The Nuremberg trials were held jointly by the United States, Soviet Union, France, and the United Kingdom against representatives of the defeated Nazi Germany in the aftermath of World War II. Between 20 November 1945 and 1 October 1946, the International Military Tribunal tried 22 of the most important surviving Nazi leaders, with the main charge the newly invented and retroactively applied crime of plotting and carrying out invasions, although various German atrocities (especially the Holocaust) were also condemned. The purpose of the trial was not just to convict the defendants but also to assemble irrefutable evidence of Nazi crimes, offer a history lesson to the defeated Germans, and delegitimize the traditional German elite. Although criticized at the time for legal innovation and selective prosecution, the trial has come to be recognized as "the true beginning of international criminal law". (Full article...)

• ... that Masoud El Amaratly, one of Iraq's most popular folk singers in the 1920s (recording featured), was a mustarjil?
• ... that a recent Kate Nash song rebranding TERFs as GERMs caused her to trend on X within hours of its release?
• ... that Blossom C. Brown attracted national attention for highlighting violence against Black trans women?
• ... that the dinosaur emojis have been used by transgender groups to represent themselves?
• ... that several journalists have attributed the suicide of Lia Smith to anti-transgender policies?
• ... that misinformation about violence by transgender people has been used to defend violence against them?
• ... that in 2023 Kate Nambiar advised the EastEnders team around HIV treatment options for a storyline?
• ... that some people identify with no gender?
• ... that the first transgender person to compete professionally in League of Legends was also the first woman to do so?

• Former prime minister of Bangladesh Sheikh Hasina (pictured) is found guilty of crimes against humanity in absentia by a Bangladeshi tribunal and sentenced to death.
• In Canadian football, the Saskatchewan Roughriders defeat the Montreal Alouettes to win the Grey Cup.
• In motorcycle racing, Marc Márquez wins the MotoGP World Championship.
• The High Court of Justice in London rules BHP liable for the 2015 Mariana dam disaster in Minas Gerais, Brazil.

November 20: Transgender Day of Remembrance

• 1820 – The American whaleship Essex sank 2,000 nautical miles (3,700 km) west of the western coast of South America after it was attacked by a sperm whale, an event which inspired the novel Moby-Dick by Herman Melville (pictured).
• 1917 – First World War: The Battle of Cambrai began with British forces having initial success over Germany's Hindenburg Line.
• 1985 – Windows 1.0 was released, the first Microsoft Windows operating system available to the public.
• 1990 – Andrei Chikatilo, one of the Soviet Union's most prolific serial killers, was arrested in Novocherkassk.
• 2003 – Suicide bombers blew up the British consulate and the headquarters of HSBC Bank in Istanbul, killing 31 people, including consul general Roger Short and actor Kerem Yılmazer.

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"Water Under the Bridge" is a song by the English singer Adele (pictured) from her third studio album 25 (2015). Adele wrote the song with its producer, Greg Kurstin. Columbia Records released the track as the album's fourth single on 14 November 2016. A mid-tempo pop, soul and soft-rock song, "Water Under the Bridge" incorporates influences of 1980s music, R&B and a gospel choir over guitars and snare drums. Inspired by her relationship with the charity founder Simon Konecki, who Adele dated for seven years and married in 2018, the song speaks of forgiveness and details the crucial point in a courtship of determining whether one's partner is willing to put in the work to make it succeed. Music critics praised Adele's vocal performance, though some thought it was too loud and criticised some of the production choices. It reached number one in Israel and the top ten in Poland, Belgium and Iceland and gained Platinum or higher certifications in Canada, Mexico and the United Kingdom. (Full article...)

• ... that a large carnivorous dinosaur recorded at Copper Ridge (fossil track pictured) might have been limping?
• ... that Luke Felix-Fualalo played rugby despite being below his league's age limit because he "was just too big to tell no"?
• ... that the filming location of the Neighbours International Men's Day episode had to be changed due to the COVID-19 pandemic?
• ... that optical physicist Franklin Dollar grew up on a Native American reservation without electricity or running water?
• ... that a British health campaign on recreational drug overdose recommended using soy sauce fishes to measure safe dosages?
• ... that when the COVID-19 pandemic began, Masyita Crystallin was instructed by the Indonesian finance minister to study the Spanish flu to help formulate unconventional economic policies?
• ... that several parents opted against including their children's names on the New London Cenotaph, with the designers leaving blank spaces on the memorial to commemorate them?
• ... that, despite popular myth, NFL player Jairo Penaranda did not participate in llama-broncing?
• ... that golden trout disappeared from Silver Lake?

• Former prime minister of Bangladesh Sheikh Hasina (pictured) is found guilty of crimes against humanity in absentia by a Bangladeshi tribunal and sentenced to death.
• The High Court of Justice in London rules BHP liable for the 2015 Mariana dam disaster in Minas Gerais, Brazil.
• A suicide bombing kills 12 people in Islamabad, Pakistan.
• Typhoon Fung-wong hits the Philippines, leaving more than 27 people dead.

November 19: International Men's Day; World Toilet Day; Liberation Day in Mali (1968)

• 1863 – American Civil War: U.S. president Abraham Lincoln delivered the Gettysburg Address at the dedication of the Soldiers' National Cemetery in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.
• 1942 – World War II: Soviet troops launched Operation Uranus at the Battle of Stalingrad with the goal of encircling Axis forces, turning the tide of the battle in their favour.
• 1985 – The first of five summits (pictured) between Soviet general secretary Mikhail Gorbachev and U.S. president Ronald Reagan began in Geneva.
• 2005 – Iraq War: A group of United States Marines massacred 25 people in the town of Haditha.
• 2010 – The first of four explosions occurred at the Pike River Mine in the West Coast in New Zealand's worst mining disaster in nearly a century.

