couple were unaware of the attack on the Doncaster to London King's Cross service on Saturday evening until they found a father and his two children, two friends and a young woman outside their front door.

Mrs Sears said: "We are just everyday people that would help anyone, you can't see someone suffering, someone being frightened, you just help them."

They provided a place of safety until the passengers' relatives arrived to collect them.

Following the attack, Anthony Williams, 32, was arrested and appeared at Peterborough Magistrates' Court charged with 11 counts of attempted murder.

He was also charged with possessing a bladed article and one count of actual bodily harm in connection to an alleged assault on a police officer in custody.

Passengers had been travelling to the capital when the attack happened shortly after the LNER train had passed Peterborough.

Police received the first calls from train passengers about the incident at 19:39 GMT and soon afterwards the train was diverted to Huntingdon, an unscheduled stop on the route.

Emergency services took 10 people to Addenbrooke's Hospital and one person later went to hospital for treatment.

On Saturday evening, the couple said they could hear the doorbell of their flat ringing and Mrs Sears urged her husband to see who was waiting outside.

She said: "Les opened the door and let them in.

"There was six people - a man and his two children and two young girls and a girl on her own - and they were told something had happened on a train and just to run as fast as they could and get as far away as they could."

The couple invited the passengers into their Huntingdon home and offered them something to eat and drink.

Mrs Sears said: "One of the girls had blood on her and she was a bit distressed.

"The dad was very anxious, obviously, he wanted to make sure his children were alright. All he wanted to do was give them a hug."

The couple, however, were unable to see who was outside in the dark and initially thought it might be a prank.

Once he opened the door, Mr Sears said one of the women was unaware she had blood on her clothes and he cleaned it off for her.

He said another of the women was "so distraught" and did not want to be left alone.

Mrs Sears said: "You just don't think, you do it without thinking.

"We were just there at the right time they came here and we had to help them... we didn't do nothing."

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It's Election Day in the US.

This so-called "off year" election doesn't feature presidential or congressional races, but there are still several critical votes to watch tonight.

New York City will choose its next mayor, in a battle that has pitted a younger, progressive Democrat against a member of the party's old guard. The states of Virginia and New Jersey will elect new governors, and the outcome of these contests could be bellwethers for next year's congressional midterm elections.

Californians also will decide whether to redraw their US House district maps in a rare mid-decade redistricting, as Democrats try to counter Republicans' efforts to give their party an advantage in next year's midterm elections.

Here's what you need to know.

New York City mayoral race

All eyes will be on the Big Apple as Zohran Mamdani, a 34-year-old state assemblyman, attempts a political upset in his bid to become New York City's youngest mayor in over a century.

Mamdani, a democratic socialist, shocked the political establishment when he bested former governor Andrew Cuomo in the Democratic primary this summer. Cuomo, undeterred, has continued to campaign as an independent. Meanwhile, Republican Curtis Sliwa has resisted pressure to drop out of the race to clear a path for Cuomo.

• New Yorkers could pick a political newcomer to run their city - and take on Trump
• Trump backs Cuomo for New York City mayor and threatens to cut funding if Mamdani wins
• Who is Zohran Mamdani?

If Mamdani wins, he will become the city's first Muslim mayor. Democrats around the country will be watching to see if his laser-focus on cost-of-living issues like rent, groceries and wages could serve as effective messaging in future races.

Though Mamdani heads into election night with a suggested polling lead, the gap between him and Cuomo has narrowed. In the final stretch of the campaign, Cuomo has hammered Mamdani on crime and public safety, and said the young politician lacks the experience to lead America's biggest city.

California redistricting

California's Democratic leadership is asking voters for permission to redraw the state's congressional districts in the middle of the decade. That's unusual in California, which by law relies on a nonpartisan committee to draw its congressional maps once every decade, based on census data.

However, as Republican-led states like Texas and Missouri seek to hastily redraw their congressional maps to give their party an advantage in the 2026 midterm elections, California Governor Gavin Newsom wants to counter the losses with redistricting in his own state.

California's Proposition 50 would allow the temporary use of new congressional district maps through 2030. The campaign has drawn $158 million in donations, according to the Los Angeles Times, with Democratic proponents vastly outraising the Republican opposition effort.

Republicans in California, who hold only nine of the state's 52 US House seats, staunchly oppose the plan.

A University of California Berkeley/IGS Poll suggests 60% of likely California voters support Proposition 50, while 38% oppose it. The breakdown was highly partisan, with 93% of Democrats saying they would choose "yes" and 91% of Republicans choosing "no."

New Jersey governor's race

New Jersey is considered a blue state, but polls indicate a close race between Democrat Mikie Sherrill and Republican Jack Ciattarelli. It's one of the two governor's races this year that could indicate how Americans feel about the current political climate.

Sherrill currently represents New Jersey's 11th District in Congress, and Ciattarelli is a former state assemblyman.

New Jersey is considered a Democratic-leaning state, but has had Republican governors. The last one, Chris Christie, served two terms between 2010 and 2018.

Rhetoric in the race has been heated. Ciattarelli and his supporters have run political advertisements featuring clips of Sherrill giving halting answers in interviews about her policies.

It also has drawn the attention of nationally known names from both parties. Democratic stars like former president Barack Obama and former transportation secretary Pete Buttigieg have campaigned with Sherrill. President Donald Trump attended a virtual rally for Ciattarelli, and conservative activist Jack Posobiec has backed him.

Virginia governor's race

Virginia's leadership usually swings between Democrats and Republicans, meaning the outcome of this year's gubernatorial election might serve as a bellwether for the electorate's mood.

No matter which candidate succeeds, the state will elect its first female governor this year. Voters will choose between Democrat Abigail Spanberger, a US congresswoman, and Republican Winsome Earle-Sears, the state's current lieutenant governor.

If Earle-Sears wins, she will become the first black woman elected to lead a US state in the nation's history.

Virginia is bordered by the liberal-leaning Washington, DC to the north where many residents work in the nation's capitol or for the federal government. But the state also has deep pockets of conservative voters throughout its rural districts, and swing voters.

Spanberger has highlighted the economic impact of Trump's cuts to the federal government, which have impacted Virginia's employment. Earle-Sears has touted Virginia's economy under Republican leadership. But she also has leaned into cultural topics like transgender issues, which Republicans used successfully as a wedge issue in last year's presidential election.

The Donald Trump factor

Though he's not on the ballot, Trump's name looms over this election.

The New York City mayor's race is how the next leader of the city will deal with the Trump administration, which has meddled in the city's politics. Cuomo is pitching his experience as governor dealing with the first administration as a reason for voters to choose him.

The president has implied that he will penalize the city if voters choose Mamdani.

"It's gonna be hard for me as the president to give a lot of money to New York, because if you have a communist running New York, all you're doing is wasting the money you're sending there," Trump said in a 60 Minutes interview that aired Sunday. (Mamdani is not a communist.)

Trump kicked off the redistricting battle that led California to put Proposition 50 on the ballot, and has endorsed Ciattarelli in the New Jersey governor's race.

Chancellor Rachel Reeves is considering tax rises and spending cuts in the Budget, on 26 November.

In a pre-Budget speech, she said she will make the "necessary choices" for the economy, to bring down NHS waiting lists, the national debt and the cost of living.

Before the 2024 general election, Labour had promised not to increase income tax, National Insurance or VAT for working people.

What happens during the Budget and what time is it?

The chancellor's Budget statement outlines government plans for raising or cutting taxes. It also includes big decisions about spending on public services such as health, schools and police.

The statement is made to MPs in the House of Commons. It usually starts at about 12:30, after Prime Minister's Questions, and lasts for about an hour.

The Leader of the Opposition, Conservative MP Kemi Badenoch, will give an immediate response.

Why is the chancellor expected to put up taxes?

Reeves has confirmed that both tax rises and spending cuts are options.

She needs more money in order to meet her self-imposed "non-negotiable" rules for government finances. The two main rules are:

• Not to borrow to fund day-to-day public spending by the end of this parliament
• To get government debt falling as a share of national income by the end of this parliament

In her pre-Budget speech at the start of November, Reeves said her commitment to these rules was "iron-clad". She pledged to do what is necessary, not what is popular, and refused to rule out tax rises.

The Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS) think tank previously said that Reeves would "almost certainly" have to raise taxes to make up what it estimates will be a £22bn shortfall in the government's finances.

It said this would let the government retain a £10bn buffer to meet the rules, but warned there was a "strong case" for increasing that safety margin.

Separately, the BBC understands the government could be facing a further £20bn hole in the public finances because of fears over the UK's productivity - a measure of how efficiently businesses operate.

• Chris Mason: Could Reeves break a 50-year taboo by raising income tax in her Budget?
• LIVE: Follow updates to the chancellor's pre-Budget speech

What tax changes could be in the Budget?

