Epistemology is the branch of philosophy that examines the nature, origin, and limits of knowledge. It investigates various types of knowledge, including theoretical and practical knowledge, and related concepts, such as belief, truth, and justification. Epistemologists distinguish different sources of knowledge, ranging from perception and introspection to memory, reason, and testimony. The schools of skepticism and fallibilism question the existence and certainty of knowledge, while empiricism and rationalism debate whether all knowledge stems from sense experience. Theories discussing the nature and role of justification include foundationalism, coherentism, internalism, and externalism. Separate branches of epistemology focus on knowledge in specific fields, such as scientific, mathematical, moral, and religious knowledge. Other branches are characterized by the aspects of knowledge they investigate or the research methodologies they use. Early reflections on the nature, sources, and scope of knowledge are found in ancient Greek, Indian, and Chinese philosophy. (Full article...)

• ... that the Sanahin Bridge (pictured) has stood intact for more than 800 years?
• ... that a tornado estimated to be one of the strongest on record planted maize crops in Greenfield, Iowa?
• ... that four generations of the British royal family had a summer barbecue at Inchnabobart?
• ... that the midnight shadow docket order in Tandon v. Newsom was called the most important religious free exercise decision in 30 years?
• ... that William Jenkins Wilcox Jr. was given a Citizen Archivist award at a symposium titled "Secret City in the Tennessee Hills: From Dogpatch to Nuclear Power"?
• ... that only Greenland Dogs may race in Avannaata Qimussersua?
• ... that Bangladeshi singer Abanti Sithi has used plastic cups, foil paper and metal coins as musical instruments?
• ... that Marguerite McDonald performed the world's first laser correction surgery on the normal eye of a living human patient?
• ... that Donald Trump would "much prefer not having a picture than having this one"?

• In Canada, the Liberal Party, led by Prime Minister Mark Carney (pictured), wins the most seats in the federal election.
• A major power outage affects most of the Iberian Peninsula.
• An explosion and fire at the Port of Shahid Rajaee, Iran, kills at least 70 people and injures more than 1,200 others.
• At least 11 people are killed in a car-ramming attack at a street festival in Vancouver, Canada.

May 1: Beltane and Samhain in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, respectively; Maharashtra Day in Maharashtra, India (1960); International Workers' Day, Law Day, Loyalty Day and National Day of Prayer (2025) in the United States

• 305 – Diocletian and Maximian retired as co-rulers of the Roman Empire, being succeeded by Galerius and Constantius Chlorus.
• 1794 – War of the Pyrenees: France regained nearly all the land it lost to Spain the previous year with its victory in the Second Battle of Boulou.
• 1931 – New York City's Empire State Building (pictured), at the time the tallest building in the world, opened.
• 1974 – Argentine president Juan Perón expelled Montoneros from a demonstration in the Plaza de Mayo in Buenos Aires, forcing the group to become a clandestine organization.

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The initial campaign of the Breton Civil War took place in 1341. John, Duke of Brittany, had died on 30 April 1341 and the Duchy of Brittany was claimed by both his younger half-brother, John of Montfort; and his niece's husband, Charles of Blois, a nephew of the king of France, Philip VI. John quickly installed friendly garrisons in most of the towns and castles of Brittany. Rumours of John's discussions with English emissaries reached Philip, causing him to recognise Charles as the new duke. John refused to give way and Philip sent an army to Brittany to impose Charles. Within a month John had been defeated and was a prisoner. His wife, Joanna, took command of her husband's army, stormed the town of Redon and moved to the small but strongly walled port of Hennebont. There she set up her two-year-old son, also named John, as the faction's figurehead. The Hundred Years' War between France and England had been ongoing since 1337, so she despatched a senior counsellor to encourage English military intervention. (Full article...)

• ... that Sequoites dakotensis was first described from clay-filled casts (examples pictured) and not the original tree cones?
• ... that Jeremy Allen White's underwear campaign with Calvin Klein earned US$12.7 million in media exposure in less than 48 hours?
• ... that Laurence Sterne's journal of love letters reverses the found-manuscript literary device by claiming that his real diary is fictional?
• ... that Katsumaro Akamatsu, a founding member of the Japanese Communist Party, supported the expulsion of communists from the Japanese Federation of Labour?
• ... that Eleanor Island was first designated as a Migratory Bird Sanctuary and later as a National Wildlife Area to give it a stronger protection status?
• ... that Vermont politician William Baxter personally funded the construction of an Orleans County school, provided that the second floor was used for religious purposes?
• ... that a fictional character from Peg O' My Heart complained about his insomnia with netizens on Threads?
• ... that a candidate in the 1968 United States House of Representatives election in Delaware took his dog on the campaign trail?
• ... that an elderly Brazilian woman helped to arrest dozens of drug traffickers and corrupt police officers?

• An explosion and fire (pictured) at the Port of Shahid Rajaee, Iran, kills at least 70 people and injures more than 1,200 others.
• At least 11 people are killed in a car-ramming attack at a street festival in Vancouver, Canada.
• Militants attack a group of tourists in Indian-administered Kashmir, killing 26 people.
• Pope Francis dies at the age of 88.

April 30: Yom HaZikaron in Israel (2025)

• 311 – The Diocletianic Persecution of Christians officially ended in the eastern Roman Empire.
• 1943 – Second World War: The Royal Navy submarine HMS Seraph began Operation Mincemeat to deceive Germany about the upcoming invasion of Sicily.
• 1963 – A refusal by the Bristol Omnibus Company and the Transport and General Workers' Union to permit the employment of black bus crews led to a bus boycott in Bristol, England.
• 1975 – American forces completed a helicopter evacuation (aircraft and evacuees pictured) of U.S. citizens, South Vietnamese civilians and others from Saigon, just before North Vietnamese troops captured the city and ended the Vietnam War.
• 2021 – A crowd crush killed 45 people during the annual pilgrimage to the tomb of Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai in Israel.

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The Portland spy ring was an espionage group active in the United Kingdom between 1953 and 1961. It comprised five people who obtained classified research documents from the Admiralty Underwater Weapons Establishment (AUWE) on the Isle of Portland, Dorset, and passed them to the Soviet Union. Two of the group, Harry Houghton and Ethel Gee worked at the AUWE and had access to classified information. They passed this to their handler, Konon Molody (pictured), a KGB agent acting under a Canadian passport in the name Gordon Lonsdale. Lonsdale would pass the documents to Lona and Morris Cohen, American communists living under the names Helen and Peter Kroger; they passed the information to Moscow. The ring was exposed in 1960 after a tip-off from the Polish spy Michael Goleniewski. The information he supplied was enough to identify Houghton. MI5 surveillance uncovered the rest of the group, who were arrested in January 1961 and tried that March. Sentences for the group ranged from 15 to 25 years. (Full article...)

• ... that Solfrid Koanda (pictured) qualified for her first weightlifting competition a few days after starting the sport?
• ... that the Joint Operations Command was created based on lessons learned from the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami?
• ... that a village in North Sulawesi traces its founding to exiles from the Java War?
• ... that Continuity by Andre Wee at Hume MRT station presents a stylised cross-sectional view of the historical Former Ford Factory?
• ... that the first governor of Macau Francisco Mascarenhas took the Fortaleza do Monte as the governor's residence from the Jesuits through a ruse?
• ... that construction of a Pittsburgh TV station was delayed when it was discovered that abandoned mine shafts ran beneath the planned tower site?
• ... that American football coach Jorge Munoz served as an assistant to a former player he coached?
• ... that the birth of Christianity in Minahasa, Indonesia, is celebrated annually on June 12, the day that Johann Friedrich Riedel set foot in Manado?
• ... that protesters launched a Garbage Offensive on New York City?

• An explosion and fire (pictured) at the Port of Shahid Rajaee, Iran, kills at least 70 people and injures more than 1,200 others.
• At least 11 people are killed in a car-ramming attack at a street festival in Vancouver, Canada.
• Militants attack a group of tourists in Indian-administered Kashmir, killing 26 people.
• Pope Francis dies at the age of 88.

April 29

• 1760 – Seven Years' War: France began an unsuccessful attempt to retake Quebec City, which had been captured by Britain.
• 1770 – On his first voyage, British explorer James Cook and the crew of HMS Endeavour (pictured) landed at Botany Bay, making the first recorded European landfall on the eastern coast of Australia.
• 1945 – World War II: The U.S. Army liberated Dachau, the first Nazi concentration camp, and killed German prisoners of war.
• 1995 – Before a crowd of about 165,000 at the Rungrado 1st of May Stadium, Ric Flair and Antonio Inoki competed in the main event of Collision in Korea, the highest attended professional wrestling event of all time.
• 2015 – The ringleaders of the Bali Nine were executed in Indonesia for attempting to smuggle 8.3 kg (18 lb) of heroin to Australia in 2005.