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Uncanny Tales was a Canadian science fiction pulp magazine edited by Melvin R. Colby that ran from November 1940 to September 1943. It was created in response to the wartime reduction of imports on British and American science-fiction pulp magazines. Initially it contained stories only from Canadian authors, with much of its contents supplied by Thomas P. Kelley, but within a few issues Colby began to obtain reprint rights to American stories from Donald A. Wollheim and Sam Moskowitz. Moskowitz reported that he found out via an acquaintance of Wollheim's that Colby had been persuaded by Wollheim to stop buying Moskowitz's submissions. The first issue was digest-sized, and was printed in green ink. For the first four issues the format remained unchanged, and almost all the stories were by Kelley or other Canadian writers. Paper shortages forced the magazine to shut down after less than three years. It is now extremely difficult to find printed copies. (Full article...)

• ... that Teck Lee station (pictured) opened nearly 20 years after it finished construction?
• ... that Georgie Purcell arranged for a trafficked greyhound to meet the Victorian minister for racing?
• ... that a "sea of mega solar farms" concerns environmentalists in Kushiro, Hokkaido?
• ... that Formula One drivers experience forces of up to six and a half times their body weight when cornering during a race?
• ... that a member of the Irving family of New Brunswick unveiled the Robert Burns Memorial Statue in Fredericton during a rededication ceremony in 2011?
• ... that the larch dwarf mistletoe spreads through forests by ejecting its seeds explosively at a speed of almost 100 km/h?
• ... that a 1989 anthology of rants includes the works of left-wing and anarchist activists, far-right writers, and a murderer?
• ... that a cemetery for formerly enslaved people in New York City is buried under a strip mall?
• ... that the Festival of Transitional Architecture had an event in which model cities were made out of jelly?

• The High Court of Justice in London rules BHP liable for the 2015 Mariana dam disaster (damage pictured) in Minas Gerais, Brazil.
• A suicide bombing kills 12 people in Islamabad, Pakistan.
• Typhoon Fung-wong hits the Philippines, leaving more than 27 people dead.
• A car explosion in Delhi, India, kills at least 13 people.

November 18

• 1210 – Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor, was ex­com­mu­ni­cated by Pope Innocent III after Otto commanded him to annul the Concordat of Worms.
• 1865 – "The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County" was published, becoming the first great success of American author Mark Twain.
• 1872 – American suffragette Susan B. Anthony (pictured) was arrested and later fined $100 for having voted in the presidential election two weeks earlier.
• 1987 – An underground fire killed 31 people at King's Cross St Pancras tube station in London.
• 2011 – The sandbox video game Minecraft exited beta with the official release of version 1.0.

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Alicella gigantea is a giant species of amphipod that lives in the deep sea. It is sometimes referred to as the "supergiant amphipod", with some individuals of this species reaching 34 cm (13 in) in length, making it the world's largest species of amphipod. The large body size is sometimes presented as an example of abyssal gigantism, though the specifics of this trait remain under investigation. Its genome is exceptionally large, which may be linked to the large size of the body. The species lives only at 4,850–7,000 m (15,910–22,970 ft) in depth. Although rarely encountered, A. gigantea is considered cosmopolitan and may inhabit up to 59% of the world’s oceans. It is primarily a scavenger of carrion, although the diet varies with age. It has been inferred that individuals of this species have long life spans and can live for over 10 years. Despite its isolation from the surface, human pollutants such as DDT and chlordane have been detected in specimens. (Full article...)

• ... that according to an urban legend, Queen Victoria was too scared to travel across the Digswell Viaduct (pictured)?
• ... that Anita Lidya Luhulima and her husband died during their terms as ambassador and deputy ambassador, respectively?
• ... that the stern of the wrecked freighter William C. Moreland was used in the construction of another ship?
• ... that a young Joseph Norman watched artists when he was at amusement parks?
• ... that the mothers of three missing children went on a talk show to confront a suspect in a 1991 child disappearance?
• ... that an episode of Smiling Friends was originally intended to feature a different video game?
• ... that Alfred Kubin based the novel The Other Side on his own illustrations for a different novel?
• ... that one of Michael Tene's examiners attended his thesis defense immediately after a government cabinet meeting?
• ... that "Racing Mount Pleasant" from Racing Mount Pleasant was written before Racing Mount Pleasant were Racing Mount Pleasant?

• An amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan creates a new court of final appeal and establishes the position of Chief of Defence Forces, strengthening military rule.
• A suicide bombing kills 12 people in Islamabad, Pakistan.
• Typhoon Fung-wong (satellite image shown) hits the Philippines, leaving more than 27 people dead.
• A car explosion in Delhi, India, kills at least 13 people.

November 17

• 1592 – Sigismund III Vasa, who was already King of Poland, succeeded his father John III as King of Sweden.
• 1921 – Rioting broke out in Bombay, India, during the visit of Edward, Prince of Wales, leading to at least 58 deaths.
• 1943 – World War II: Australian forces launched an assault on Sattelberg, New Guinea, against Japanese forces, initiating the Battle of Sattelberg.
• 1950 – The 14th Dalai Lama (pictured) assumed full temporal power as ruler of Tibet at the age of 15.
• 2013 – Tatarstan Airlines Flight 363 crashed during an aborted landing at Kazan International Airport, Russia, killing all 50 people on board and leading to the revocation of the airline's operating certificate.