Income Tax and National Insurance (NI)

The government could extend a freeze on income tax and NI thresholds, which is due to end in 2028.

Freezing the thresholds means that, as salaries rise over time, more people reach an income level at which they start paying tax and NI or qualify for higher tax rates.

Talking to the BBC in September, Reeves did not rule out extending the freeze.

The Resolution Foundation think tank - which has close links to some members of the government - has recommended cutting 2p from the employee NI rate, while adding the same amount to income tax.

Reeves has signalled that she could focus on wealthy individuals, arguing "those with the broadest shoulders should pay their fair share".

She may change the rules for limited liability partnerships (LLPs), which are sometimes used by high earning professionals. The Times reported that making this group pay employers' National Insurance could raise £2bn.

• How could National Insurance and income tax change in the Budget?
• What questions do you have about the Budget?

Help with energy bills

In October, Reeves told the BBC that she would take "targeted action to deal with cost of living challenges" while inflation remains high.

The BBC understands the government could bring down gas and electricity bills by cutting the current 5% rate of VAT charged on energy, or reducing some regulatory costs which suppliers can pass on to customers.

Welfare

The government is under pressure from its own MPs to scrap the two-child limit for benefit uplifts. Currently, households on universal credit get extra support for the first two, but no additional help for subsequent children.

The FT suggests the chancellor is considering measures to tackle child poverty which stop short of abolishing the limit altogether. That would not reduce child poverty by the end of the parliament, according to the Resolution Foundation.

Property taxes

Reports suggest the government may reform property taxes. It could replace stamp duty - a tax buyers pay on properties above a certain value in England and Northern Ireland - with a property tax.

Landlords could have to pay more taxes, and council tax could be replaced.

Some people selling their main residence may have to pay capital gains tax (CGT).

Isa reform

In July, the chancellor ruled out any immediate reform to cash Isas (Individual Savings Accounts).

However, the FT has since reported that she may cut the cash Isa limit from £20,000 to £10,000.

Business taxes

The TUC, the umbrella group for UK trade unions, has called for higher taxes on banks and online gaming companies.

In September, the chancellor told ITV News that "there is a case for gambling firms paying more".

Youth employment guarantee

Also in September, Reeves said that young people who have been out of work for 18 months will be given paid placements to help them secure full-time employment.

Small parcels

The FT has reported that the government may close a tax loophole which UK firms argue gives an unfair advantage to foreign online retailers like Shein.

At the moment, overseas retailers can send packages worth less than £135 to the UK without incurring import duties.

How is the UK economy doing?

The government has repeatedly said that boosting the economy is a key priority.

A growing economy usually means people spend more, extra jobs are created, more tax is paid and workers get better pay rises.

In October, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) forecast that the UK was set to be the second-fastest-growing major economy in 2025. However, it also predicted that the UK will face the highest rate of inflation among G7 nations in 2025 and 2026.

The latest official figures show the UK economy grew by 0.1% in August, after a 0.1% contraction in July. Between June and August, UK GDP grew by 0.3%, down from 0.6% in the previous three months.

Meanwhile, government borrowing - the difference between public spending and tax income - reached £20.2bn in September. That was the highest level seen for the month in five years, driven by an increase in debt interest payments.

Prices are rising faster than expected. Inflation held steady at 3.8% in the year to September - above the Bank of England's 2% target.

In August, the Bank cut interest rates to 4%, the lowest level for more than two years. It acted because of fears that the jobs market was weakening.

It held rates at its next meeting in September, arguing the UK was "not out of the woods" on inflation.

• Why is UK inflation still rising?
• How are interest rates set, and will they fall further?
• Faisal Islam: Stable inflation gives chancellor space to break doom loop

What happens after the Budget speech?

MPs will debate the measures for four days, before voting on them.

If approved, any tax changes in the Budget can come into effect immediately. However, the government must pass a finance bill to make them permanent.

Further details about Budget measures - and what they cost - are published by the Treasury, the government's economic and finance ministry.

The Office of Budget Responsibility (OBR) - which monitors the UK economy - will also release its assessment of the government's plans alongside its latest forecast.

An investigation into allegations that Sheffield Hallam University faced sustained pressure from China to shut down human rights research has been referred to counter-terrorism police.

The BBC and the Guardian newspaper has been reporting that documents show that China had waged a two-year campaign of intimidation and harassment, including demands the university stop sensitive research by one of its professors into claims of forced labour in the Xinjiang region of China.

A South Yorkshire Police spokesperson said the force has referred the investigation on because the "allegations fall under Section 3 of the National Security Act".

Section 3 of the act deals with "assisting a foreign intelligence service".

An offence is committed if someone behaves in a way that "intends that conduct to materially assist a foreign intelligence service in carrying out UK-related activities," or in conduct likely to assist that service.

Internal documents from Sheffield Hallam University were released under a Subject Access Request to Professor Laura Murphy, whose research is alleged to have been targeted.

They showed university staff in China had been threatened by individuals identified as being from China's National Security Service, who demanded the research by Prof Murphy taking place in Sheffield be shut down.

The documents went on to state that "a decision by the university not to publish a final phase of the research on forced labour in China was communicated to the National Security Service... Immediately relations improved and the threat to staff wellbeing appears to be removed".

China is not believed to have an organisation named National Security Service, so it is not clear who the individuals were.

The decision referred to in the documents is alleged to have led to Prof Murphy being told by the university that she could not continue her work on China at the start of this year - then reversing that position after she started legal action for infringement of her academic freedom.

In a statement issued earlier Sheffield Hallam University had apologised to Prof Murphy.

A spokesperson said: "The University's decision to not continue with Professor Laura Murphy's research was taken based on our understanding of a complex set of circumstances at the time, including being unable to secure the necessary professional indemnity insurance."

The insurance for social sciences staff had been suspended by the university's insurers as a Chinese firm had brought a defamation suit against Sheffield Hallam after it was named in a report she produced. That lawsuit is ongoing.

The university spokesperson added: "Following a review, we have since approved Professor Murphy's latest research and are committed to supporting her to undertake and disseminate this important work.

"For the avoidance of doubt, the decision was not based on commercial interests in China.

"Regardless, China is not a significant international student market for the University.

"We have apologised to Professor Murphy and wish to make clear our commitment to supporting her research and to securing and promoting freedom of speech and academic freedom within the law."

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Rare hyena behaviours have been caught on camera, including a mother-to-be trying to steal food from wild dogs and outsmarting rivals by hiding a stolen carcass underwater to mask its scent.

This is just some of the remarkable animal behaviour on display in the new BBC wildlife documentary series, Kingdom, which follows the lives of four rival carnivore families over five years.

​​The scenes include poignant moments as the animals face threats from snare trappings to brutal ambushes and violent territorial battles.

"We could never have written a script like this, only nature could write this script," said executive producer Mike Gunton.

​​Behind the scenes, the Zambia Carnivore Programme works to protect these animals.

​​The team followed four animal families - leopards, hyena, wild dogs and lions - in Zambia's Luangwa Valley, capturing rare moments and revealing the intricate dynamics of life in one of Africa's wildest regions.

Viewers will watch five-day-old lion cubs opening their eyes, alongside dramatic scenes shown in Kingdom for the first time, such as a pack of wild dogs rescuing one of their own from the jaws of a crocodile.

Other wild animals like elephants and baboons also feature in the new series, which is narrated by Sir David Attenborough.

​"Everything about these species has been shaped by millions of years of competition alongside each other," said series producer Felicity Lanchester. "Now…humans are changing that," she added.

Filmmakers and scientific researchers in the region have collaborated behind the scenes as the footage is a valuable source of data, informing conservation strategies.

​​"We got a lot of information that we wouldn't have been able to get otherwise... on topography, diet, movement, births, and deaths,” said Dr Matthew Becker, scientific consultant for the series and CEO of the Zambia Carnivore Programme.

The greatest threat these large carnivores face is habitat loss, while snaring and a declining prey base also play a role. Wire traps, or snares, are often set for antelope - both for food and illegal trade - but many large mammals become victims as by-catch.

These pressures are changing pack sizes, diets and survival strategies, according to Dr Becker. A single incident can have knock-on effects, impacting dozens or even hundreds of animals.

​​In one scene, a wild dog reappears after losing a leg in a snare trap. Despite his injury, his natal pack welcomes him back, ensuring he eats his share and keeps up on hunts.

​​For those not as fortunate, the Zambia Carnivore Programme exists to protect them. The organisation, along with other local groups, removes snares, safeguards dens and provides information for law enforcement on illegal trade in ivory and bushmeat.

Reflecting on the conservation focus of the series, Dr Becker said: "Ultimately, it's a message of optimism in the face of some very concerning trends."

​​Its incorporation in wildlife programmes is now an inevitability, according to the producers.

The external forces acting on these creatures are clear and series like Kingdom can shed light on the need to protect them.