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Lemurs of Madagascar is a 2010 reference work and field guide on the lemurs of Madagascar, giving descriptions and biogeographic data for the known species. The primary contributor is Russell Mittermeier, president of Conservation International, and the cover art and illustrations are by Stephen D. Nash. Currently in its third edition, the book provides details about all known lemur species, general information about lemurs and their history, and tips for identifying species. Four related pocket field guides have also been released, containing color illustrations of each species, miniature range maps, and species checklists. The first edition was reviewed favorably. The first edition identified 50 lemur species and subspecies, increased to 71 in the second edition and 101 in the third. The taxonomy promoted by these books has been questioned by researchers, such as Ian Tattersall, who view these growing numbers of lemur species as insufficiently justified inflation of species numbers. (Full article...)

• ... that Spaceship House (pictured) was originally built as a 1970s-era bachelor pad?
• ... that Abbot Donato Ogliari is expected to deliver a meditation to the cardinals of the Catholic Church before the beginning of the 2025 papal conclave?
• ... that British composer Havergal Brian described his Symphony No. 2 as "Man in his cosmic loneliness: ambition, loves, battles, death"?
• ... that in 2019 sanitary bins were removed from railway stations in Japan to prevent terrorism?
• ... that Ruben A. Valdez, a high-school dropout, became the speaker of the Colorado House of Representatives?
• ... that the Catholic Church takes up a collection for Christians in the Holy Land annually on Good Friday?
• ... that the independent video-game developer Re-Logic cancelled the Google Stadia release of its game Terraria after its Google Account was suspended?
• ... that Sophie Rain went from living on food stamps to making US$43 million in a year on OnlyFans?
• ... that American Entomologist credited rivalry displays involving the Pokémon Pinsir with re-emphasizing Japanese cultural interest in insects?

• An explosion and fire (pictured) at the Port of Shahid Rajaee, Iran, kills at least 40 people and injures more than 1,200 others.
• A car attack at a street festival in Vancouver, Canada, kills at least 11 people and injures more than 20 others.
• Militants attack a group of tourists in Indian-administered Kashmir, killing 26 people.
• Pope Francis dies at the age of 88.

April 28: Workers' Memorial Day

• 1253 – The Japanese monk Nichiren declared the mantra Namu Myōhō Renge Kyō, now a central part of Nichiren Buddhism.
• 1789 – Fletcher Christian, the acting lieutenant on board the Royal Navy ship Bounty, led a mutiny against the commander William Bligh in the South Pacific.
• 1923 – The FA Cup final (crowd and police pictured) between Bolton Wanderers and West Ham United was held on the opening day of the Empire Stadium in London.
• 1945 – World War II: Benito Mussolini, the deposed fascist dictator of Italy, was executed by partisans in Giulino.
• 1983 – The West German news magazine Stern published excerpts from the purported diaries of Adolf Hitler, later revealed to be forgeries.

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The Legend of Zelda: Majora's Mask is a 2000 action-adventure game developed and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo 64. It makes use of enhanced 3D graphics and features several gameplay changes, but reuses elements and character models from Ocarina of Time (1998). It follows Link, who arrives in a parallel world, Termina, and becomes embroiled in a quest to prevent the moon from crashing in three days' time. The game introduces gameplay concepts revolving around a perpetually repeating three-day cycle and the use of various masks that transform Link into different forms, and requires the Expansion Pak add-on for the Nintendo 64, which provides additional memory for more refined graphics. Majora's Mask was acclaimed by critics, and generated a cult following. It was rereleased for the GameCube in 2003, and for the online services of the Wii, Wii U, and Nintendo Switch. An enhanced remake for the Nintendo 3DS was released in 2015. (Full article...)

• ... that the machete in the flag of Angola (pictured) symbolizes peasants, agriculture, and the country's war of independence?
• ... that ratings for The Bard range from A− by The A.V. Club to being the second-worst episode of The Twilight Zone by /Film and Paste?
• ... that Jon Haukeland established a "Polar Bear model" for Norwegian children?
• ... that Statistics House partially collapsed in the 2016 Kaikōura earthquake even though the building was once assessed as not being earthquake-prone?
• ... that Lady Gaga's Living Dress was designed by the creator of the Batsuit?
• ... that the name of the Maendeleo horseshoe bat refers to its discovery representing progress in understanding Tanzanian bats?
• ... that Philadelphia's Washington Monument was unveiled at its dedication in 1897 by the president of the United States?
• ... that Finland won its first Olympic ice hockey medal under the leadership of Kai Hietarinta?
• ... that to celebrate the 40th anniversary of the BBC soap opera EastEnders, viewers were given the opportunity to vote on the outcome of a love triangle storyline?

• Militants attack a group of tourists in Indian-administered Kashmir, killing 26 people.
• Pope Francis (pictured) dies at the age of 88.
• Daniel Noboa is re-elected president of Ecuador.
• Peruvian writer and Nobel Prize in Literature laureate Mario Vargas Llosa dies at the age of 89.

April 27: Koningsdag in the Netherlands

• 630 – Shahrbaraz usurped the throne of the Sasanian Empire from Ardashir III, but was himself killed six weeks later.
• 1650 – Wars of the Three Kingdoms: Covenanter forces defeated the Royalists at the Battle of Carbisdale near the village of Culrain, Scotland.
• 1945 – World War II: The photograph Raising the Flag on the Three-Country Cairn (pictured) was taken after German troops withdrew to Norway at the end of the Lapland War.
• 1965 – Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation: British forces repelled a surprise Indonesian attack on a base at Plaman Mapu in Sarawak.
• 2005 – The Airbus A380, the world's largest passenger airliner, made its maiden flight from Toulouse, France.

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Black Slave's Cry to Heaven was a 1907 stage play performed by the Spring Willow Society, a Chinese student troupe, in Tokyo, Japan. Adapted by Zeng Xiaogu from a translation of Harriet Beecher Stowe's novel Uncle Tom's Cabin, the play focused on the experiences and eventual escape of two slaves, Eliza and George, after killing several of their pursuers. Modified to allegorically call attention to the experiences of Chinese migrants in the United States, Black Slave's Cry to Heaven was innovative in its use of spoken dialogue and realistic set designs. Performed twice at the Hongō-za Theatre, the show was well received by critics and audiences. Although its script has been lost, the play has inspired subsequent works. Due to its technical innovations and nationalist themes, Black Slave's Cry to Heaven has been canonized as the first modern, Western-style Chinese drama. (Full article...)

• ... that anti-Pinochet dissident Luis Corvalán (pictured) had his appearance surgically altered by Soviet doctors before returning to Chile?
• ... that the two known populations of the desert musk shrew are found on opposite ends of Africa?
• ... that the body of a rebel commander was identified after the Battle of Siluk by his diamond-adorned kris?
• ... that the origin of Girls' Day in China is uncertain?
• ... that Patriots in Georgia conducted a raid on Tybee Island to capture runaway slaves during the American Revolutionary War?
• ... that "Multo" was the first song by a Filipino act to enter the Billboard Global 200 chart?
• ... that last year, Pope Francis simplified the book for papal funerals?
• ... that commentators described American wrestler Wyatt Hendrickson defeating an Olympic gold medalist as the "biggest upset in NCAA history"?
• ... that The Alchemist Code, a game themed around the seven deadly sins, collaborated with The Seven Deadly Sins?

• Militants attack a group of tourists in Indian-administered Kashmir, killing 26 people.
• Pope Francis (pictured) dies at the age of 88.
• Daniel Noboa is re-elected president of Ecuador.
• Peruvian writer and Nobel Prize in Literature laureate Mario Vargas Llosa dies at the age of 89.
• A nightclub roof collapse in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, kills 232 people.

April 26

• 1478 – In a conspiracy to replace the Medici family as rulers of the Republic of Florence, the Pazzi family attacked Lorenzo de' Medici (pictured) and killed his brother Giuliano at Florence Cathedral.
• 1915 – First World War: Britain, France and Russia signed a secret treaty promising territory to Italy if it joined the war on their side.
• 1933 – The Gestapo, the official secret police force of Nazi Germany, was established.
• 1989 – A tornado struck the Manikganj District of Bangladesh and killed an estimated 1,300 people, making it the deadliest tornado in history.
• 1994 – Just before landing at Nagoya Airport, Japan, the copilot of China Airlines Flight 140 inadvertently triggered the takeoff/go-around switch, causing the aircraft to crash and killing 264 of the 271 people on board.