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Black Widow is a superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by editor Stan Lee, scripter Don Rico, and artist Don Heck, the character debuted as an enemy of Iron Man in 1964. She reformed into a hero in The Avengers in 1966. Black Widow has been the main character in several comic titles since 1970, receiving her own Black Widow series in 1999. She also frequently appears as a supporting character in The Avengers and Daredevil. Natalia Alianovna "Natasha Romanoff" Romanova was introduced as a spy for the Soviet Union until she defected to the United States. Her stories often explore her struggle to define her own identity as a spy and the trauma she endured from her life of training in the Red Room, a Soviet training facility. Black Widow has been adapted into a variety of other media, including film, animated series, and video games. A version of the character was portrayed by Scarlett Johansson (pictured) in the Marvel Cinematic Universe. (Full article...)

• ... that local folklore links Boghead (ruins pictured), a Northumbrian bastle house, to the story of Barty Milburn, an accomplished swordsman and killer of Scots?
• ... that Adolf Real declined re-election as Mayor of Vaduz in 1900?
• ... that a crew member of the film Velký vlastenecký výlet walked out after a protagonist justified rape?
• ... that periodontist Angela Pack called the Dental Council board "lily-livered chickens" for hesitating to allow training of dental hygienists in New Zealand?
• ... that the "books within books" of the European Geniza are a collection of manuscript fragments recovered from medieval and early-modern book bindings?
• ... that Bob Barrabee studied tobacco farming in Cuba and played in the NFL in the same year?
• ... that the Our Lady of the Holy Spirit Center was the site of a building collapse, a radio station, and the 5th National Eucharistic Congress?
• ... that Eschiva of Montbéliard left her children, fled to Buffavento Castle disguised as a monk, brought ample provisions, and joined an old knight in defending it?
• ... that the most senior crew member of the Titanic to survive the disaster, as well as an American colonel, one of the telegraphists, the chief baker, and a teenage boy were all saved on an upturned boat?

• A suicide bombing kills 12 people in Islamabad, Pakistan.
• Typhoon Fung-wong (satellite image shown) hits the Philippines, leaving more than 27 people dead.
• A car explosion in Delhi, India, kills at least 13 people.
• David Szalay is awarded the Booker Prize for his novel Flesh.

November 16

• 1776 – American Revolutionary War: A Dutch fort on Sint Eustatius fired The First Salute to an American brig (pictured), marking the first international recognition of the American flag.
• 1885 – After a five-day trial following the North-West Rebellion, Louis Riel, a Canadian Métis leader and "Father of Manitoba", was hanged for high treason.
• 1938 – Swiss chemist Albert Hofmann first synthesized the psychedelic drug LSD in Basel, Switzerland.
• 1967 – Aeroflot Flight 2230 crashed after takeoff from Koltsovo Airport, Russia, killing all 107 people aboard.
• 1981 – About 30 million people watched the fictional couple Luke Spencer and Laura Webber wed on the television show General Hospital in the highest-rated hour in American soap opera history.

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The Aston Martin DB11 is a two-door grand touring car. It was manufactured as both a coupe and a convertible, the latter known as the Volante. The British carmaker Aston Martin produced the DB11 from 2016 to 2023 and was replaced by the DB12. The DB11 succeeded the DB9, which was made between 2004 and 2016. Designed by Marek Reichman, who became Aston Martin's lead designer in 2005, the DB11 debuted at the Geneva Motor Show in March 2016. The first model of Aston Martin's "second-century plan", the DB11 incorporates aluminium extensively throughout its body. Manufacture of the DB11 began at the Aston Martin facility in Gaydon, Warwickshire, in September 2016. Two engine configurations of the DB11 were available: a 4.0-litre V8-engine model produced by Mercedes-AMG and a 5.2-litre V12-engine model produced by Aston Martin. In 2018, Aston Martin replaced the DB11 V12 with the DB11 V12 AMR, which brought an increased engine output. (Full article...)

• ... that Bayden Barber (pictured), the chair of Ngāti Kahungunu, has supported establishing a parliament for Māori?
• ... that The London Standard described the lyrics in a Taylor Swift song as "a car crash of outdated millennial cringe"?
• ... that Xavian Stapleton was given a list of 55 schools to which he was not allowed to transfer?
• ... that the Kaman-Kalehöyük Archaeological Museum, opened in 2010 and styled as a mound covered by natural grass, received the US-based "Best Green Museum" award?
• ... that Theo Waimuri's bid for the General Elections Commission caused three lawmakers to walk out of his assessment hearing?
• ... that the region of Inazuma was used to allay concerns that Genshin Impact imitated The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild?
• ... that, after a policeman held up traffic to let a mother cat cross a street, Harry Warnecke staged a re-enactment of the moment for a photograph?
• ... that some Japanese railway companies have their own character mascots?
• ... that the voice of the UK X Factor has narrated 30,000 adverts?

• David Szalay (pictured) is awarded the Booker Prize for his novel Flesh.
• American molecular biologist James Watson, co-discoverer of the structure of DNA, dies at the age of 97.
• UPS Airlines Flight 2976 crashes after takeoff from Louisville, Kentucky, United States, killing 14 people.
• Typhoon Kalmaegi leaves more than 240 people dead in the Philippines.

