House Republicans pointed to the staff reductions as a national security consequence of the shutdown, pressing Senate Democrats to yield and vote to reopen the government.
The new rules, which include changes on how quickly inspector generals must process complaints, threaten to undermine the role of a key federal watchdog.
The last-minute gathering featured hundreds of senior military officials, who swear an oath to the Constitution, attending something more akin to a campaign rally.
Some troops and Defense Department employees worry they will face politically motivated punishments for social media posts that are seen as disloyal to President Donald Trump.
Quantum computing exploits the physics of subatomic particles to perform speedier calculations than classical computers, with huge implications for technological innovation in defense and beyond.