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The 1925 FA Cup final was an association football match contested by Sheffield United and Cardiff City on 25 April 1925 at Wembley Stadium in London, England. The final was the showpiece match of English football's primary cup competition, the Football Association Challenge Cup (FA Cup), organised by the Football Association. Both teams entered the competition in the first round and progressed through five stages to reach the final. Both clubs conceded only two goals each en route to the final. This was the second time a team from outside England had reached an FA Cup final. It was also the first time a Welsh team had reached the final of the competition. Nearly 92,000 spectators attended the final. The only goal of the game was scored by Sheffield United's Fred Tunstall after 30 minutes and the match finished 1–0. The match remains the last time Sheffield United won the FA Cup. Cardiff later played in and won the 1927 final. (Full article...)

• ... that St. Hripsime Church (pictured), standing for 1,400 years, has many earthquake-resistant devices?
• ... that Sasami changed her sound for a third time for her third album Blood on the Silver Screen?
• ... that Japan's celebrity chimpanzee Rita, who dressed as a geisha and smoked cigarettes, became a wartime "propaganda icon"?
• ... that despite being known as "lucky" by colleagues, journalist David Griffin died in an airplane crash?
• ... that the Japanese live-action television drama adaptation of Accomplishment of Fudanshi Bartender was first broadcast in Taiwan before being broadcast in its home country?
• ... that a yeshiva student turned magician went from practicing card tricks in his free time to performing for major league baseball teams?
• ... that an Olympic gymnast lost her gold medal after the women's artistic individual all-around because she used Nurofen, which contains pseudoephedrine, to treat her common cold?
• ... that the Scottish painter Carole Gibbons had her first US exhibition in her eighties?
• ... that because the Green Bay Packers were named after a canned meat company, PETA called on the team to change their name?

• Militants attack a group of tourists in Indian-administered Kashmir, killing 26 people.
• Pope Francis (pictured) dies at the age of 88.
• Daniel Noboa is re-elected president of Ecuador.
• Peruvian writer and Nobel Prize in Literature laureate Mario Vargas Llosa dies at the age of 89.
• A nightclub roof collapse in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, kills 232 people.

April 25: Liberation Day in Italy (1945); Anzac Day in Australia and New Zealand

• 1643 – First English Civil War: Despite being vastly outnumbered, a Parliamentarian force under James Chudleigh defeated a Royalist army near Okehampton, Devon, at the Battle of Sourton Down.
• 1915 – First World War: The Australian and New Zealand Army Corps landed at Anzac Cove while British and French troops landed at Cape Helles to begin the Allied invasion of the Gallipoli peninsula in the Ottoman Empire.
• 1960 – The U.S. Navy submarine Triton (pictured) completed the first submerged circumnavigation of the world.
• 1983 – The first issue of The Jakarta Post was published in Indonesia.
• 2015 – Nepal was struck by a magnitude-7.8 earthquake, killing more than 8,000 people.

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"I'm God" is an instrumental song by the American producer Michael Volpe, known professionally as Clams Casino, and the British singer Imogen Heap (pictured). Volpe created "I'm God" in 2009 by sampling Heap's 2005 song "Just for Now". Volpe sent the track to the rapper Lil B; the instrumental is featured on a song of the same name on Lil B's 2009 mixtape, 6 Kiss. Volpe self-released "I'm God" in 2011 and, in 2012, it appeared on his mixtape Instrumentals 2. It was officially released on streaming on April 24, 2020, appearing on Volpe's Instrumental Relics compilation. A cloud rap song, "I'm God" is noted for its ethereal and dream-like aspects. It received a cult following on the Internet, being unofficially reuploaded by fans to social media, including in the form of a music video that incorporates clips from the 1989 French film Perdues dans New York. "I'm God" went on to be influential in the genre of cloud rap. It was certified gold in the US by the Recording Industry Association of America. (Full article...)

• ... that the Manchurian hare (pictured), unusually among hare species, is a forest dweller?
• ... that Robert J. O'Brien said that he did not drink alcohol, despite owning a saloon and being elected as alderman by a district containing more than 250 bars?
• ... that no one knows where the Oval Office Swedish ivy came from?
• ... the multiple dancers were arrested at the Capitol Theatre in San Francisco for allegedly not wearing bras during striptease numbers?
• ... that a village in Japan claims that it was Jesus's resting place?
• ... that Olympians Alice Lord and Richmond Landon later married after meeting each other on the ship ride to the 1920 Summer Olympics?
• ... that Sofia Gubaidulina combined the Passion narrative according to John with texts from the Book of Revelation when she composed her 2000 Johannes-Passion?
• ... that scientists from the Institutum Divi Thomae raised silkworms at Saint Gregory Seminary during World War II as a form of economic warfare against Japan?
• ... that Wall Street Plaza is not on Wall Street?

• Militants attack a group of tourists in Indian-administered Kashmir, killing 28 people.
• Pope Francis (pictured) dies at the age of 88.
• Daniel Noboa is re-elected president of Ecuador.
• Peruvian writer and Nobel Prize in Literature laureate Mario Vargas Llosa dies at the age of 89.
• A nightclub roof collapse in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, kills 232 people.

April 24: Armenian Genocide Remembrance Day (1915)

• 1837 – A fire broke out in Surat, India, which went on to destroy about 75% of the city.
• 1914 – The Franck–Hertz experiment, the first electrical measurement to clearly demonstrate quantum mechanics, was presented to the German Physical Society.
• 1916 – Irish republicans led by Patrick Pearse began the Easter Rising against British rule in Ireland, and proclaimed the Irish Republic an independent state.
• 1980 – Eight U.S. servicemen died in Operation Eagle Claw, a failed attempt to rescue the captives in the Iran hostage crisis.
• 1990 – The Hubble Space Telescope (pictured) was launched aboard STS-31 by Space Shuttle Discovery.
• 1993 – The Provisional Irish Republican Army detonated a truck bomb in London's financial district in Bishopsgate, killing one person, injuring forty-four others, and causing damage that cost £350 million to repair.

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The Aineta aryballos is an Ancient Greek aryballos (a small, spherical flask or vase), made between approximately 625 and 570 BCE in the city of Corinth in southern Greece. Approximately 6.35 centimetres (2.50 in) in both height and diameter, it was intended to contain perfumed oil or unguent, and is likely to have been owned by a high-class courtesan (hetaira) by the name of Aineta. The vase's illegal sale to the British Museum in 1865 led to the prosecution of its seller, the Athenian professor and art dealer Athanasios Rhousopoulos, and exposed his widespread involvement in antiquities crime. The vase is inscribed with a portrait, probably that of Aineta, who is named in the inscription on the vase. The aryballos is likely to have been found in a grave, probably that of Aineta. In 1877, Rhousopoulos was fined for selling the vase in contravention of Greek law. The case represented a relatively rare successful use of state power against the illegal trade in Ancient Greek artefacts. (Full article...)

• ... that George Frazier Miller (pictured) raised and spent $10 during his election campaign for a seat in the United States Congress in 1918?
• ... that, near the ending of the 2005 interactive storytelling video game Façade, two characters portrayed through AI chatbots ask the player for relationship advice?
• ... that Lebanese actress Cynthya Karam volunteers as a clown doctor in children's hospitals?
• ... that a Wisconsin TV station claimed the first-ever broadcast of a lunar eclipse, which it captured by moving a studio camera into its parking lot?
• ... that Khujand gained independence just a year before it was conquered by the Russian Empire?
• ... that Prince Louis of Wales is the first British prince to be ranked behind an elder sister in the line of succession?
• ... that Klingenheben's law is usually referred to in the singular, but in fact comprises four independent sound changes?
• ... that Aquilegia vulgaris was associated with a fertility goddess in ancient Greece, symbolized sacredness for Flemish painters, and was an omen of death in Hamlet?
• ... that Edwin Rist stole hundreds of rare birds to make into fishing lures?

• Pope Francis (pictured) dies at the age of 88.
• Daniel Noboa is re-elected president of Ecuador.
• Peruvian writer and Nobel Prize in Literature laureate Mario Vargas Llosa dies at the age of 89.
• A nightclub roof collapse in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, kills 232 people.
• In basketball, the UConn Huskies win the NCAA Division I women's championship and the Florida Gators win the men's championship.

April 23: National Sovereignty and Children's Day in Turkey (1920)

• 1467 – Ottoman wars in Europe: Albanian leader Skanderbeg defeated an Ottoman army under Ballaban Badera to raise the siege of Krujë.
• 1945 – World War II: The US Army's 90th Infantry Division liberated Flossenbürg concentration camp (pictured) in Germany, freeing 1,500 prisoners.
• 1976 – The American band the Ramones released their debut album, which became highly influential on the emerging punk rock movement.
• 1979 – Blair Peach, a New Zealand teacher, was fatally injured after being knocked unconscious during an Anti-Nazi League demonstration against a National Front election meeting in Southall, London.
• 2018 – A man intentionally struck pedestrians with a van on Yonge Street in Toronto, Canada, leading to 11 deaths.