November 15

• 655 – Penda of Mercia and Æthelhere of East Anglia were defeated by Oswiu of Northumbria at the Battle of the Winwaed in Yorkshire, England.
• 1864 – American Civil War: Union army general William Tecumseh Sherman (pictured) began his March to the Sea, inflicting significant damage to property and infrastructure using scorched-earth tactics on his way from Atlanta to Savannah, Georgia.
• 1908 – As a result of numerous atrocities in the territory, the Congo Free State was annexed to Belgium to form the Belgian Congo.
• 1922 – Fountain of Time, in Chicago's Washington Park, was dedicated as a tribute to 100 years of peace between the United States and Great Britain following the Treaty of Ghent.
• 2000 – Edoardo Agnelli, son of the industrialist patriarch Gianni Agnelli, was found dead under a bridge on the outskirts of Turin, Italy.

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Elinor Fettiplace (c.1570 – in or after 1647) was an English cookery book writer. Probably born in Pauntley, Gloucestershire into an upper-class land-owning farming family, she married into the well-connected Fettiplace family and moved to a manor house in the Vale of White Horse, Berkshire. In common with many ladies of the Elizabethan era, Fettiplace wrote a manuscript book with details of recipes for dishes and meals, medical remedies and tips for running the household. She dated the work 1604, but it is possible that she began writing it several years earlier, when she was still living with her mother. The book was passed down through her family, initially to her niece, until it was handed to the husband of the twentieth-century writer Hilary Spurling. Fettiplace's husband died in 1615; she moved back to Gloucestershire and married a local man, Edward Rogers, who died in 1623. She lived until at least 1647. (Full article...)

• ... that Fort George (pictured) was the execution site of Maurice Bishop, the prime minister of Grenada?
• ... that choreographer Nat Horne's father, a Baptist minister, opposed dancing, and Horne began his dance training by sneaking out of Saturday-night prayer meetings?
• ... that the television drama This Thriving Land revived public interest in Chinese sage?
• ... that Red Seidelson worked as a dentist at the same time he played in the NFL?
• ... that in 1982 HMS Junella carried a naval mine from the Falkland Islands to Great Britain on her deck, covered by a wet mattress to keep the explosives cool?
• ... that Indonesia's ambassador to the United Nations Umar Hadi co-produced a movie during his tenure as consul general in Los Angeles?
• ... that the Mongol forces at the Chem River Battle used carts with iron-shod wheels to handle the rocky terrain?
• ... that Bijal P. Trivedi wrote on how cystic fibrosis went from being a "death sentence" for children to becoming a treatable condition due to new drugs that brought "weeping with joy"?
• ... that the school of Corpus Christi Church educated at least eleven sets of twins during the 1953 school year?

• David Szalay (pictured) is awarded the Booker Prize for his novel Flesh.
• American molecular biologist James Watson, co-discoverer of the structure of DNA, dies at the age of 97.
• UPS Airlines Flight 2976 crashes after takeoff from Louisville, Kentucky, United States, killing 14 people.
• Typhoon Kalmaegi leaves more than 240 people dead in the Philippines.

November 14: World Diabetes Day; Dobruja Day in Romania

• 1680 – German astronomer Gottfried Kirch discovered the Great Comet of 1680, the first comet to be discovered by telescope.
• 1910 – Aviator Eugene Burton Ely performed the first takeoff from a ship (pictured), flying from a makeshift deck on USS Birmingham in Hampton Roads, Virginia.
• 1967 – American physicist Theodore Maiman was given a patent for his ruby laser systems, the world's first laser.
• 1970 – Southern Airways Flight 932, chartered by the Marshall University football team, crashed into a hill near Ceredo, West Virginia, killing all 75 people on board.
• 2010 – Red Bull Racing's Sebastian Vettel won the Drivers' Championship after winning the final race of the season, becoming the youngest Formula One champion.

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270 Park Avenue, also known as the JPMorgan Chase Tower and the Union Carbide Building, was a skyscraper in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. Built in 1960 for Union Carbide, it was designed by the architects Gordon Bunshaft and Natalie de Blois of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM). The 52-story skyscraper, which later became the global headquarters for JPMorgan Chase, was demolished in 2021 to make way for a taller skyscraper at the same address. At that time, the Union Carbide Building was the tallest voluntarily demolished building in the world. The building occupied a full city block bounded by Madison Avenue, 48th Street, Park Avenue, and 47th Street. It included a 52-story tower facing Park Avenue to the east and a 12-story annex facing Madison Avenue to the west, along with public plazas. About two-thirds of 270 Park Avenue was built atop two levels of underground railroad tracks, which feed into the nearby Grand Central Terminal. (Full article...)

• ... that Sidney Gish (pictured) has described her composition process as "Frankensteining"?
• ... that the roof of Aljunied station has been described as a "caterpillar" and a "rib cage"?
• ... that a Japanese YouTuber launched a project aiming to "eradicate poverty in Ghana"?
• ... that the Coldplay song "Politik", written on September 11, 2001, was inspired by the September 11 attacks?
• ... that a neo-Nazi was offered $5,000 by Richard Nixon's election fundraising group for his participation in a scheme to help Nixon's campaign?
• ... that North Korean archaeological papers, inspired by the state ideology of Juche, often contain nationalist elements?
• ... that Pedro Berroeta Morales, a diplomat and later the president of a Venezuelan television channel, has also written fiction and essays on topics from science to esotericism?
• ... that the comic novel Diary of a Provincial Lady provided inspiration for later fictional diaries such as the Bridget Jones series?
• ... that freelance journalist Phil Patton's collection of coffee-cup lids was featured in the Cincinnati Art Museum?