Speaking about conservation, ​​series editor, Simon Blakeney, said: ​​"It’s a challenge, but it's not hopeless."

Kingdom begins on BBC One at 18:20 GMT on Sunday and will be available to watch on BBC iPlayer.

People turn to family and friends for money more often than Buy Now Pay Later loans, a new survey has suggested, and for most of them it was for less than £250.

The survey of more than 4,000 adults commissioned by non-profit Fair4All Finance, shared exclusively with the BBC, found that while 25% of respondents had taken out a Buy Now Pay Later loan, 26% had borrowed from family and 15% from friends this year.

Many relied on friends and relatives because they had been turned down by traditional services like banks - but some of those loans still come with interest.

For 42-year-old Carla McLoughlin, borrowing small sums from her mum is crucial.

The mother-of-three explains that the money is needed "just to tide us over for a week or two until we get paid".

But some people said borrowing from their nearest and dearest had affected those relationships.

Of those who borrowed from family, 9% said it weakened the relationship, and that figure rises to 17% when borrowing from friends, with different expectations of repayment souring relationships.

The dynamics get trickier for many with 16% of people who borrowed from friends and 8% of those that borrowed from family saying they were charged interest.

Val Lucus, Carla's 63-year-old mother, said she's lent to other family members who didn't pay her back.

"You're constantly chasing it up. That can be difficult," she said.

'We do it all the time'

Fair4All Finance was set up 2019 by the government, and campaigns to make financial products available to a wider group of people.

The research was carried out in collaboration with polling firm Ipsos, and included people from England, Scotland and Wales.

It found that younger adults, households with children, and people on zero-hours contracts or in lower-paid work are most likely to borrow from friends and family.

The research also showed that a quarter of all households would not be able to afford a £500 emergency bill without borrowing.

But the flow of cash is not all in one direction for Carla and her mum Val. They live close by in Merseyside, and regularly have to borrow from each other.

"We do it all the time. If I need £50 just to get a few bits to tide me over," Carla said.

"Two weeks later she'll be short so I give that back and if she needs a bit extra I give it to her."

Carla has been turned down for a loan in the past and struggled to get a phone contract, so Val has been happy to help.

Carla has also seen her mum pawn her grandmother's rings in the past.

"I was crying my eyes out, saying mum why didn't you ask me?" she said, adding that she wants to help her mum whenever she can, and has paid for her mum's gas and electricity bills in the past.

The pair said it has not impacted their relationship, and have never charged each other interest, but they have seen it go wrong for others.

"Some people say they'll pay you back but then they don't. Then they're messing it up for themselves," Carla added.

Nowhere else to turn

A lot of people turn to family and friends because they have been turned down by banks, credit cards or Buy Now Pay Later services.

For others it could be a cheaper option to avoid overdraft fees or high-interest short-term loans.

Kate Pender, the boss of Fair4All Finance, said it was important everyone has access to credit for the unexpected moments in life.

"No one should have to risk their closest relationships just to cover essential costs. We urgently need to expand access to safe, affordable credit so people aren't forced into difficult choices," she said.

Of those surveyed, 4% had turned to a loan shark, or unregistered lender within the last 12 months.

That figure could be even higher, as some of those who think they are borrowing from a "friend" may actually have borrowed from a loan shark - a person who is lending to multiple people, charging high interest, and often using intimidation to get repayment.

Dave Benbow head of the England Illegal Money Lending Team, known as Stop Loan Sharks, said about half of all people the organisation supports believed the loan shark was a friend at the time of borrowing.

"All too often we see situations where extra charges are suddenly added, the debt spirals, and borrowers find themselves trapped," he said.

Moneyhelper, an independent website backed by the government, says it's important to think carefully before borrowing from someone in your family or a friend. If you struggle to repay this could put pressure on you and your relationship.

They suggest good forward planning and a written agreement can help whether you're the one doing the borrowing or lending.

Can I lend money safely?

• Be completely honest with yourself about whether you can afford to lend the money if it was never paid back.

• If you feel pressured, or awkward, then say no. There are safe borrowing options, like Credit Unions you could direct a loved one to.

• Keep a written record - an email, text or Whatsapp could be enough - saying how much your lending and when you'd like to be repaid.

• Offer to help in another way - perhaps pay a bill directly for someone in need.

• Encourage the person asking to get help from a debt organisation. Help them get on top of their finances, don't just keep bailing people out.

Natalie Rowntree from North Yorkshire has recently started her IVF journey, and describes the process as "intense".

The 38-year-old has had seven IVF-related appointments in the space of eight weeks, including multiple blood tests, scans and X-rays, one of which left her in physical discomfort for "a good few days".

As is the nature of fertility treatment, all of these appointments have to be done at very specific times of the month - and fitting this around her job at a private opticians has proven difficult.

"I've just been using sick days and holidays to go through these appointments," she says.

Added to this is the emotional toll of having to manage the process, with no entitlement to time off.

Two years ago, Natalie had two miscarriages over a six month period and since then has not been able to conceive with her partner.

"The emotion side is quite difficult, and then trying to manage that around work...do I bite the bullet and explain what's happening? Or keep having sick days and holidays?" she says.

According to research from the social enterprise Fertility Matters at Work, Natalie is one of the around 63% of employees undergoing IVF who are taking sick leave to undergo treatment - with most citing they were doing so to hide their treatment from their employer.

Now there are calls for women undergoing fertility treatments to have the legal right to paid time off to attend their appointments.

Campaigners claim that while some employers offer fertility support, it is unequal and not guaranteed, and should be classed as a medical procedure.

Becoming pregnant through IVF enables the same maternity rights as non-IVF pregnancies, but currently in employment law there are no legal rights when it comes to fertility treatment.

According to new research by Fertility Matters at Work, that comes at a potential cost of millions to the economy and businesses in lost productivity.

Natalie says she has avoided bringing her treatment up with her managers because she is nervous about the reception she might get for taking time off work to go through the process.

"If I was to go to my managers and say I was pregnant, I wouldn't feel nervous at all about that...but with this, because you don't know how long it's going to go on for, you can't give work a timescale."

Employment guidance from the Equality and Human Rights Commission advises "good practice" to employers with workers seeking leave for IVF treatment, but it acknowledges that such requests are not covered by the protected characteristic of pregnancy and maternity in law.

However, refusing to grant someone leave for fertility treatment could count as sex discrimination in certain situations - but campaigners say this is hard to prove.

'Employers could benefit too'

Rebecca Kearns, from Fertility Matters at Work, co-founded the group with two other women after they all experienced their own difficulties undergoing IVF whilst trying to keep afloat in the workplace.

The 39-year-old says providing time off would be a potential benefit of employers, who could save the economy millions in lost productivity.

"What we're finding is, because there's 63% taking sick leave, that is having an impact on businesses, there's a cost for the disruption of this absence."

She also thinks employers need to be more aware of the toll IVF - which she considers a "significant life event" - can take on their employees.

"You often have a number of very short notice appointments you have to attend, it's very dependent on how your body is responding to medication.

"But we also know there's still a huge amount of stigma that surrounds IVF and infertility.

"We receive messages almost daily from people who are struggling with this experience...people taking sick leave to hide treatment, the fact that they're then triggered on absence procedures and potentially having their performance monitored.

"And it was all because they were going through fertility treatment and just felt unable to say that was what they were going through."

She says women have also told them they have left jobs and signed non-disclosure agreements as a result of going through IVF.

The government says that while no specific legal right to time off for IVF treatment exists, it expects employers to treat staff fairly and accommodate reasonable requests.

The government also says it is strengthening flexible working rules which will make it easier for employees to agree arrangements with their workplace for support.

But that isn't enough reassurance for the Labour MP Alice MacDonald, who will be introducing the issue in Parliament via a ten minute rule bill, which proposes to put into law the legal right to time off for fertility appointments.

Whilst it is unlikely the issue becomes law without official government backing, she is seeking to get it "firmly on the government's radar".

"Many people, especially women, are impacted by this when you're trying to have a baby and through no fault of your own, you need that extra medical support, you don't have a right to time off to go to those appointments," she says.

"At a time when you are hoping that it's going to work, hoping it's going to be successful, finally be pregnant and have the baby you've wanted you've got another additional barrier which is with your employer.

"There are many employers who are supportive but you have to hope you've got one that understands and who will give you the time off.

"If it was clearly in law what your rights are we think it opens up that conversation and employers would have to have a policy."

'Striking a balance'

Patrick Milnes from the British Chambers of Commerce says there is a concern amongst businesses about the potential for "over legislation" in anticipation of the Employment Rights Bill in particular, which will seek to ease rules on flexible working.

"Small and medium businesses in particular have been talking to us about how concerned they are about navigating different types of legislative leave," he says.

"Most employers that we speak to are doing this kind of thing anyway as a matter of good practice.

"If you legislate, those processes can become more complicated it can become more burdensome, and actually in many instances it's easier to do these things on a case by case, ad hoc basis.