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Edgar Towner (19 April 1890 – 18 August 1972) was an Australian recipient of the Victoria Cross, awarded for his actions during an attack on Mont Saint-Quentin during World War I. Born in Queensland, Towner enlisted in the Australian Imperial Force in 1915. He served in Egypt with the 25th Battalion until his unit was sent to the Western Front. He then transferred to the 2nd Machine Gun Battalion where he was commissioned as a lieutenant. In June 1918, Towner led a machine gun section attack near Morlancourt while under heavy fire, for which he was awarded the Military Cross. In September, he was involved in the Allied counteroffensive that broke the German lines at Mont Saint-Quentin and Péronne. Towner returned to Australia after being discharged in August 1919. He was appointed a director of the Russleigh Pastoral Company and re-enlisted during World War II, when he was promoted to major. He was awarded the Dr Thomson Foundation Gold Medal in 1956 for his geographical work. (Full article...)

• ... that Alejandro Finisterre (pictured), the inventor of table football, threatened to blow up a plane with a bar of soap?
• ... that Liv.e wrote her debut album Couldn't Wait to Tell You while working in Urban Outfitters?
• ... that F. B. J. Kuiper, after no longer being able to drive due to his failing vision, underwent eye surgery and then immediately bought a BMW?
• ... that Adolf Hitler received more than 300 visitors during his Festungshaft (fortress confinement) in Landsberg Prison?
• ... that St. Thomas Church and Howard–Flaget House was the site of the first Catholic seminary on the American frontier?
• ... that voice actress Rika Hayashi brought a golf club to the recording studio for Tonbo!, a golf-themed anime series?
• ... that Prunus cathybrownae, an extinct relative of plums, was named after three different Catherines?
• ... that Jiang Xiaoxuan set her debut film, To Kill a Mongolian Horse, in her homeland of Inner Mongolia?
• ... that Baltimore County Police Department leader Carroll E. Stansbury assigned officers to combat chicken theft?

• Daniel Noboa (pictured) is re-elected president of Ecuador.
• Peruvian writer and Nobel Prize in Literature laureate Mario Vargas Llosa dies at the age of 89.
• A nightclub roof collapse in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, kills 231 people.
• In basketball, the UConn Huskies win the NCAA Division I women's championship and the Florida Gators win the men's championship.
• In the National Hockey League, Alexander Ovechkin breaks Wayne Gretzky's record for most goals scored.

April 19: Primrose Day in London

• 1713 – With no living male heirs, Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor, issued the Pragmatic Sanction, allowing the Habsburg hereditary possessions to be inherited by a daughter.
• 1809 – War of the Fifth Coalition: French general Louis-Nicolas Davout defeated an Austrian force in Lower Bavaria, allowing him to rejoin the main French army.
• 1987 – The fictional Simpson family made their first appearance in the short "Good Night", aired in a segment of the The Tracey Ullman Show.
• 1995 – A truck bombing destroyed much of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building (aftermath pictured) in Oklahoma City, killing 168 people and injuring more than 680 others.
• 2015 – Freddie Gray, a 25-year-old African American, died of injuries sustained while in the custody of the Baltimore Police Department.

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The Battle of Poison Spring was fought on April 18, 1864, as part of the Camden Expedition during the American Civil War. In support of the Red River campaign in Louisiana, a Union force commanded by Frederick Steele had moved from Little Rock, Arkansas, and occupied Camden. Short on supplies, Steele sent a detachment commanded by James M. Williams to forage for corn that was reported to be in the area. Confederate cavalry commanded by John S. Marmaduke and Samuel B. Maxey attacked the foraging party. Marmaduke's men formed a roadblock to the east, while Maxey's men attacked from the south. The first two Confederate attacks were unsuccessful, but the third broke the Union line. Williams's command was routed, losing its wagon train. African-American soldiers from the 1st Kansas Colored Infantry Regiment were massacred during and after the battle. The defeat at Poison Spring and another defeat at the Battle of Marks' Mills led Steele to retreat to Little Rock. (Full article...)

• ... that the spring blooming wildflower common starlily (pictured) develops its seeds underground?
• ... that singer Ano joined You'll Melt More! without an interview at the invitation of the group's producer?
• ... that a Chinese short story about a man's friendship with a rock may have been inspired by the painter Mi Fu, who was reportedly obsessed with rocks?
• ... that the efforts of oil industry lobbyist Donald Pearlman to prevent the adoption of the Kyoto Protocol were dramatized in the 2024 play Kyoto?
• ... that the 69th edition of the Eurovision Song Contest featured several tracks that were "laden thick with double entendre", including "Ich komme"?
• ... that Trump wrote a letter to Ali Khamenei in an effort to initiate new nuclear negotiations with Iran?
• ... that in 2004 the Wasps Women's coach Giselle Mather waited until the end of a match to go to hospital despite going into labour before half-time?
• ... that a Minnesota radio station forbade its announcers from saying what songs they had just played?
• ... that the fictitious subject of a hoax Wikipedia article was a nominee to be on an English £50 note?

• Daniel Noboa (pictured) is re-elected president of Ecuador.
• Peruvian writer and Nobel Prize in Literature laureate Mario Vargas Llosa dies at the age of 89.
• A nightclub roof collapse in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, kills 231 people.
• In basketball, the UConn Huskies win the NCAA Division I women's championship and the Florida Gators win the men's championship.
• In the National Hockey League, Alexander Ovechkin breaks Wayne Gretzky's record for most goals scored.

April 18

• 1775 – American Revolutionary War: Colonists Paul Revere and William Dawes, later joined by Samuel Prescott, began a midnight ride to warn residents of Lexington and Concord, Massachusetts, about the impending arrival of British troops.
• 1881 – The painted ceilings of the Natural History Museum, London, were unveiled when the building opened its doors to the public.
• 1915 – World War I: Hit by ground fire, French aviation pioneer Roland Garros (pictured) landed his aircraft behind enemy lines and was taken prisoner by German forces.
• 1949 – The Republic of Ireland Act 1948 came into force, describing Ireland as a republic and ending its membership in the Commonwealth of Nations.
• 1975 – Aryabhata, India's first satellite, was launched from Kapustin Yar in the Soviet Union.

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Bæddel and bædling are Old English terms referring to non-normative sexual or gender categories. Occurring in a small number of medieval glossaries and penitentials (guides for religious penance), the exact meaning of the terms (and their distinction, if any) are debated by scholars. Both terms are often connected to effeminacy and adultery. Bæddel is glossed as 'hermaphrodite' and a 'man of both sexes' in its two extant glosses, while bædling is often glossed with terms associated with effeminacy and softness. The Oxford English Dictionary supports bæddel as the etymological root of the English adjective bad, although scholars propose alternative origins, including a shared root with both bæddel and bædling. The term bædlings may have included people assigned female at birth who took on masculine social roles or referred to intersex people. Scholars suggest that bædlings could represent a third gender outside the gender binary or a form of gender nonconformity in Anglo-Saxon society. (Full article...)

• ... that Gil Hovav (pictured) reads announcements at Ben Gurion Airport for free because he was annoyed by previous small grammatical errors?
• ... that the creator of Pop was part of the German techno scene?
• ... that during the Hail Larry game, Green Bay Packers wide receiver Jeff Janis recorded 145 of his career total of 345 receiving yards and two of his three career touchdowns?
• ... that actor Xavier Molyneux worked as an event paramedic between his acting roles?
• ... that United States president Joe Biden began his political career by unseating an incumbent county councilman?
• ... that the sole athlete representing Kiribati at the 2024 Summer Paralympics impressed the International Paralympic Committee through his eye mask?
• ... that the founder of a Mississippi radio station compared selling advertising time to campaigning for political office?
• ... that Šediváčkův long is considered one of Europe's most challenging dog sled races, with teams climbing more than 7,500 metres (24,600 feet) during the event?
• ... that Senator James A. Reed asked "Who the hell is Webb?" when he was nominated to be Webb's vice-presidential nominee?

• Peruvian writer and Nobel Prize in Literature laureate Mario Vargas Llosa (pictured) dies at the age of 89.
• A nightclub roof collapse in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, kills 231 people.
• In basketball, the UConn Huskies win the NCAA Division I women's championship and the Florida Gators win the men's championship.
• In the National Hockey League, Alexander Ovechkin breaks Wayne Gretzky's record for most goals scored.
• In horse racing, Nick Rockett, ridden by Patrick Mullins, wins the Grand National.