• American molecular biologist James Watson (pictured), co-discoverer of the structure of DNA, dies at the age of 97.
• UPS Airlines Flight 2976 crashes after takeoff from Louisville, Kentucky, United States, killing 14 people.
• The United States federal government shutdown becomes the longest in US history.
• Typhoon Kalmaegi leaves more than 240 people dead in the Philippines.

November 13

• 1642 – First English Civil War: Royalist forces engaged the much larger Parliamentarian army at the Battle of Turnham Green near Turnham Green, Middlesex.
• 1775 – American Revolutionary War: Patriot forces captured Montreal without significant opposition as part of the Invasion of Quebec.
• 1940 – Walt Disney's Fantasia, the first commercial film shown with stereophonic sound, premiered at the Broadway Theatre in New York City.
• 1985 – The volcano Nevado del Ruiz (pictured) erupted, causing a volcanic mudslide that buried the town of Armero, Colombia, killing approximately 23,000 people.
• 2015 – Coordinated terrorist attacks in Paris perpetrated by the Islamic State killed 130 people and injured 413 others.

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Bejeweled is a 2000 match-three video game developed and published by PopCap Games. The game involves lining up three or more multi-colored gems to clear them from the game board, and was inspired by a similar browser game, titled Colors Game. Originally released in 2000 under the title Diamond Mine as a browser game on the team's official website, Bejeweled was licensed to be hosted on MSN Games under its current name. PopCap released a retail version titled Bejeweled Deluxe in May 2001. Bejeweled has since been ported to many platforms, particularly mobile devices. The game has been commercially successful, having sold more than 10 million copies and been downloaded more than 150 million times. It is credited with popularizing match-three video games and launching the casual games industry, which grew to be worth $3 billion within a decade. The game was followed by a commercially successful series of sequels and spin-offs. (Full article...)

• ... that the Chapel of St. Cornelius the Centurion (pictured) in New York City was designed by Charles C. Haight, whose father had previously served in the clergy of the chapel's parish?
• ... that archaeologist Arne Furumark intended to follow a career in business until he visited the British Museum as a teenager?
• ... that the 2025 book The World After Gaza was deemed "repugnant" and "monstrous" for being both overly and insufficiently critical of Israel?
• ... that future NFL player Kato Serwanga's family fled Uganda when he was a child after three of his uncles were murdered and his father was nearly killed by Idi Amin's regime?
• ... that Yew Tee station has a kampong-styled roof and a colour scheme that blends in with its surroundings?
• ... that the second president of the American Association of Geographers had no formal geography education?
• ... that the long hair of the Red Yao people in China has become a tourist attraction?
• ... that Victor-David Mbuyi Bipungu went from being a Catholic priest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo to becoming an Anglican bishop in Canada?
• ... that two full freight cars were swallowed in 1918 at what is now Glory Hole Park?

• American molecular biologist James Watson (pictured), co-discoverer of the structure of DNA, dies at the age of 97.
• UPS Airlines Flight 2976 crashes after takeoff from Louisville, Kentucky, United States, killing at least 14 people.
• The United States federal government shutdown becomes the longest in U.S. history.
• Typhoon Kalmaegi leaves more than 240 people dead in the Philippines.

November 12

• 1330 – Led by the voivode Basarab I, Wallachian forces defeated the Hungarian army in an ambush at the Battle of Posada (depicted).
• 1920 – The Kingdom of Italy and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes signed the Treaty of Rapallo to establish national borders east of the Adriatic Sea.
• 1940 – World War II: Free French forces captured Gabon from Vichy France.
• 1970 – The deadliest tropical cyclone in history made landfall on the coast of East Pakistan (present-day Bangladesh), killing at least 250,000 people.
• 2011 – An explosion in the Shahid Modarres missile base led to the deaths of 17 members of the Revolutionary Guards, including Hassan Tehrani Moghaddam, a key figure in Iran's missile program.

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The 1975 Australian constitutional crisis culminated on 11 November when Governor-General Sir John Kerr dismissed Gough Whitlam of the Australian Labor Party (ALP) as prime minister and appointed Malcolm Fraser, the opposition leader, as caretaker. The Whitlam government had been rocked by scandals and political miscalculations. In October, the Opposition blocked bills in the Senate financing the government, and urged Kerr to dismiss Whitlam unless he agreed to call an election for the House of Representatives. On 11 November, Whitlam intended to call a half-Senate election instead, but when he met with Kerr to seek his approval, Kerr dismissed him as prime minister. Before the ALP parliamentarians knew what had happened, Fraser and his allies secured passage of the appropriation bills and Kerr dissolved Parliament. Fraser and his government were returned with a large majority in the following month's election. Kerr resigned early as governor-general and lived much of his remaining life abroad. (Full article...)