"There's a middle ground between having nothing at all and having a full legislated process that might be overwhelming in some instances."

But Natalie says legal rights to time off would make a "huge" difference to her.

"If you didn't have to think about, 'what are work going to think about me being off again?' it would take a lot of the stress away.

"I'm at the beginning stages [of IVF] and I'm thinking about what it's going to look like work-wise going forward.

"I don't want this to be a thing forever, for other women that are also going to go through it. I think it's an important thing that needs to be fixed."

A couple who live minutes from Huntingdon Station have described how they sheltered train passengers running away from the knife attack.

One of the six people who knocked on Jan and Les Sears' door had blood on her clothes, while another "was so distraught".

The couple were unaware of the attack on the Doncaster to London King's Cross service on Saturday evening until they found a father and his two children, two friends and a young woman outside their front door.

Mrs Sears said: "We are just everyday people that would help anyone, you can't see someone suffering, someone being frightened, you just help them."

They provided a place of safety until the passengers' relatives arrived to collect them.

Following the attack, Anthony Williams, 32, was arrested and appeared at Peterborough Magistrates' Court charged with 11 counts of attempted murder.

He was also charged with possessing a bladed article and one count of actual bodily harm in connection to an alleged assault on a police officer in custody.

Passengers had been travelling to the capital when the attack happened shortly after the LNER train had passed Peterborough.

Police received the first calls from train passengers about the incident at 19:39 GMT and soon afterwards the train was diverted to Huntingdon, an unscheduled stop on the route.

Emergency services took 10 people to Addenbrooke's Hospital and one person later went to hospital for treatment.

On Saturday evening, the couple said they could hear the doorbell of their flat ringing and Mrs Sears urged her husband to see who was waiting outside.

She said: "Les opened the door and let them in.

"There was six people - a man and his two children and two young girls and a girl on her own - and they were told something had happened on a train and just to run as fast as they could and get as far away as they could."

The couple invited the passengers into their Huntingdon home and offered them something to eat and drink.

Mrs Sears said: "One of the girls had blood on her and she was a bit distressed.

"The dad was very anxious, obviously, he wanted to make sure his children were alright. All he wanted to do was give them a hug."

The couple, however, were unable to see who was outside in the dark and initially thought it might be a prank.

Once he opened the door, Mr Sears said one of the women was unaware she had blood on her clothes and he cleaned it off for her.

He said another of the women was "so distraught" and did not want to be left alone.

Mrs Sears said: "You just don't think, you do it without thinking.

"We were just there at the right time they came here and we had to help them... we didn't do nothing."

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A police force said it was reviewing whether three incidents involving a man carrying a knife were related to a stabbing attack on a train.

Passengers said a man brandishing a knife began stabbing people on the London-bound LNER train after it passed through Peterborough at about 19:30 GMT on Saturday.

Cambridgeshire Police said it was investigating whether there was a connection between the attack and three previous incidents in Peterborough between Friday evening and Saturday morning.

Anthony Williams, 32, of no fixed abode, has been remanded into custody, charged with 10 counts of attempted murder, after multiple people were injured in the incident on the train.

Mr Williams has also been charged with one count of attempted murder in connection with an attack in east London in the early hours of Saturday.

A man was left with facial injuries following the attack at about 00:45 at a station in Silvertown.

At about 19:10 on Friday, a 14-year-old was stabbed by a man with a knife in Peterborough city centre.

Police said the victim was treated at Peterborough City Hospital for minor injuries and later discharged.

Cambridgeshire Police said: "The offender had left the scene when the call was made and despite a search of the area by officers and a police dog, the offender was not identified."

Also on Friday evening, a man was seen with a knife at a barbers' shop in the Fletton area of Peterborough.

Police said the incident took place at 19:25, but was reported to officers two hours later at 21:10, by which time the man had left the shop.

Officers were not sent, the force added.

The same barbers' shop called the police at 09:25 on Saturday to report that a man carrying a knife was at the shop.

Officers arrived at the site within 18 minutes and searched the area, but were unable to locate or identify the man.

In all three cases, a "crime was raised" and investigations launched.

Cambridgeshire Police said: "We are currently reviewing all incidents in the timeframe to understand whether there were any further potential offences.

"British Transport Police retain primacy for the overall investigation, which will include these three incidents."

Cambridgeshire Police referred itself to the Independent Office for Police Conduct (IOPC), as it typical in these cases.

The IOPC, however, said it would not be investigating the incident as "it did not meet the criteria for a valid referral".

Scunthorpe United footballer Jonathan Gjoshe, 22, and Nottingham Forest fan Stephen Crean were travelling on the LNER train from Doncaster to London King's Cross when they were injured during the attack at about 20:00 GMT.

Mr Gjoshe was slashed across the bicep and had been operated on, his club said.

Mr Crean has been hailed a hero after he confronted the train attacker, going face to face with him in the carriage.

He described how he "tussled" with the man, who was shouting at him as he slashed him on the head and hand.

He said he was determined to confront the attacker to give another passenger time to close the door of the buffet car, where other passengers had gathered.

In the House of Commons earlier, Prime Minister Sir Keir Starmer praised police, first responders and the "heroic" actions of the driver and the members of staff aboard the train when the "vile and horrific attack" took place.

"There's no doubt that their collective action, their brave action, saved countless lives and I know the whole country is grateful for that," he said.

Home Secretary Shabana Mahmood also paid tribute to the "breathtaking bravery" and "heroic acts of the passengers and train crew who intercepted the attacker".

She told earlier that one member of the train crew "ran towards danger" and confronted the knife-wielding attacker.

His actions stopped the attacker from advancing through the train, she said.

MPs also praised the quick reaction of train driver Andrew Johnson, a former Royal Navy officer.

Mr Johnson contacted the control room to get the train diverted from the fast track to the slow track when the alarm was raised.

It meant it could stop in Huntingdon, which allowed emergency services to quickly access the scene.

Mr Johnson said: "As train drivers, we hold a lot of responsibility. We practise our emergency response and keep up to date with our knowledge of the route, so if needed, we know exactly where to stop and what to do.

"The action I took is the same as any other driver.

"I think my colleagues onboard were the real heroes and I'd like to pay tribute to their bravery."

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Kim Kardashian may be weeks away from finding out if she's passed her law exams, but she says practising divorce law is not in her future.

The 45-year-old, who plays divorce attorney Allura Grant in the Disney+ upcoming legal drama All's Fair, tells the BBC she's "more into criminal justice and reform work" and adds, "I don't think I can ever really do family law".

Kardashian has been studying to become a lawyer for the last six years, undertaking an apprenticeship that negates the need for a university degree.

"It was the wildest idea that I was going to law school - but to me it all makes sense and I hope that I'm forever curious and always want to try new things," she says.

Kardashian, who has four children with ex-husband Kanye West, also runs fashion and shapewear brand SKIMS and appears in the reality series The Kardashians with her family.

Her interest in criminal justice has been documented on her reality TV shows, where she has advocated for prison reform in the US and sentence reduction for first-time offenders.

Not content with her already packed-out schedule, her recent pivot to acting has raised eyebrows - but it hasn't dented Kardashian's ambition.

"I guess I just don't live in those expectation boxes," she says.

She says she "loves taking on constructive criticism" but doesn't understand why people think she "can't do something that you want to do or are curious or want to learn about".

Her first real introduction to acting was her 2023 casting in the 12th season of American Horror Story, in which she appeared as a publicist.

Kardashian received mostly positive critical reviews for her portrayal, which encouraged her to take on more acting roles.

All's Fair reunites the star with American Horror Story showrunner Ryan Murphy, who is also behind hit series such as Glee and Pose.

His latest project, All's Fair, is a legal drama set in the US, which sees Kardashian play a divorce lawyer alongside Sarah Paulson, Naomi Watts, Glenn Close, Niecy Nash and Teyana Taylor.

Kardashian says her priority was to "come in prepared" to set, adding she would spend every day "watching and learning from these women", who she called "the best acting coaches in the world".

She adds that there was a lot of pressure on her, because those behind the show were "taking a chance on working with me".

"The last thing I would want to do is be unprofessional, be late or not know my lines," she says.

'I've experienced it with my family'

All's Fair, which Disney+ says holds the records for their most-watched trailer of all time, is a spectacular dramatisation of the lives of lawyers tasked with navigating divorce for rich and famous female clients.

Kardashian says divorce is "such a relatable topic" after experiencing it "with my family and parents growing up".

Kardashian herself has been divorced three times - most recently to Kanye West in 2022 after eight years of marriage.

Whilst she says the stories of the women in the show "are not based on anything I've been through", she was "definitely inspired" by practising to be a lawyer.

Kardashian's co-star Watts also recognises that, whilst the show might be sensationalised, the story of "women who feel like they're finished, [their lives] are all over, broken and in pieces" at the end of a relationship is one that is familiar for many.