April 17: Evacuation Day in Syria (1946)

• 1080 – Canute IV became King of Denmark upon the death of his brother Harald III.
• 1809 – Napoleonic Wars: After a three-day chase, the French ship D'Hautpoul was captured off Puerto Rico by a British squadron under Alexander Cochrane.
• 1951 – The Peak District was designated the first national park in the United Kingdom.
• 1975 – The Khmer Rouge captured Phnom Penh, the capital of the Khmer Republic, ending the Cambodian Civil War and establishing the socialist state of Democratic Kampuchea.
• 2014 – NASA announced the discovery of Kepler-186f (pictured), the first exoplanet with a radius similar to Earth's discovered in the habitable zone of another star.

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The mind is that which thinks, feels, perceives, imagines, remembers, and wills, including both conscious and unconscious processes. Its exact nature is debated, like whether mental phenomena are internal activities of transforming information or dispositions to engage in observable behavior. The mind–body problem is the challenge of explaining the relation between matter and mind. According to physicalism, minds are not independent entities but certain aspects of material objects. The evolutionary history of the mind is tied to the development of brains, but it is controversial at which point minds emerged and which non-human animals possess minds. Similar theoretical challenges concern the possibility of artificial minds powered by computers. The main fields studying the mind include psychology, neuroscience, cognitive science, and the philosophy of mind. Their methods range from empirical observation and neuroimaging to conceptual analysis and thought experiments. (Full article...)

• ... that the Seth Peterson Cottage (pictured) was said to have "more architecture per square foot" than any of Frank Lloyd Wright's other designs?
• ... that Robert Van Damme played ice hockey professionally before pursuing a career in gay pornography?
• ... that a 2023 tornado damaged Selma, Alabama, known for civil-rights marches attended by Martin Luther King Jr., just eight days before MLK Day?
• ... that Pitty recorded Admirável Chip Novo with a band hastily assembled from Salvador musicians after rejecting Rio de Janeiro's session musicians because it felt "strange"?
• ... that Joseph Pearman played American football with F. Scott Fitzgerald at a preparatory school?
• ... that A Polish Book of Monsters features stories in which the line between monster and human is blurred, reflecting what the editor saw as a quintessentially Polish view of monstrosity?
• ... that an Indian restaurant chain has more than 800 combinations of kulfi flavours, toppings, and sauces?
• ... that some mill workers in a historic district in Virginia gave their ages as fourteen despite appearing much younger?
• ... that Yi chieftain Xiao Yedan and a Chinese Red Army military leader established an alliance by drinking chicken blood?

• A nightclub roof collapse in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, kills 231 people.
• In basketball, the UConn Huskies win the NCAA Division I women's championship (Most Outstanding Player Azzi Fudd pictured) and the Florida Gators win the men's championship.
• In the National Hockey League, Alexander Ovechkin breaks Wayne Gretzky's record for most goals scored.
• In horse racing, Nick Rockett, ridden by Patrick Mullins, wins the Grand National.

April 16

• 1520 – A revolt of citizens in Toledo, Castile, opposed to the rule of the foreign-born Charles I began when the royal government attempted to unseat radical city councilors.
• 1862 – Slavery in Washington, D.C., ended when the District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act became law.
• 1945 – Second World War: British and Canadian forces concluded the Liberation of Arnhem in the Netherlands from German occupation.
• 1948 – The Organisation for European Economic Co-operation, headquartered in Paris, was founded.
• 2014 – The ferry MV Sewol (pictured) capsized and sank off Donggeochado, South Korea, killing 306 people, mainly students from Danwon High School.

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Lady Blue is an American detective and action-adventure television series that originally aired on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC). Produced by David Gerber, the show's pilot aired as a television film on April 15, 1985 before being picked up for a full series between September 15, 1985, to January 25, 1986. The show revolves around Chicago detective Katy Mahoney (Jamie Rose) and her violent methods of handling cases. The supporting cast includes Danny Aiello, Ron Dean, Diane Dorsey, Bruce A. Young, Nan Woods, and Ricardo Gutierrez. Lady Blue was criticized by several watchdog organizations as the most violent show on television with critics calling Mahoney "Dirty Harriet" (after Clint Eastwood's character Dirty Harry). ABC cancelled it in early 1986, partially due to the complaints about excessive violence. Critical reception to the series was primarily negative during its run and the series has not been released on DVD, Blu-ray, or an online streaming service. (Full article...)

• ... that a lightning strike on the St. George Utah Temple (pictured) was interpreted by Latter-day Saint officials as a beyond-the-grave request from a former church leader to change the design?
• ... that Amman was renamed Philadelphia around 255 BC by a Greek ruler who was nicknamed Philadelphus for marrying his sister?
• ... that museum director Nawala Al-Mutawalli guarded the Iraq Museum with an AK-47 prior to the Battle of Baghdad?
• ... that Fred Verity and colleagues invented an automatic pivot or bearing for looking glasses?
• ... that Lady Gaga considered changing Mayhem into a grunge record after completing "Perfect Celebrity"?
• ... that models walked the outline of an inverted pentagram for the occult-inspired runway show of Alexander McQueen's In Memory of Elizabeth Howe, Salem, 1692 (Fall/Winter 2007)?
• ... that 2024 Olympic bronze medalist Sophiane Méthot began gymnastics after watching Stick It?
• ... that African ginger is used by the Zulu people to protect against lightning and snake bites?
• ... that before it was good to be the GOAT, it was actually bad to be a goat?

• A nightclub roof collapse in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, kills 226 people.
• In basketball, the UConn Huskies win the NCAA Division I women's championship (Most Outstanding Player Azzi Fudd pictured) and the Florida Gators win the men's championship.
• In the National Hockey League, Alexander Ovechkin breaks Wayne Gretzky's record for most goals scored.
• In horse racing, Nick Rockett, ridden by Patrick Mullins, wins the Grand National.

April 15: Day of the Sun in North Korea; Jackie Robinson Day and Tax Day in the United States

• 1632 – Thirty Years' War: A Swedish–German army defeated the forces of the Catholic League at the Battle of Rain, mortally wounding their commander Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly.
• 1923 – Ten Japanese-American children were killed in a racially motivated arson attack on a school in Sacramento, California.
• 1936 – Two Jews were killed near Tulkarm in Mandatory Palestine, an act widely viewed as the beginning of violence within the Arab revolt.
• 1989 – The Hillsborough disaster (memorial pictured), a human crush that caused 97 deaths in the worst disaster in British sporting history, occurred during an FA Cup match between Liverpool and Nottingham Forest in Sheffield.
• 2019 – A fire severely damaged Notre-Dame de Paris, destroying the cathedral's timber spire and much of the roof.

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Muhammad IV (14 April 1315 – 25 August 1333) was the ruler of the Emirate of Granada (map pictured) on the Iberian Peninsula from 1325 to 1333. He was the sixth sultan of the Nasrid dynasty, succeeding to the throne at the age of 10 when his father, Ismail I, was assassinated. The initial years of his reign were marked by civil war between his ministers, drawing in Castile, Granada's neighbour to the north. The civil war ended in 1328 when Muhammad took a more active role in government. Castile and the kingdom of Aragon invaded Granada in 1330. In 1332, Muhammad sailed to the Marinid court at Fez to request help, and the new Marinid sultan Abu al-Hasan Ali sent 5,000 troops, who besieged the Castilians at Gibraltar. The town surrendered in June 1333 but was in turn besieged. After confused fighting a truce was agreed on 24 August 1333 that restored the 1331 treaty. One day later, Muhammad was assassinated, aged 18. He was succeeded by his brother Yusuf I. (Full article...)

• ... that a haniwa horse (pictured) in Tokyo National Museum is of particular significance due to its horse trappings?
• ... that more than half of all children in the United States under the age of 16 played Roblox in July 2020?
• ... that the detention of Mahmoud Khalil raises constitutional questions similar to a 1945 court case?
• ... that Aquilegia vulgaris subsp. nevadensis has remained genetically distinct from other columbines despite frequent hybridization within the genus?
• ... that a dam failure at a Chinese-owned copper mine released 50 million litres of highly toxic waste into the Kafue River in Zambia, devastating ecosystems at least 100 kilometres (62 mi) downstream?
• ... that novvot, a popular traditional candy in the Middle East and Central Asia, is often served with tea and has roots in Persian cuisine?
• ... that Canadian football player Paul Shorten played college football after his pro career?
• ... that Betsy Arakawa's house was once featured in Architectural Digest?
• ... that Twitch streamer Morgpie went viral for using her buttocks as a green screen?