• ... that two queens of Jerusalem—Maria and her daughter, Isabella II—died in childbirth (pictured), one after delivering the other?
• ... that Al Sheehan, despite being WCCO's expert on contract bridge, did not know "a trump from a rubber"?
• ... that chloroform extracts from the seeds of the Spanish fennel flower have exhibited anti-inflammatory properties?
• ... that Sabine Kirchmeier reported her mayor to the police as a local politician, and then became the first director of the Danish Language Council?
• ... that sound recordings were not copyrighted under United States law until 1972?
• ... that Leik Myrabo invented a laser-propelled type of spacecraft?
• ... that the premiere of the second season of Arrested Development required David Cross to paint himself blue, taking up to three showers a day to remove the paint?
• ... that Formula One drivers are required to wear fire-resistant underwear for safety reasons?
• ... that Burger Continental served dishes like "Chicken Erotica" to jurors in high-profile cases, including the trials of O. J. Simpson and the Menendez brothers?

• American molecular biologist James Watson (pictured), co-discoverer of the structure of DNA, dies at the age of 97.
• UPS Airlines Flight 2976 crashes after takeoff from Louisville, Kentucky, United States, killing at least 14 people.
• The United States federal government shutdown becomes the longest in U.S. history.
• Typhoon Kalmaegi leaves more than 240 people dead in the Philippines.

November 11: Armistice Day (known as Remembrance Day in the Commonwealth of Nations and Veterans Day in the United States); Singles' Day in China and Southeast Asia.

• 1805 – War of the Third Coalition: French, Austrian and Russian units suffered heavy losses at the Battle of Dürenstein.
• 1920 – In London, the Cenotaph was unveiled and the Unknown Warrior was buried in Westminster Abbey in remembrance of the First World War.
• 1940 – Second World War: The Royal Navy launched the first all-aircraft ship-to-ship naval attack in history against the Italians in the Battle of Taranto.
• 1960 – A coup attempt by the Army of the Republic of Vietnam against President Ngô Đình Diệm was crushed after he falsely promised reform, allowing loyalists to rescue him.
• 1965 – Rhodesia, led by Prime Minister Ian Smith (pictured), unilaterally declared independence from the United Kingdom.

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Merenre Nemtyemsaf I (died c. 2272 BC) was an Ancient Egyptian pharaoh, the fourth king of the Sixth Dynasty. He ruled Egypt for six to eleven years in the early 23rd century BC, toward the end of the Old Kingdom period. He was the son of his predecessor Pepi I Meryre and queen Ankhesenpepi I, and was in turn succeeded by Pepi II Neferkare, who might have been his son or less probably his brother. Pepi I may have shared power with Merenre in a co-regency at the very end of the former's reign. Merenre is frequently called Merenre I by Egyptologists. Merenre's rule saw profound changes in the administration of the southern provinces of Egypt, with a marked increase in the number of provincial administrators and a concurrent steep decline in the size of the central administration in the capital Memphis. A pyramid complex was built for Merenre in Saqqara, and likely completed prior to his death. (Full article...)

• ... that Emilie Louise Flöge did not like Gustav Klimt's 1902 portrait of her (pictured)?
• ... that the gender-flipped story of Warriors was partly inspired by the Gamergate harassment campaign?
• ... that Liechtensteiner athlete Oskar Ospelt was a two-time Swiss national champion?
• ... that the New Coimbra Fort was founded by 245 men in 15 canoes, guided by an elderly Indian man?
• ... that George Lutfallah sought to use his wealth to become king of Lebanon, viewing his presidential candidacy as a stepping stone to that goal?
• ... that Kirkus Reviews called Jenny Price's environmentalist book Stop Saving the Planet! a "fun introduction to a serious topic"?
• ... that Ivete da Graça Correia was once called "the public face of the São Tomé anti-drug campaign"?
• ... that after a Florida family moved into a house designed by Frank Lloyd Wright, one acquaintance said, "How could you let an atheist design your house"?
• ... that Caribou Legs once ran more than 7,000 kilometres (4,300 mi) to raise awareness for Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women?

• American molecular biologist James Watson (pictured), co-discoverer of the structure of DNA, dies at the age of 97.
• A fire in a retirement home in Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina, leaves at least 13 people dead.
• UPS Airlines Flight 2976 crashes after takeoff from Louisville, Kentucky, United States, killing at least 14 people.
• The United States federal government shutdown becomes the longest in U.S. history.

November 10

• 1202 – Fourth Crusade: The Siege of Zara, the first attack on a Catholic city by Catholic crusaders, began in present-day Zadar, Croatia.
• 1975 – SS Edmund Fitzgerald (ship banner depicted) sank in Lake Superior, claiming all 29 of her crew's lives.
• 1995 – Writer and environmental activist Ken Saro-Wiwa and eight others from the Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People were executed by the Nigerian military regime led by Sani Abacha.
• 2020 – The British government announced that it had removed the last land mine from the Falkland Islands, laid by Argentine forces during the 1982 Falklands War.

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The Royal Artillery Memorial is a First World War memorial located on Hyde Park Corner in London; it was unveiled on 18 October 1925. Designed by Charles Sargeant Jagger, with architectural work by Lionel Pearson, the memorial commemorates the 49,076 soldiers from the Royal Artillery killed in the First World War. The Royal Artillery War Commemoration Fund, formed in 1918, approached several eminent architects but its insistence on a visual representation of artillery meant that none was able to produce a satisfactory design. They approached Jagger, himself an ex-soldier who had been wounded in the war, and he produced a design that was accepted in 1922. The memorial comprises a cruciform base in Portland stone supporting a sculpture of a howitzer. At the end of each arm of the cross is a sculpture of a soldier—an officer at the front (south side), a shell carrier on the east side, a driver on the west side, and a dead soldier at the rear (north side). The design was controversial when unveiled. (Full article...)