Nash, who stars as a legal investigator in the show, says that divorce is something many "have in common with other women and celebrities" and thinks the show is so appealing due to its relatability, even if it's more dramatic way than real life.

Paulson adds says that although the central theme of the show may be divorce, "conflict and resolution is a beautiful part of the show", which also "tackles big, important and emotional relationships".

'Ryan Murphy's magic'

Much of the talk around the show has been about the strength of the all-female cast, which is filled with some of Hollywood's biggest names.

The cast all echo that it was Ryan Murphy - who has won six Emmy awards, a Tony award and two Grammy awards in his 25-year career in television, film and theatre - that convinced them to sign up.

"He [Murphy] calls and I don't tend to say no to him," Paulson jokes.

Paulson is perhaps one of Murphy's greatest collaborators, having appeared in nine series of American Horror Story between 2011 and 2021.

Kardashian says the cast all went into the project "blindly" but it was great to see Murphy's "magic come to life".

"Ryan was really intentional in that way, he really loves to uplift women and make these female-led casts, which is super empowering. He wrote it that way, he saw it no other way," she adds.

Watts also agrees, noting that the writer and producer "manages to identify spaces that haven't necessarily been visited before".

"He's wonderful at creating stories for women of a certain age and for me that's where I am at in my life.

"These women all get to do these incredible things together - we're such a different group - different ages and everything and we're supporting each other through the story," Watts adds.

Murphy received a five-year developmental deal with Netflix in 2018, which was reportedly worth $300m (£228m).

During that time he made two true crime series for the streaming service - Dahmer- Monster: The Jeffrey Dahmer Story and Monsters: The Lyle and Erik Menendez Story, plus drama series The Politician.

Murphy now has a new deal with Disney+, which includes All's Fair.

He serves as executive producer on the show alongside Kardashian, Close, Paulson, Watts and Nash.

Kris Jenner, Kardashian's mother and manager, also receives a director credit.

Rare hyena behaviours have been caught on camera, including a mother-to-be trying to steal food from wild dogs and outsmarting rivals by hiding a stolen carcass underwater to mask its scent.

This is just some of the remarkable animal behaviour on display in the new BBC wildlife documentary series, Kingdom, which follows the lives of four rival carnivore families over five years.

​​The scenes include poignant moments as the animals face threats from snare trappings to brutal ambushes and violent territorial battles.

"We could never have written a script like this, only nature could write this script," said executive producer Mike Gunton.

​​Behind the scenes, the Zambia Carnivore Programme works to protect these animals.

​​The team followed four animal families - leopards, hyena, wild dogs and lions - in Zambia's Luangwa Valley, capturing rare moments and revealing the intricate dynamics of life in one of Africa's wildest regions.

Viewers will watch five-day-old lion cubs opening their eyes, alongside dramatic scenes shown in Kingdom for the first time, such as a pack of wild dogs rescuing one of their own from the jaws of a crocodile.

Other wild animals like elephants and baboons also feature in the new series, which is narrated by Sir David Attenborough.

​"Everything about these species has been shaped by millions of years of competition alongside each other," said series producer Felicity Lanchester. "Now…humans are changing that," she added.

Filmmakers and scientific researchers in the region have collaborated behind the scenes as the footage is a valuable source of data, informing conservation strategies.

​​"We got a lot of information that we wouldn't have been able to get otherwise... on topography, diet, movement, births, and deaths,” said Dr Matthew Becker, scientific consultant for the series and CEO of the Zambia Carnivore Programme.

The greatest threat these large carnivores face is habitat loss, while snaring and a declining prey base also play a role. Wire traps, or snares, are often set for antelope - both for food and illegal trade - but many large mammals become victims as by-catch.

These pressures are changing pack sizes, diets and survival strategies, according to Dr Becker. A single incident can have knock-on effects, impacting dozens or even hundreds of animals.

​​In one scene, a wild dog reappears after losing a leg in a snare trap. Despite his injury, his natal pack welcomes him back, ensuring he eats his share and keeps up on hunts.

​​For those not as fortunate, the Zambia Carnivore Programme exists to protect them. The organisation, along with other local groups, removes snares, safeguards dens and provides information for law enforcement on illegal trade in ivory and bushmeat.

Reflecting on the conservation focus of the series, Dr Becker said: "Ultimately, it's a message of optimism in the face of some very concerning trends."

​​Its incorporation in wildlife programmes is now an inevitability, according to the producers.

The external forces acting on these creatures are clear and series like Kingdom can shed light on the need to protect them.

Speaking about conservation, ​​series editor, Simon Blakeney, said: ​​"It’s a challenge, but it's not hopeless."

Kingdom begins on BBC One at 18:20 GMT on Sunday and will be available to watch on BBC iPlayer.

US President Donald Trump has said he would be reluctant to send federal funding to his hometown of New York City if left-wing front-runner Zohran Mamdani is elected mayor of America's biggest city this week.

"It's gonna be hard for me as the president to give a lot of money to New York, because if you have a Communist running New York, all you're doing is wasting the money you're sending there," Trump said in a television interview.

The Trump administration has repeatedly tried to cut federal grants and funding for projects primarily located in Democratic-run areas.

Opinion polls indicate Mamdani is ahead of his main rival, former New York Governor Andrew Cuomo, on the eve of Tuesday's vote.

Trump did not elaborate on his remark about funding should Mamdani win. New York City received $7.4bn (£5.7bn) in federal funding this fiscal year.

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In a wide-ranging interview with CBS programme 60 Minutes on Sunday, Trump said that a Mayor Mamdani would make left-wing former New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio "look great".

"I got to see de Blasio, how bad a mayor he was, and this man will do a worse job than de Blasio by far," the president said of Mamdani.

Trump, who grew up in the New York borough of Queens, also effectively endorsed Cuomo, a Democrat, in the interview.

"I'm not a fan of Cuomo one way or the other, but if it's gonna be between a bad Democrat and a Communist, I'm gonna pick the bad Democrat all the time, to be honest with you," the Republican president said.

Mamdani, who would run a world financial hub, is a self-described democratic socialist, though he has rejected accusations he is a communist, joking in one television interview that he was "kind of like a Scandinavian politician", only browner.

Mamdani won the Democratic primary, while Cuomo came second. The 34-year-old state assemblyman has called the former New York governor a puppet and parrot of Trump.

"The answer to a Donald Trump presidency is not to create its mirror image here in City Hall," Mamdani said on Monday.

"It is to create an alternative that can speak to what New Yorkers are so desperate to see in their own city and what they find in themselves and their neighbours every day - a city that believes in the dignity of everyone who calls this place home."

Cuomo has sought to parry that line of attack by presenting himself as the only candidate experienced enough to deal with the Trump administration.

He was governor of New York during the Covid-19 pandemic when many states clashed with the Trump administration, though Cuomo himself came under scrutiny after state investigators found nursing home deaths were significantly understated during the outbreak.

"I fought Donald Trump," Cuomo said during a debate. "When I'm fighting for New York, I am not going to stop."

Trump has deployed National Guard troops to Democratic-led cities as part of a crime crackdown, while seeking to strip funding from jurisdictions that limit their co-operation with federal immigration authorities.

The political head of the body that oversees the European Convention on Human Rights has told the BBC that it is "absolutely ready" to discuss reforms amid pressure from the UK and other countries over migration.

Speaking exclusively to the BBC, Alain Berset, the secretary general of the Council of Europe, predicted that quitting international human rights law would leave the UK "isolated" on the world stage.

He acknowledged human rights laws may need to "change or adapt" and the institutions, whose creation was largely led by the British after World War Two, remained crucial to peace, security and justice.

Berset's words - ahead of the Convention's 75th anniversary - are the most public confirmation that the body could evolve amid mounting debate over its future across the continent. It is also public recognition that it has to talk to the UK about its future - and about potential change.

The council, which is unrelated to the European Union, is the international political body in Strasbourg that oversees and enforces the work of the European Court of Human Rights.

The court rules on how to interpret human rights law in its 46 member states. In the UK, the government and judges must take these rulings into account, but are not bound by judgments that do not closely relate to our circumstances.

Sir Keir Starmer's government has committed to changing how the government interprets the right to privacy and family life so that it can't be used by illegal immigrants to frustrate their removal from the country.

In a speech earlier this year in Strasbourg, Shabana Mahmood, then justice secretary and now home secretary, said the convention itself must evolve to maintain public confidence.

The Conservatives and Reform are calling for the UK to walk away from the treaty, claiming Strasbourg's human rights law is a block on managing borders.

Nine EU nations, led by Denmark and Italy, have also called for major changes - which would need the agreement of all member states.

In a rare interview about the EHRC's relationship with the UK at the council's headquarters in France, Berset told the BBC: "I am ready, absolutely ready, and really open to engage in all political discussions, to see what we need to discuss, maybe to change or to adapt.