• A nightclub roof collapse in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, kills 226 people.
• In basketball, the UConn Huskies win the NCAA Division I women's championship (Most Outstanding Player Azzi Fudd pictured) and the Florida Gators win the men's championship.
• In the National Hockey League, Alexander Ovechkin breaks Wayne Gretzky's record for most goals scored.
• In horse racing, Nick Rockett, ridden by Patrick Mullins, wins the Grand National.
• South Korea's Constitutional Court removes Yoon Suk Yeol as the president of South Korea, following his earlier declaration of martial law.

April 14: Tamil New Year and other New Year festivals in South and Southeast Asia (2024); N'Ko Alphabet Day in West Africa

• 1471 – Wars of the Roses: The Yorkists under Edward IV defeated the Lancastrians at the Battle of Barnet, killing Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick.
• 1945 – World War II: The German town of Friesoythe was razed by the 4th Canadian Division on the orders of Major General Christopher Vokes.
• 1999 – A storm dropped around 500,000 tonnes of hailstones on Sydney (examples pictured) and the east coast of New South Wales, causing about A$2.3 billion in damages, the costliest natural disaster in Australian insurance history.
• 2010 – Plumes of ash from a major eruption of the Eyjafjallajökull volcano in Iceland led to widespread disruption of air travel throughout Europe for several days.
• 2014 – Boko Haram militants kidnapped 276 schoolgirls from a government secondary school in the town of Chibok, Nigeria.

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The Boat Race 2020 was a side-by-side rowing race scheduled to take place on 29 March 2020. Held annually, the Boat Race is contested between crews from the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge along a 4.2-mile (6.8 km) tidal stretch of the River Thames (course pictured) in south-west London. This would have been the 75th women's race and the 166th men's race. Cambridge led the longstanding rivalry 84–80 and 44–30 in the men's and women's races, respectively. The races were cancelled on 16 March 2020 as a consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom. Other than as a result of war, it was the first time that the men's race had been cancelled since the first edition in 1845. It was also the first cancellation of the women's race since its 1964 revival. The 2020 event would have been the first time that both senior races would be umpired by women. The members of each crew were announced on the date that the race would have been contested. (Full article...)

• ... that Mirella Freni (pictured) and Luciano Pavarotti, who co-starred as the lovers Mimì and Rodolfo in La bohème at La Scala in 1968, shared the same wet nurse?
• ... that Bill Chisholm's announced $6.1 billion purchase of the Boston Celtics is the largest amount ever paid for a North American sports team?
• ... that a former management consultant who coined the framework of "The Three Worlds of Evangelicalism" was described by The New York Times as "a kind of Malcolm Gladwell of conservative Christianity"?
• ... that the 2001 Zug massacre resulted in changes to security measures for public buildings, but not to Swiss gun laws?
• ... that Juan Soto, before his blockbuster trade, rejected a 15-year, $440 million contract extension, which would have been the largest deal in Major League Baseball history at the time?
• ... that about 25 percent of people experience heartburn at least once a month?
• ... that Miroslav Kvočka was convicted of war crimes and crimes against humanity against non-Serb detainees in the Omarska concentration camp during the Bosnian War?
• ... that the Edmonds' Clock Tower was split in two after the June 2011 Christchurch earthquakes?
• ... that the Overwatch character Juno was praised for her ability to reward players for having sound game sense?

• A nightclub roof collapse in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, kills 226 people.
• In basketball, the UConn Huskies win the NCAA Division I women's championship (Most Outstanding Player Azzi Fudd pictured) and the Florida Gators win the men's championship.
• In the National Hockey League, Alexander Ovechkin breaks Wayne Gretzky's record for most goals scored.
• In horse racing, Nick Rockett, ridden by Patrick Mullins, wins the Grand National.
• South Korea's Constitutional Court removes Yoon Suk Yeol as the president of South Korea, following his earlier declaration of martial law.

April 13

• 1777 – American Revolutionary War: British and Hessian forces conducted a surprise attack against a Continental Army outpost at Bound Brook, New Jersey.
• 1829 – The Roman Catholic Relief Act received royal assent, removing the most substantial restrictions on Catholics in the United Kingdom.
• 1958 – In the midst of the Cold War, American pianist Van Cliburn (pictured) won the inaugural International Tchaikovsky Competition in Moscow.
• 2009 – Twenty-three people died in a fire at a homeless hostel in Kamień Pomorski; it was Poland's deadliest fire since 1980.
• 2017 – War in Afghanistan: In an airstrike in Nangarhar Province, the U.S. military dropped the most powerful conventional bomb used in combat.

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Dolly de Leon (born April 12, 1969) is a Filipino actress. De Leon began her career on stage, and made her film debut in Shake, Rattle & Roll III (1991). She was later cast in minor and uncredited roles in films and took on guest parts in television shows. Her breakthrough came in the crime drama Verdict (2019), for which she won a FAMAS Award for Best Supporting Actress. De Leon achieved international recognition and acclaim for her role in Triangle of Sadness (2022), winning the Guldbagge Award and the Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Performance, in addition to nominations for a Golden Globe Award and for a BAFTA Award for Best Supporting Actress; she became the first Filipino actress to be nominated for the latter two awards. De Leon co-founded Ladies Who Launch, a social services group that supports disadvantaged communities. British Vogue named her one of the 31 most famous stars in the world in 2023. (Full article...)

• ... that all of the walnut decorations in Chicago's Emil Bach House (pictured) were sourced from a single tree?
• ... that Waeta Ben Tabusasi went from being a conservation officer to the speaker of his country's parliament?
• ... that Metallica's "Blackened" became the namesake for a record label and a whiskey brand?
• ... that After London has been described as a defining work in genres such as Ruined Earth and climate fiction?
• ... that four-time NAIA scoring champion Grace Beyer has scored more career points than any female basketball player at a four-year college or university?
• ... that the design of the Parakiore Recreation and Sport Centre's hydroslides was inspired by eels?
• ... that Alamo: The Price of Freedom has been shown continuously at the Rivercenter IMAX in San Antonio, Texas, since March 5, 1988?
• ... that the reclassification of the species in the beetle genus Caccothryptus was based primarily on their genitals?
• ... that a Japanese town used its COVID-19 relief funds to build a statue of a squid?

• A nightclub roof collapse in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, kills more than 220 people.
• In basketball, the Florida Gators win the NCAA Division I men's championship (Most Outstanding Player Walter Clayton Jr. pictured) and the UConn Huskies win the women's championship.
• In the National Hockey League, Alexander Ovechkin breaks Wayne Gretzky's record for most goals scored.
• In horse racing, Nick Rockett, ridden by Patrick Mullins, wins the Grand National.
• South Korea's Constitutional Court removes Yoon Suk Yeol as the president of South Korea, following his earlier declaration of martial law.

April 12: First day of Passover (Judaism, 2025); Third Month Fair begins in southwest China (2025); Cosmonautics Day in Russia; Yuri's Night

• 627 – King Edwin of Northumbria was baptised by Bishop Paulinus of York.
• 1204 – Troops of the Fourth Crusade entered Constantinople and began a sack of the city, temporarily dissolving the Byzantine Empire.
• 1910 – SMS Zrínyi, one of the last pre-dreadnoughts built by the Austro-Hungarian Navy, was launched in Trieste.
• 1980 – Samuel Doe took control of Liberia in a coup d'etat, overthrowing President William Tolbert and ending over 130 years of national democratic presidential succession.
• 2014 – A fire broke out near Valparaíso, Chile, eventually destroying at least 2,500 homes and leaving approximately 11,000 people homeless.

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The banded sugar ant (Camponotus consobrinus) is a species of ant endemic to Australia. A member of the genus Camponotus in the subfamily Formicinae, it was described by German entomologist Wilhelm Ferdinand Erichson in 1842. Its common name refers to the ant's preference for sweet food and the distinctive orange-brown band around its gaster. The ant is polymorphic and relatively large, with castes called major workers (soldiers) and minor workers. Ants in these groups measure around 5 to 15 millimetres (0.20 to 0.59 inches) in length. Mainly nocturnal, the ants prefer a mesic habitat, and are commonly found in forests and woodlands; they are also found in urban areas, where they are considered a household pest. The ant's diet includes sweet secretions obtained from aphids and other insects. Workers prey on some insects, killing them with a spray of formic acid. Banded sugar ants are prey for other ants, echidnas and birds. The eggs of this species were consumed by Indigenous Australians. (Full article...)