• ... that the McLaren MCL38 Formula One car (example pictured) won McLaren their first World Constructors' Championship since 1998?
• ... that most portrayals of hypnosis in fiction are negative stereotypes—usually depicting it as criminal, or seductive?
• ... that Agus Budianto adopted the nickname "Black Hoe" from his skin color and his work on his parents' farm?
• ... that the cover art and nickname (Tripod) of Alice in Chains' 1995 self-titled album was inspired by an aggressive three-legged dog that chased the band's drummer?
• ... that Dale Berry used his fencing experience to choreograph fight scenes in his comic series?
• ... that in November 2024 Typhoon Man-yi was one of four tropical cyclones simultaneously active in the western Pacific, the first such occurrence in November since records began in 1951?
• ... that Berenice Olmedo once sold products made from dog carcasses at a flea market?
• ... that Luis Estrada declined to produce The Dead Girls as an English-language film before directing it as a Spanish-language television series?
• ... that, after the assassination of George Lincoln Rockwell, his father said that he was "not surprised at all"?

• American molecular biologist James Watson (pictured), co-discoverer of the structure of DNA, dies at the age of 97.
• A fire in a retirement home in Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina, leaves at least 13 people dead.
• UPS Airlines Flight 2976 crashes after takeoff from Louisville, Kentucky, United States, killing at least 14 people.
• The United States federal government shutdown becomes the longest in U.S. history.

November 9

• 1822 – USS Alligator engaged three pirate schooners off the coast of Cuba in one of the West Indies anti-piracy operations of the United States.
• 1913 – A severe blizzard reached its maximum intensity in the Great Lakes Basin of North America, destroying 19 ships and 68,300 tons of cargo, and killing more than 250 people.
• 1918 – The government of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic adopted a tricolour national flag (pictured) which remains in use today, with slight modifications, by the present-day Republic of Azerbaijan.
• 1985 – At age 22, Garry Kasparov became the youngest-ever undisputed World Chess Champion by defeating then-champion Anatoly Karpov.
• 2019 – The Alabama Crimson Tide and LSU Tigers football teams, both with undefeated records thus far that season, played in a "Game of the Century".

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Hensley Henson (8 November 1863 – 27 September 1947) was an Anglican cleric who was Bishop of Hereford from 1918 to 1920 and Bishop of Durham from 1920 to 1939. He gained a first-class degree from Oxford in 1884 and was elected as a fellow of All Souls. Ordained in 1888, Henson served in the East End and Barking, becoming chaplain of Ilford Hospital Chapel in 1895. Appointed rector of St Margaret's, Westminster, and canon of Westminster Abbey in 1900, his tolerance of a wide range of theological views led the Anglo-Catholic wing of the Church of England to try to block his appointment to the see of Hereford. Henson was opposed to strikes, trade unions and socialism, which made him unpopular in the diocese, but some of his opinions changed over time. He came to believe that politicians should not legislate on church matters. He opposed prohibition and Nazi aggression. He supported reform of the divorce laws, the controversial 1928 revision of the Book of Common Prayer and ecumenism. (Full article...)

• ... that Claude Hayes ran away to sea in the 1860s before beginning his career as a landscape painter (painting pictured)?
• ... that an activist remotely projected anti-CCP slogans onto a building in Chongqing University Town in August 2025?
• ... that Filipino politician Miriam Defensor Santiago is known as the "Iron Lady of Asia"?
• ... that Amon G. Carter Jr. worked as a newspaper salesman as a child, despite his father being a successful businessman?
• ... that the title of "Best of Wives and Best of Women" in Hamilton came directly from Alexander's farewell letter to Eliza before his fatal duel with Aaron Burr?
• ... that "DJ booths" are used for announcements at the Meitetsu Nagoya Station?
• ... that, in a civil case between Mark Aldridge and a shop owner, South Australia's district court found that a person can be liable for the defamatory comments of others on their social media posts?
• ... that Tom Cruise attended St. Francis Seminary, a Catholic high-school seminary run by the Franciscan Order?
• ... that Taylor Swift recently released a song about her fiancé's penis?

• A fire in a retirement home (building pictured) in Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina, leaves at least 12 people dead.
• UPS Airlines Flight 2976 crashes after takeoff from Louisville, Kentucky, United States, killing at least 13 people.
• The United States federal government shutdown becomes the longest in U.S. history.
• Typhoon Kalmaegi leaves more than 190 people dead in the Philippines.

November 8: Intersex Day of Remembrance

• 960 – Arab–Byzantine wars: Having been the target of many raids by the Emirate of Aleppo, Byzantine forces led by Leo Phokas the Younger ambushed the Hamdanids and annihilated their army.
• 1520 – Following a successful invasion of Sweden by Danish forces under Christian II (pictured), scores of Swedish leaders in Stockholm were later executed despite Christian's promise of general amnesty.
• 1940 – The Italian invasion of Greece failed as outnumbered Greek units repulsed the Italians at the Battle of Elaia–Kalamas.
• 1957 – En route from San Francisco to Honolulu, Pan Am Flight 7 crashed into the Pacific Ocean due to unknown causes, killing all 44 people on board.
• 2013 – Typhoon Haiyan made landfall in the Visayas region of the Philippines, killing at least 6,300 people, making it the deadliest Philippine typhoon recorded in modern history.