"Let us engage on migration issues and to see what we need to address and maybe to change.

"The most important point is to be ready to speak on all issues without taboo... and to see then what could be the possible consensus between member states."

Critics of the ECHR say that the advantage of leaving for the UK would be to take back control over human rights law.

But Berset said: "The opposite is true. What I see is more the risk to be a bit isolated. It would mean to be not participating to all the discussion on migration, to take an influence."

While he said he would not comment on internal politics in the UK, Berset appealed for the debate over the ECHR had to return to "facts".

He denied that it was a friend of terrorists or illegal immigrants, following criticism that the court has increasingly prevented the deportation of illegal immigrants and migrants who commit criminal offences.

He said the UK also had to consider how leaving would effect Northern Ireland's power sharing agreement and the post-Brexit deal with the EU, both of which include a legal commitment to shared human rights principles.

Leaving, he argued, would send a "really negative signal" for Ukraine because of the Council of Europe's central role, supported by the UK, in preparations for tribunals in relation to war crimes.

"Churchill was the father of the Council of Europe, and the convention," said Berset.

"It will be quite difficult and really hard to see this [the UK quitting]. There is no alternative. We need to have some room, places, where we are in discussion together."

He added: "It will be an interesting test for all of us. Are we able to avoid the wars to make sure that in this phase of divergence that we are witnessing right now, are we strong enough to make sure again, that we have convergence, take control of what we want to have as a future collectively?"

Mohamed Hamdan Dagolo, known as "Hemedti", has emerged as a dominant figure on Sudan's political stage, with his paramilitary Rapid Support Forces (RSF) now controlling half of the country.

The RSF scored a notable victory recently when it overran the city of el-Fasher, the last garrison held by the Sudanese army and its local allies in the western region of Darfur.

Feared and loathed by his adversaries, Hemedti is admired by his followers for his tenacity, ruthlessness, and his promise to tear down a discredited state.

Hemedti has humble origins. His family is from the Mahariya section of the camel-herding, Arabic-speaking Rizeigat community that spans Chad and Darfur.

He was born in 1974 or 1975 - like many from a rural background, his date and place of birth were not registered.

Led by his uncle Juma Dagolo, his clan moved into Darfur in the 1970s and 80s, fleeing war and seeking greener pastures and were allowed to settle.

After dropping out of school in his early teens, Hemedti earned money trading camels across the desert to Libya and Egypt.

At the time, Darfur was Sudan's wild west - poor, lawless and neglected by the government of then-President Omar al-Bashir.

Arab militiamen known as the Janjaweed - including a force commanded by Juma Dagolo - were attacking the villages of the indigenous Fur ethnic group.

This cycle of violence led to a full-scale rebellion in 2003, in which Fur fighters were joined by Masalit, Zaghawa and other groups, saying they had been ignored by the country's Arab elite.

In response, Bashir massively expanded the Janjaweed to spearhead his counter-insurgency efforts. They quickly won notoriety for burning, looting, raping and killing.

Hemedti's unit was among them, with a report by African Union peacekeepers saying it attacked and destroyed the village of Adwa in November 2004, killing 126 people, including 36 children.

A US investigation determined that the Janjaweed were responsible for genocide.

The Darfur conflict was referred to the International Criminal Court (ICC), which brought charges against four men, including Bashir, who has denied carrying out genocide.

Hemedti was one of the many Janjaweed commanders deemed too junior to be in the prosecutor's sights at that time.

Just one, the Janjaweed "colonel of colonels", Ali Abdel Rahman Kushayb, was brought to court.

Last month he was found guilty on 27 counts of war crimes and crimes against humanity and he will be sentenced on 19 November.

In the years following the height of the violence in 2004, Hemedti played his cards skilfully, rising to become head of a powerful paramilitary force, a corporate empire, and a political machine.

It is a story of opportunism and entrepreneurship. He briefly mutinied, demanding back-pay for his soldiers, promotions and a political position for his brother. Bashir gave him most of what he wanted and Hemedti rejoined the fold.

Later, when other Janjaweed units mutinied, Hemedti led the government forces that defeated them, in the process taking control of Darfur's biggest artisanal gold mine at a place called Jebel Amir.

Rapidly, Hemedti's family company Al-Gunaid became Sudan's largest gold exporter.

In 2013, Hemedti asked - and got - formal status as head of a new paramilitary group, the RSF, reporting directly to Bashir.

The Janjaweed were folded into the RSF, getting new uniforms, vehicles and weapons - and also officers from the regular army who were brought in to help with the upgrade.

The RSF scored an important victory against the Darfur rebels, did less well in fighting an insurgency in the Nuba Mountains adjacent to South Sudan, and took a subcontract to police the border with Libya.

Ostensibly curbing illicit migration from Africa over the desert to the Mediterranean, Hemedti's commanders also excelled in extortion and, reportedly, people-trafficking.

In 2015, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) called on the Sudanese army to send troops to fight against the Houthis in Yemen.

The contingent was commanded by a general who had fought in Darfur, Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, now the head of the army at war with the RSF.

Hemedti saw a chance and negotiated a separate, private deal with both Saudi Arabia and the UAE to provide RSF mercenaries.

The Abu Dhabi connection proved most consequential. It was the beginning of a close relationship with the Emirati president, Mohamed bin Zayed

Young Sudanese men - and increasingly from neighbouring countries too - trekked to the RSF recruiting centres for cash payments of up to $6,000 (£4,500) on signing up.

Hemedti struck a partnership with Russia's Wagner Group, receiving training in return for commercial dealings, including in gold.

He visited Moscow to formalise the deal, and was there on the day that Russia invaded Ukraine. After the war in Sudan broke out, he denied the RSF was getting help from Wagner.

Although the RSF's main combat units were increasingly professionalised, it also encompassed a coalition of irregular old-style ethnic militia.

As the regime faced mounting popular protests, Bashir ordered Hemedti's units to the capital Khartoum.

Punning on his name, the president dubbed him himayti, "my protector", seeing the RSF as a counterweight to potential coup makers in the regular army and national security.

It was a miscalculation. In April 2019, a vibrant camp of civic protesters surrounded the military headquarters demanding democracy.

Bashir ordered the army to open fire on them. The top generals - Hemedti among them - met and decided to depose Bashir instead. The democracy movement celebrated.

For a time, Hemedti was lionised as the fresh face of Sudan's future. Youthful, personable, actively meeting diverse social groups, and positioning himself as the challenger to the country's historic establishment, he tried to change his political colours. That lasted just a few weeks.

As he and the joint head of the ruling military council, Burhan, stalled on handing power to civilians, the protesters stepped up their rallies, and Hemedti unleashed the RSF, which killed hundreds of people, raped women, and threw men into the River Nile with bricks tied to their ankles, according to a report by campaign group Human Rights Watch (HRW).

Hemedti has denied the RSF committed atrocities.

Pressed by the quartet of countries formed to promote peace and democracy in Sudan - the US, UK, Saudi Arabia and the UAE - the generals and the civilians agreed to a compromise drafted by African mediators.

For two years, there was an unstable coexistence of a military-dominated sovereign council and a civilian cabinet.

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As a cabinet-appointed committee investigating the companies owned by the army, security and RSF closed in on its final report - which was set to expose how Hemedti was fast expanding his corporate empire - Burhan and Hemedti dismissed the civilians and took power.

But the coup-masters fell out. Burhan demanded that the RSF come under army command.

Hemedti resisted. Days before a deadline in April 2023 to resolve this issue, RSF units moved to surround the army headquarters and seize key bases and the national palace in the capital, Khartoum.

The putsch failed. Instead, Khartoum became a war zone as the rival forces fought street by street.

Violence exploded in Darfur, with RSF units mounting a vicious campaign against the Masalit people.

The UN estimates as many as 15,000 civilians died, and the US described it as genocide. The RSF denied the allegation.

RSF commanders circulated videos of their fighters torturing and killing, advertising the atrocities and their sense of impunity.

The RSF and its allied militia rampaged across Sudan, pillaging cities, markets, universities, and hospitals.

An avalanche of looted goods are for sale in what are popularly known as "Dagolo markets" reaching beyond Sudan into Chad and other neighbouring countries. The RSF has denied its fighters are involved in looting.

Trapped in the national palace under attack from artillery and airstrikes, Hemedti was badly injured in the early weeks of the conflict and disappeared from public view.

When he reappeared months later he showed no remorse for atrocities and was no less determined to win the war on the battlefield.

The RSF has acquired modern weapons including sophisticated drones, that it has used to strike Burhan's de facto capital, Port Sudan, and which played a crucial role in the assault on el-Fasher.

Investigative reporting by, among others, the New York Times, has documented that these are transported through an airstrip and supply base built by the UAE just inside Chad. The UAE denies that it is arming the RSF.

With this weaponry, the RSF is locked in a strategic stalemate with its former partner, the Sudanese army.