• ... that USS Gyatt (pictured), after being fitted with a Terrier anti-air missile launcher, became the world's first guided-missile destroyer?
• ... that VTuber Sakura Miko was featured in a paper on structural stability and thermodynamics?
• ... that Grim Reaper of Love by the Turtles features an unusual quintuple-meter (⁵
  ₄) beat?
• ... that 269 Justitia is one of the reddest known asteroids in the asteroid belt?
• ... that the first Indian-American mayor of Fremont, California, succeeded its first female and first Asian-American mayor?
• ... that the mammal species found at the second-highest known altitude may be either the puna mouse or the eastern puna mouse?
• ... that Oris Aigbokhaevbolo was included on YNaija's 2024 list of influential people in the Nigerian film industry?
• ... that the 1992 edition of Beringia, with a distance of 2,044 kilometres (1,270 mi), holds the Guinness World Record for the longest sled dog race?
• ... that Dallas Mavericks fans held a mock funeral with a coffin for Luka Dončić in response to him being traded?

• A nightclub roof collapse in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, kills more than 220 people.
• In basketball, the Florida Gators win the NCAA Division I men's championship (Most Outstanding Player Walter Clayton Jr. pictured) and the UConn Huskies win the women's championship.
• In the National Hockey League, Alexander Ovechkin breaks Wayne Gretzky's record for most goals scored.
• In horse racing, Nick Rockett, ridden by Patrick Mullins, wins the Grand National.
• South Korea's Constitutional Court removes Yoon Suk Yeol as the president of South Korea, following his earlier declaration of martial law.

April 11

• 1689 – William III and Mary II (both pictured) were crowned joint sovereigns of England in a ceremony at Westminster Abbey.
• 1809 – Napoleonic Wars: A hastily assembled Royal Navy fleet launched an assault against the main strength of the French Atlantic Fleet; an incomplete victory led to political turmoil in Britain.
• 1951 – U.S. president Harry S. Truman relieved General of the Army Douglas MacArthur of his commands for making public statements about the Korean War that contradicted the administration's policies.
• 2001 – In a FIFA World Cup qualifying match, Australia defeated American Samoa 31–0, the largest margin of victory recorded in international football.

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"Abyssinia, Henry" is the 72nd episode of the American television series M*A*S*H, and the final episode of the third season. First aired on March 18, 1975, and written by Everett Greenbaum and Jim Fritzell, the episode was most notable for its shocking and unexpected ending. The episode's plot centers on the honorable discharge and subsequent departure of the 4077th MASH's commander, Lieutenant Colonel Henry Blake, played by McLean Stevenson. The controversial ending, the reporting of Blake's death, has since been referenced and parodied many times. It prompted more than 1,000 letters to series producers Gene Reynolds and Larry Gelbart, and drew fire from both CBS and 20th Century Fox. After the episode's production, both Stevenson and Wayne Rogers, who played Trapper John McIntyre, left the series to pursue other interests. These departures and their subsequent replacements signaled the beginning of a major shift in the series's focus. (Full article...)

• ... that, as far as Alessi Rose (pictured) is concerned, "if people don't want me to write songs about them, they shouldn't do bad things"?
• ... that Io Kaziwara developed tendonitis while drawing the first volume of the manga series Reincarnated into Demon King Evelogia's World?
• ... that Cris Tinley was the youngest-ever cricketer in Nottinghamshire's history for 177 years?
• ... that United States senator Joe Biden felt that his decision to run for a fourth term in 1990 was less difficult than deciding to run for his previous terms?
• ... that the snowboarder Hiroto Ogiwara landed the first ever 2340, rotating six and a half times, with a fractured forearm?
• ... that The Source was the highest-selling music magazine on the newsstands in the United States?
• ... that Marshallese chief Kabua Kabua was described as "probably the only person ever to serve as a judge under both the Japanese and U.S. judicial systems"?
• ... that a government surplus audio console used by a Virginia radio station was believed to have been used to broadcast Franklin D. Roosevelt's fireside chats?
• ... that Jeff Baena, while unable to film in Italy in 2020, created Cinema Toast from an idea during an online poker game to re-cut and dub old movies into new stories?

• A nightclub roof collapse in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, kills more than 120 people.
• In basketball, the Florida Gators win the NCAA Division I men's championship (Most Outstanding Player Walter Clayton Jr. pictured) and the UConn Huskies win the women's championship.
• In the National Hockey League, Alexander Ovechkin breaks Wayne Gretzky's record for most goals scored.
• South Korea's Constitutional Court removes Yoon Suk Yeol as the president of South Korea, following his earlier declaration of martial law.

April 10

• 1809 – Napoleonic Wars: The War of the Fifth Coalition began with the Austrian invasion of Bavaria, then a client state of France.
• 1815 – Mount Tambora in Indonesia began the most powerful volcanic eruption in recorded history, killing at least 71,000 people and affecting temperatures worldwide.
• 1925 – The Great Gatsby (cover pictured), a novel by American author F. Scott Fitzgerald, was first published by Scribner's.
• 1970 – In the midst of business disagreements with his bandmates, Paul McCartney announced his departure from the Beatles.
• 2019 – Scientists from the Event Horizon Telescope project released the first image of the black hole at the center of the galaxy M87.

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William D. Hoard (October 10, 1836 – November 22, 1918) was an American politician, newspaper publisher, and agriculture advocate who served as the 16th governor of Wisconsin from 1889 to 1891. Called the "father of modern dairying", Hoard's advocacy for scientific agriculture and the expansion of dairy farming has been credited with changing Wisconsin's agricultural economy. In his magazine Hoard's Dairyman, he promoted the use of silos and alfalfa for cattle feed, testing for bovine tuberculosis, and raising particular breeds of cattle for milk or meat. His work with the Wisconsin Dairymen's Association led to the export of Wisconsin dairy products to the East Coast, where they were renowned. As governor of Wisconsin, Hoard established the Dairy and Food Commission—one of the first food inspection agencies in the United States—and passed a short-lived education law that required all students in the state to be taught in English as part of the Americanization process for immigrants. (Full article...)

• ... that Na drugą planetę (cover pictured), published in 1895 as one of the earliest Polish science-fiction novels, was later criticized by communist-era censors for its perceived "adoration for America"?
• ... that Abba Cohen, who advocates for the Orthodox Jewish community, has worked with seven presidential administrations and nineteen Congresses?
• ... that in 1343 the French and English armies marched to within 18 miles (29 km) of each other, then agreed a three-and-a-half year truce?
• ... that a former Uber driver is the nominee to be the deputy secretary of a U.S. government department?
• ... that actress Margaret Qualley said she cried when she first heard the song "Margaret"?
• ... that Hong Wang's latest paper claims to have resolved the Kakeya conjecture, described as "one of the most sought-after open problems in geometric measure theory", in three dimensions?
• ... that an Iowa TV station was paid for by surplus Manhattan Project funds?
• ... that Markus Graf's "swissmadehockey" formed the approach to training the Switzerland men's national ice hockey team?
• ... that a bald eagle went viral for incubating a rock?

• In NCAA Division I basketball, the UConn Huskies win the women's championship (Most Outstanding Player Azzi Fudd pictured) and the Florida Gators win the men's championship.
• South Korea's Constitutional Court removes Yoon Suk Yeol as the president of South Korea, following his earlier declaration of martial law.
• US president Donald Trump announces trade tariffs on most countries.
• Marine Le Pen, the runner-up in the 2017 and 2022 French presidential elections, is convicted of embezzlement and banned from standing in elections for five years.
• A magnitude-7.7 earthquake leaves more than 5,300 people dead in Myanmar and Thailand.

April 9: Day of Valor in the Philippines (1942); Education and Sharing Day in the United States (2025); Vimy Ridge Day in Canada (1917)

• 193 – Year of the Five Emperors: Septimius Severus was proclaimed Roman emperor by his troops at Carnuntum in modern-day Austria.
• 1388 – Despite being vastly outnumbered, forces of the Old Swiss Confederacy defeated an Austrian army at the Battle of Näfels.
• 1945 – The German heavy cruiser Admiral Scheer (pictured), the most successful capital-ship surface raider of the Second World War, was sunk by British bombers in port in Kiel.
• 2005 – Charles, Prince of Wales, married Camilla Parker Bowles in a civil ceremony at the Windsor Guildhall.
• 2021 – Myanmar civil war: Burmese military and police forces killed at least 82 civilians in the Bago massacre, including people protesting a a recent coup d'état.

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Empress Matilda (1102–1167) was the claimant to the English throne during the civil war known as the Anarchy. The daughter of King Henry I, she moved to Germany to marry the future Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor. Her younger brother died in 1120, leaving a succession crisis. On Henry V's death in 1125, her father arranged for her to marry Geoffrey of Anjou. Henry I nominated her as his heir before his death in 1135, but she faced opposition from the Norman barons and the throne was taken by her cousin Stephen of Blois. In 1139, Matilda travelled to England to take the crown by force. She captured Stephen at the Battle of Lincoln in 1141, but crowds in London blocked her attempt to be crowned and she was never formally declared queen. Her half-brother was captured and Matilda exchanged him for Stephen. A stalemate developed and she returned to Normandy in 1148, leaving her eldest son—later Henry II—to continue the campaign. She then focused on leading Normandy and giving her son political advice. (Full article...)