Hemedti is trying to build a political coalition, including some civilian groups and armed movements, most notably his former adversaries in the Nuba Mountains.

He has formed a parallel "Government of Peace and Unity", taking the chairmanship for himself.

With the capture of al-Fasher, the RSF now controls almost all the inhabited territory west of the Nile.

Following escalating reports of mass killings and widespread condemnation, Hemedti declared an investigation into what he called violations committed by his soldiers during the capture of el-Fasher.

Sudanese speculate that Hemedti sees himself either as president of a breakaway state, or still harbours ambitions to rule all of Sudan.

It's also possible that he sees a future as an all-powerful political puppet master, head of a conglomerate that controls businesses, a mercenary army and a political party. By these means, even if he isn't acceptable as Sudan's public face, he can still pull the strings.

And as Hemedti's troops massacre civilians in al-Fasher, he is confident that he enjoys impunity in a world that does not care much.

Alex de Waal is the executive director of the World Peace Foundation at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University in the US.

Go to BBCAfrica.com for more news from the African continent.

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Part of a medieval tower in the heart of Rome's tourist district has collapsed, trapping one man and leaving another critically injured.

A section of the Torre dei Conti, on the edge of the famous Roman Forum and close to the Colosseum, gave way just after 11:30 local time (10:30 GMT).

"It's a very complex situation for the firefighters because there is a person trapped inside," Rome Prefect Lamberto Giannini said. The man is conscious and communicating with rescue workers.

The tower has been closed to the public for many years, and was undergoing conservation work when a section collapsed.

While rescue efforts were still under way, a second section of the 29m (90ft) high tower began crumbling again, with bricks raining down, creating a huge cloud of dust.

The firefighters were unharmed, pausing their rescue work for a time, but then continuing their search for the missing man.

After the initial collapse, firefighters "put up some protection" around the trapped man, so when the second collapse happened, "they obviously shielded him", Lamberto Giannini said.

"It will be a very long operation because we have to try to save the person, but we also have to try to mitigate... the enormous risks faced by the people trying to carry out the rescue," he added.

A police chief has said there is no imminent danger that the tower will disintegrate.

One worker was taken to hospital in a critical condition, local and foreign news agencies report.

Another worker, 67-year-old Ottaviano, who was inside at the time of the collapse but escaped from a balcony uninjured, told AFP news agency: "It was not safe. I just want to go home."

Rome's mayor and the country's culture minister have visited the scene. A crane and drone are also being used to assist with the rescue operation.

The 13th Century tower is part of the Roman Forum, a major tourist attraction right in the heart of the city, but it is separated from the main visitors' area by a road. The streets all around have been taped off by police as a precaution.

The medieval tower was built by Pope Innocent III as a residence for his brother.

Chancellor Rachel Reeves says she will take "fair choices" in the Budget as economists continue to predict tax rises to try to balance the books.

Reeves is expected to give a speech to Downing Street later ahead of the 26 November Budget. Labour explicitly ruled out a rise in VAT, National Insurance or income tax in its general election manifesto.

Shadow chancellor Sir Mel Stride said with an "emergency press conference" Reeves was "all but confirming what many feared - higher taxes are on the way". He called for the chancellor to be sacked if she "breaks her promises yet again".

Meanwhile influential think tank the Resolution Foundation has said tax rises are now "inevitable".

Avoiding cuts to VAT, NI or income tax "would do more harm than good", warned the foundation which has close links to Labour - Treasury Minister Torsten Bell was previously its chief executive.

Hiking income tax would be the "best option" for raising cash, it said, but suggested it should be offset by a 2p cut to employee national insurance, which would "raise £6 billion overall while protecting most workers from this tax rise".

Extending the freeze in personal tax thresholds for two more years beyond April 2028 would also raise £7.5 billion, its Autumn Budget 2025 preview suggested.

The chancellor is expected to say in a speech on Tuesday morning that the Budget will focus on "fairness and opportunity" to bring down NHS waiting lists, the national debt and the cost of living.

"You will all have heard a lot of speculation about the choices I will make," she is expected to say.

"I understand that - these are important choices that will shape our economy for years to come.

"But it is important that people understand the circumstances we are facing, the principles guiding my choices – and why I believe they will be the right choices for the country."

The message from Reeves is expected to echo comments made by Prime Minister Sir Keir Starmer to a group of Labour MPs on Monday night.

He told those gathered that the Budget would be "a Labour Budget built on Labour values" and that the government would "make the tough but fair decisions to renew our country and build it for the long term".

The government's official forecaster, the Office for Budget Responsibility (OBR) is widely expected to downgrade its productivity forecasts for the UK at the end of the month. This could add as much as £20 billion to the Chancellor's costs if she is to meet her self-imposed "non-negotiable" rules for government finances.

The two main rules are:

• Not to borrow to fund day-to-day public spending by the end of this parliament

• To get government debt falling as a share of national income by the end of this parliament

The Treasury declined to comment on "speculation" ahead of the OBR's final forecast, which will be published on 26 November alongside the Budget.

However last week, the chancellor confirmed both tax rises and spending cuts are options as she aims to give herself "sufficient headroom" against future economic shocks.

The Resolution Foundation said changes in the economic outlook and policy U-turns are likely to reduce the current £9.9 billion of headroom against the chancellor's borrowing rule into a fiscal black hole of around £4 billion.

It urged Reeves to double the level of headroom she has against her fiscal rules to £20 billion. This would "send a clear message to markets that she is serious about fixing the public finances, which in turn should reduce medium-term borrowing costs and make future fiscal events less fraught," its Budget preview said.

It comes after the Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS) said last month there was a "strong case" to increase the headroom. It said the lack of a bigger buffer brought with it instability, and could leave the chancellor "limping from one forecast to the next".

Rare hyena behaviours have been caught on camera, including a mother-to-be trying to steal food from wild dogs and outsmarting rivals by hiding a stolen carcass underwater to mask its scent.

This is just some of the remarkable animal behaviour on display in the new BBC wildlife documentary series, Kingdom, which follows the lives of four rival carnivore families over five years.

​​The scenes include poignant moments as the animals face threats from snare trappings to brutal ambushes and violent territorial battles.

"We could never have written a script like this, only nature could write this script," said executive producer Mike Gunton.

​​Behind the scenes, the Zambia Carnivore Programme works to protect these animals.

​​The team followed four animal families - leopards, hyena, wild dogs and lions - in Zambia's Luangwa Valley, capturing rare moments and revealing the intricate dynamics of life in one of Africa's wildest regions.

Viewers will watch five-day-old lion cubs opening their eyes, alongside dramatic scenes shown in Kingdom for the first time, such as a pack of wild dogs rescuing one of their own from the jaws of a crocodile.

Other wild animals like elephants and baboons also feature in the new series, which is narrated by Sir David Attenborough.

​"Everything about these species has been shaped by millions of years of competition alongside each other," said series producer Felicity Lanchester. "Now…humans are changing that," she added.

Filmmakers and scientific researchers in the region have collaborated behind the scenes as the footage is a valuable source of data, informing conservation strategies.

​​"We got a lot of information that we wouldn't have been able to get otherwise... on topography, diet, movement, births, and deaths,” said Dr Matthew Becker, scientific consultant for the series and CEO of the Zambia Carnivore Programme.

The greatest threat these large carnivores face is habitat loss, while snaring and a declining prey base also play a role. Wire traps, or snares, are often set for antelope - both for food and illegal trade - but many large mammals become victims as by-catch.

These pressures are changing pack sizes, diets and survival strategies, according to Dr Becker. A single incident can have knock-on effects, impacting dozens or even hundreds of animals.

​​In one scene, a wild dog reappears after losing a leg in a snare trap. Despite his injury, his natal pack welcomes him back, ensuring he eats his share and keeps up on hunts.

​​For those not as fortunate, the Zambia Carnivore Programme exists to protect them. The organisation, along with other local groups, removes snares, safeguards dens and provides information for law enforcement on illegal trade in ivory and bushmeat.

Reflecting on the conservation focus of the series, Dr Becker said: "Ultimately, it's a message of optimism in the face of some very concerning trends."

​​Its incorporation in wildlife programmes is now an inevitability, according to the producers.

The external forces acting on these creatures are clear and series like Kingdom can shed light on the need to protect them.

Speaking about conservation, ​​series editor, Simon Blakeney, said: ​​"It’s a challenge, but it's not hopeless."

Kingdom begins on BBC One at 18:20 GMT on Sunday and will be available to watch on BBC iPlayer.

Natalie Rowntree from North Yorkshire has recently started her IVF journey, and describes the process as "intense".

The 38-year-old has had seven IVF-related appointments in the space of eight weeks, including multiple blood tests, scans and X-rays, one of which left her in physical discomfort for "a good few days".