• ... that Mongush Buyan-Badyrgy (pictured) helped his country go "right from a feudal system to a society of democratic norms"?
• ... that the trope of the found manuscript, in which a fictional work refers to another fictional work of literature, dates as far back as ancient Egypt?
• ... that Izawa Takushi is called the "Quiz King from Tokyo University"?
• ... that when MV Solong struck MV Stena Immaculate in March 2025, the former ship was falsely reported to be carrying highly toxic sodium cyanide?
• ... that while starting in place of Aaron Rodgers, backup quarterback Matt Flynn set the Green Bay Packers team record for passing yards (480) and touchdowns (6) in a victory against the Detroit Lions?
• ... that the Dutch author of books for children and adults Clare Lennart finally turned to full-time writing after her husband retired and took care of the household?
• ... that the Ten Arches Bridge in Amman, built as part of the Ottoman Hejaz railway, was one of the main targets for destruction during a 1918 Allied attack during World War I?
• ... that Elizabeth Harcourt Mitchell wrote A Short Church History, which was used as a textbook for pupil teachers?
• ... that the codename "Neo" was used when writing the return of EastEnders character Keanu Taylor, in reference to the protagonist of The Matrix?

• South Korea's Constitutional Court removes Yoon Suk Yeol (pictured) as the president of South Korea, following his earlier declaration of martial law.
• US president Donald Trump announces trade tariffs on most countries.
• Marine Le Pen, the runner-up in the 2017 and 2022 French presidential elections, is convicted of embezzlement and banned from standing in elections for five years.
• A magnitude-7.7 earthquake leaves more than 5,300 people dead in Myanmar and Thailand.

April 8

• 1271 – Crusades: The Knights Hospitaller surrendered the Krak des Chevaliers, a castle in present-day Syria, to the army of the Mamluk sultan Baybars.
• 1904 – France and the United Kingdom signed the Entente Cordiale, agreeing to a peaceful coexistence after centuries of intermittent conflict.
• 1911 – American cartoonist Winsor McCay released the silent short film Little Nemo (featured), one of the earliest animated films.
• 1933 – The Australian state of Western Australia voted to secede from the federation, but efforts to implement the result proved to be unsuccessful.
• 1973 – The Progress Party was founded in a movie theater in Oslo, Norway.

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What a Merry-Go-Round is the eighteenth collection by British fashion designer Alexander McQueen, made for the Autumn/Winter 2001 season of his fashion house eponymous fashion house. The collection drew on imagery of clowns and carnivals, inspired by McQueen's feelings about childhood and his experiences in the fashion industry. The designs were influenced by military chic, cinema such as Nosferatu (1922) and Cabaret (1972), 1920s flapper fashion and the French Revolution. The palette comprised dark colours complemented with neutrals and muted greens. The collection's runway show was staged in February 2001 in a dark room with a carousel at the centre, with 62 looks (one pictured) presented. It was McQueen's final show in London. Critical response to the collection was generally positive, and it has attracted some academic analysis for the theme and messaging. It served as a critique of the fashion industry, which McQueen sometimes described as toxic and suffocating. (Full article...)

• ... that the stone men, horses, &c. (example pictured) of Japan's kofun may have been inspired by the spirit paths of China?
• ... that people traveled from as far away as Australia and the Netherlands to stay at a house in Ohio?
• ... that urbanists have used hive cities from the science-fiction universe of Warhammer 40,000 as an example of how vertical cities could become dystopian?
• ... that the Philippine embassy in Pretoria responded to a South African newspaper's denunciation of horse fighting in the Philippines by saying that the practice was already illegal?
• ... that artisan baker Jules Rabin was inspired to bake bread after a 1971 visit to a commune in France where "they didn't speak of bread as holy, but they treated it as a holy object"?
• ... that Tout est lumière, a setting by Maurice Ravel for soprano, choir and orchestra of a poem by Victor Hugo, earned Ravel a place in the second round of the 1901 Prix de Rome?
• ... that Tommy Cronin played both basketball and football in high school, in college, and professionally?
• ... that the grave of a Dutch officer and his dog who were killed in the Battle of Nanggulon is a designated cultural object in Indonesia?
• ... that Cowboy Wheeler was a Reimer Wiener?

• South Korea's Constitutional Court removes Yoon Suk Yeol (pictured) as the president of South Korea, following his earlier declaration of martial law.
• US president Donald Trump announces trade tariffs on most countries.
• Marine Le Pen, the runner-up in the 2017 and 2022 French presidential elections, is convicted of embezzlement and banned from standing in elections for five years.
• A magnitude-7.7 earthquake leaves more than 4,900 people dead in Myanmar and Thailand.

April 7: National Beer Day in the United States

• 1655 – After a conclave lasting eighty days, the College of Cardinals elected Fabio Chigi as Pope Alexander VII (pictured).
• 1945 – World War II: U.S. forces sank the Japanese battleship Yamato during Operation Kikusui I in the East China Sea.
• 1994 – Rwandan Civil War: The Rwandan genocide began a few hours after the assassination of President Juvénal Habyarimana, with hundreds of thousands killed in the following 100 days.
• 1995 – First Chechen War: Russian paramilitary troops began a massacre of hundreds of civilians in Samashki, Chechnya.
• 2001 – NASA's 2001 Mars Odyssey (artist's conception pictured), the longest-surviving continually active spacecraft in orbit around a planet other than Earth, launched from Cape Canaveral.

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The Suicide of Rachel Foster is a 2020 adventure video game developed by One-O-One Games and published by Daedalic Entertainment. It focuses on Nicole Wilson returning to her family's hotel ten years after she and her mother left, once her father's affair with the teenaged Rachel Foster was discovered, who then killed herself while pregnant. Trapped in the hotel due to a snowstorm, Nicole seeks to uncover the mystery of Rachel's suicide. Borne out of the studio's desire to create a horror game relying on suspense over monsters, it was set in a hotel to elicit fear and claustrophobia in players. The developers sought professional advice to portray topics like child sexual abuse and suicide compassionately. Released on Windows, PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and Nintendo Switch, the game received mixed reviews. The handling of child sexual abuse and suicide was heavily criticized, particularly over an interactive suicide attempt. A sequel, The Fading of Nicole Wilson, is set to be released in 2025. (Full article...)

• ... that the leech Chtonobdella limbata (example pictured) can survive months without any water by entering an inanimate state?
• ... that two books of photos and drawings by Margot Dias were called "among the best-illustrated anthropological volumes ever produced"?
• ... that some legal documents in Old Frisian refer to the womb as a "fortress of the bones"?
• ... that the Mexican-American band Grupo Frontera has been affected by a massive backlash because of an alleged endorsement of Donald Trump after a viral video of the vocalist's grandmother?
• ... that Varsen Aghabekian is the first Armenian to serve as a minister in the government of the State of Palestine?
• ... that a Missouri TV station was twice denied in its efforts to move its transmitter tower to Kansas to increase its coverage area?
• ... that the arts magazine Paper Chained was banned in some Australian prisons due to its pen-pal program?
• ... that a survivor of the 1967 Belvidere tornado recalled being inside a school bus when "the tornado picked up the bus and the bus ended up in someone's living room"?
• ... that a buttock painted with "FUFN" was used to promote a recent song by Jade Thirlwall?

• South Korea's Constitutional Court removes Yoon Suk Yeol (pictured) as the president of South Korea, following his earlier declaration of martial law.
• US president Donald Trump announces trade tariffs on most countries.
• Marine Le Pen, the runner-up in the 2017 and 2022 French presidential elections, is convicted of embezzlement and banned from standing in elections for five years.
• A magnitude-7.7 earthquake leaves more than 4,300 people dead in Myanmar and Thailand.

April 6: Tartan Day

• 1776 – American Revolutionary War: Ships of the Continental Navy unsuccessfully attempted to capture HMS Glasgow near Block Island.
• 1808 – John Jacob Astor founded the American Fur Company, the profits from which made him the first multi-millionaire in the United States.
• 1974 – ABBA (pictured) won the Eurovision Song Contest representing Sweden with the song "Waterloo".
• 1994 – The aircraft carrying Rwandan president Juvénal Habyarimana and Burundian president Cyprien Ntaryamira was shot down in Kigali; the event became the catalyst for the Rwandan genocide.
• 2009 – Mass protests began across Moldova against the results of the parliamentary election.