As is the nature of fertility treatment, all of these appointments have to be done at very specific times of the month - and fitting this around her job at a private opticians has proven difficult.

"I've just been using sick days and holidays to go through these appointments," she says.

Added to this is the emotional toll of having to manage the process, with no entitlement to time off.

Two years ago, Natalie had two miscarriages over a six month period and since then has not been able to conceive with her partner.

"The emotion side is quite difficult, and then trying to manage that around work...do I bite the bullet and explain what's happening? Or keep having sick days and holidays?" she says.

According to research from the social enterprise Fertility Matters at Work, Natalie is one of the around 63% of employees undergoing IVF who are taking sick leave to undergo treatment - with most citing they were doing so to hide their treatment from their employer.

Now there are calls for women undergoing fertility treatments to have the legal right to paid time off to attend their appointments.

Campaigners claim that while some employers offer fertility support, it is unequal and not guaranteed, and should be classed as a medical procedure.

Becoming pregnant through IVF enables the same maternity rights as non-IVF pregnancies, but currently in employment law there are no legal rights when it comes to fertility treatment.

According to new research by Fertility Matters at Work, that comes at a potential cost of millions to the economy and businesses in lost productivity.

Natalie says she has avoided bringing her treatment up with her managers because she is nervous about the reception she might get for taking time off work to go through the process.

"If I was to go to my managers and say I was pregnant, I wouldn't feel nervous at all about that...but with this, because you don't know how long it's going to go on for, you can't give work a timescale."

Employment guidance from the Equality and Human Rights Commission advises "good practice" to employers with workers seeking leave for IVF treatment, but it acknowledges that such requests are not covered by the protected characteristic of pregnancy and maternity in law.

However, refusing to grant someone leave for fertility treatment could count as sex discrimination in certain situations - but campaigners say this is hard to prove.

'Employers could benefit too'

Rebecca Kearns, from Fertility Matters at Work, co-founded the group with two other women after they all experienced their own difficulties undergoing IVF whilst trying to keep afloat in the workplace.

The 39-year-old says providing time off would be a potential benefit of employers, who could save the economy millions in lost productivity.

"What we're finding is, because there's 63% taking sick leave, that is having an impact on businesses, there's a cost for the disruption of this absence."

She also thinks employers need to be more aware of the toll IVF - which she considers a "significant life event" - can take on their employees.

"You often have a number of very short notice appointments you have to attend, it's very dependent on how your body is responding to medication.

"But we also know there's still a huge amount of stigma that surrounds IVF and infertility.

"We receive messages almost daily from people who are struggling with this experience...people taking sick leave to hide treatment, the fact that they're then triggered on absence procedures and potentially having their performance monitored.

"And it was all because they were going through fertility treatment and just felt unable to say that was what they were going through."

She says women have also told them they have left jobs and signed non-disclosure agreements as a result of going through IVF.

The government says that while no specific legal right to time off for IVF treatment exists, it expects employers to treat staff fairly and accommodate reasonable requests.

The government also says it is strengthening flexible working rules which will make it easier for employees to agree arrangements with their workplace for support.

But that isn't enough reassurance for the Labour MP Alice MacDonald, who will be introducing the issue in Parliament via a ten minute rule bill, which proposes to put into law the legal right to time off for fertility appointments.

Whilst it is unlikely the issue becomes law without official government backing, she is seeking to get it "firmly on the government's radar".

"Many people, especially women, are impacted by this when you're trying to have a baby and through no fault of your own, you need that extra medical support, you don't have a right to time off to go to those appointments," she says.

"At a time when you are hoping that it's going to work, hoping it's going to be successful, finally be pregnant and have the baby you've wanted you've got another additional barrier which is with your employer.

"There are many employers who are supportive but you have to hope you've got one that understands and who will give you the time off.

"If it was clearly in law what your rights are we think it opens up that conversation and employers would have to have a policy."

'Striking a balance'

Patrick Milnes from the British Chambers of Commerce says there is a concern amongst businesses about the potential for "over legislation" in anticipation of the Employment Rights Bill in particular, which will seek to ease rules on flexible working.

"Small and medium businesses in particular have been talking to us about how concerned they are about navigating different types of legislative leave," he says.

"Most employers that we speak to are doing this kind of thing anyway as a matter of good practice.

"If you legislate, those processes can become more complicated it can become more burdensome, and actually in many instances it's easier to do these things on a case by case, ad hoc basis.

"There's a middle ground between having nothing at all and having a full legislated process that might be overwhelming in some instances."

But Natalie says legal rights to time off would make a "huge" difference to her.

"If you didn't have to think about, 'what are work going to think about me being off again?' it would take a lot of the stress away.

"I'm at the beginning stages [of IVF] and I'm thinking about what it's going to look like work-wise going forward.

"I don't want this to be a thing forever, for other women that are also going to go through it. I think it's an important thing that needs to be fixed."

People turn to family and friends for money more often than Buy Now Pay Later loans, a new survey has suggested, and for most of them it was for less than £250.

The survey of more than 4,000 adults commissioned by non-profit Fair4All Finance, shared exclusively with the BBC, found that while 25% of respondents had taken out a Buy Now Pay Later loan, 26% had borrowed from family and 15% from friends this year.

Many relied on friends and relatives because they had been turned down by traditional services like banks - but some of those loans still come with interest.

For 42-year-old Carla McLoughlin, borrowing small sums from her mum is crucial.

The mother-of-three explains that the money is needed "just to tide us over for a week or two until we get paid".

But some people said borrowing from their nearest and dearest had affected those relationships.

Of those who borrowed from family, 9% said it weakened the relationship, and that figure rises to 17% when borrowing from friends, with different expectations of repayment souring relationships.

The dynamics get trickier for many with 16% of people who borrowed from friends and 8% of those that borrowed from family saying they were charged interest.

Val Lucus, Carla's 63-year-old mother, said she's lent to other family members who didn't pay her back.

"You're constantly chasing it up. That can be difficult," she said.

'We do it all the time'

Fair4All Finance was set up 2019 by the government, and campaigns to make financial products available to a wider group of people.

The research was carried out in collaboration with polling firm Ipsos, and included people from England, Scotland and Wales.

It found that younger adults, households with children, and people on zero-hours contracts or in lower-paid work are most likely to borrow from friends and family.

The research also showed that a quarter of all households would not be able to afford a £500 emergency bill without borrowing.

But the flow of cash is not all in one direction for Carla and her mum Val. They live close by in Merseyside, and regularly have to borrow from each other.

"We do it all the time. If I need £50 just to get a few bits to tide me over," Carla said.

"Two weeks later she'll be short so I give that back and if she needs a bit extra I give it to her."

Carla has been turned down for a loan in the past and struggled to get a phone contract, so Val has been happy to help.

Carla has also seen her mum pawn her grandmother's rings in the past.

"I was crying my eyes out, saying mum why didn't you ask me?" she said, adding that she wants to help her mum whenever she can, and has paid for her mum's gas and electricity bills in the past.

The pair said it has not impacted their relationship, and have never charged each other interest, but they have seen it go wrong for others.

"Some people say they'll pay you back but then they don't. Then they're messing it up for themselves," Carla added.

Nowhere else to turn

A lot of people turn to family and friends because they have been turned down by banks, credit cards or Buy Now Pay Later services.

For others it could be a cheaper option to avoid overdraft fees or high-interest short-term loans.

Kate Pender, the boss of Fair4All Finance, said it was important everyone has access to credit for the unexpected moments in life.

"No one should have to risk their closest relationships just to cover essential costs. We urgently need to expand access to safe, affordable credit so people aren't forced into difficult choices," she said.

Of those surveyed, 4% had turned to a loan shark, or unregistered lender within the last 12 months.

That figure could be even higher, as some of those who think they are borrowing from a "friend" may actually have borrowed from a loan shark - a person who is lending to multiple people, charging high interest, and often using intimidation to get repayment.

Dave Benbow head of the England Illegal Money Lending Team, known as Stop Loan Sharks, said about half of all people the organisation supports believed the loan shark was a friend at the time of borrowing.

"All too often we see situations where extra charges are suddenly added, the debt spirals, and borrowers find themselves trapped," he said.

Moneyhelper, an independent website backed by the government, says it's important to think carefully before borrowing from someone in your family or a friend. If you struggle to repay this could put pressure on you and your relationship.

They suggest good forward planning and a written agreement can help whether you're the one doing the borrowing or lending.

Can I lend money safely?

• Be completely honest with yourself about whether you can afford to lend the money if it was never paid back.

• If you feel pressured, or awkward, then say no. There are safe borrowing options, like Credit Unions you could direct a loved one to.

• Keep a written record - an email, text or Whatsapp could be enough - saying how much your lending and when you'd like to be repaid.

• Offer to help in another way - perhaps pay a bill directly for someone in need.

• Encourage the person asking to get help from a debt organisation. Help them get on top of their finances, don't just keep bailing people out.