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"Slug" is a song by Passengers, a side project of musician Brian Eno and rock band U2 (pictured). It was released on 7 November 1995 on Passengers' sole release, the experimental album Original Soundtracks 1. The song was almost left off the album before it was rediscovered later during the recording sessions. Though Eno made most of the creative decisions during the sessions, "Slug" was one of the few tracks that the members from U2 tried to craft themselves. Lyrically, it portrays a desolate soul with the confusion of romance and faith. U2 and Eno tried to create a visual suggestion from the music that was more important than the story within the lyrics. In "Slug", the instrumentation is intended as visual music representing the lights turning on in a city at night. The group primarily drew inspiration for the song from U2's experiences in Tokyo at the conclusion of their Zoo TV Tour in 1993. "Slug" has been praised as one of the best songs on the album by critics from various publications. (Full article...)

• ... that YouTuber Dianna Cowern (pictured) has an asteroid named after her?
• ... that the song "Seasons of Change" featured future AC/DC lead vocalist Bon Scott on the recorder?
• ... that Jocelyn Borgella was the first Haitian to be selected in the NFL draft?
• ... that the Chinese Catholic Patriotic Association operated its own Diocese of Zhangjiakou prior to Pope Leo XIV establishing a diocese of the same name?
• ... that Japanese businessman Yasuyoshi Kato used embezzled funds to support his wife, who bought twenty Arabian horses, several emus, llamas, potbellied pigs, miniature cattle, and nurse sharks?
• ... that field propulsion comprises types of spacecraft propulsion that move a ship without conventional rocket engines?
• ... that the Regional Workers' Center of Paraguay was largely made up of native Paraguayans, even though its predecessor had been dominated by European and Argentine immigrants?
• ... that Kevo Muney has a mixtape cover that depicts himself being birthed by an anthropomorphic goat?

• A fire in a retirement home (building pictured) in Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina, leaves at least 12 people dead.
• UPS Airlines Flight 2976 crashes after takeoff from Louisville, Kentucky, United States, killing at least 12 people.
• The United States federal government shutdown becomes the longest in U.S. history.
• Typhoon Kalmaegi leaves more than 140 people dead in the Philippines.

November 7

• 680 – The Third Council of Constantinople convened to settle the Christological controversies of monoenergism and monothelitism.
• 1825 – Jereboam O. Beauchamp murdered Kentucky legislator Solomon P. Sharp; Beauchamp later became the first person legally executed in the state.
• 1917 – World War I: British forces captured Gaza following the retreat of the Ottoman garrison.
• 1972 – A ship collision with the Sidney Lanier Bridge in the U.S. state of Georgia resulted in a bridge collapse (pictured), which killed ten people.
• 1987 – Tunisian prime minister Zine El Abidine Ben Ali deposed and replaced President Habib Bourguiba by declaring him medically unfit for the duties of the office.

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The sieges of Berwick were the Scottish capture of the town of Berwick-upon-Tweed and their subsequent unsuccessful siege of Berwick Castle, and the English siege and recapture of the town. In 1355 the Second War of Scottish Independence had been under way for over 22 years when, encouraged by the French who were fighting the English in the Hundred Years' War, the Scots assembled an army on the border. In September a truce was agreed and much of the English army left to join King Edward III's campaign in France. In October the Scots broke the truce. On 6 November a Scottish force led by the Earls of Angus and March captured the town of Berwick in a pre-dawn escalade, but failed to take the castle, which they besieged. Edward returned from France and gathered a large army at Newcastle. Most of the Scots withdrew. When the English army arrived in January 1356 the remaining Scots negotiated a safe passage and also withdrew. The English army went on to invade and devastate southern Scotland. (Full article...)

• ... that Alex the Great (pictured) signed autographs by biting the corners of business cards?
• ... that San Marino politician Lorenzo Bugli first ran for office when he was a teenager?
• ... that John F. Kennedy's pollster found many West Virginia voters concerned that a Pope in the White House would arrive by transatlantic tunnel?
• ... that Kyōka Moriya cosplayed for her driver's license photo?
• ... that Corbin/Hanner's "Work Song" has been described as "hillbilly reggae"?
• ... that the parasitic disease enterobiasis once affected nearly 30% of General Mansilla?
• ... that civil rights activist Dorothy Burnham is also a supercentenarian?
• ... that Messenger players can communicate with each other via poop emojis?
• ... that Amy Louise Daniels worked with wobbly rats?

• UPS Airlines Flight 2976 crashes after takeoff from Louisville, Kentucky, killing at least 12 people.
• Typhoon Kalmaegi leaves at least 93 people dead in the Philippines.
• In baseball, the Los Angeles Dodgers defeat the Toronto Blue Jays to win the World Series (MVP Yoshinobu Yamamoto pictured).
• At least 10 people are confirmed killed in election protests as the incumbent president of Tanzania, Samia Suluhu Hassan, is declared winner of the general election.
• In baseball, the Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks defeat the Hanshin Tigers to win the Japan Series.

November 6: Gustavus Adolphus Day in Estonia, Finland, and Sweden

• 1856 – The first story from the collection Scenes of Clerical Life by the English author George Eliot was submitted for publication.
• 1939 – As part of their plan to eradicate the Polish intellectual elite, the Gestapo arrested 184 professors, students and employees of the Jagiellonian University (location pictured) in Kraków.
• 1977 – The Kelly Barnes Dam in Stephens County, Georgia, collapsed; the resulting flood killed 39 people and caused US$2.8 million in damages.
• 2004 – A man committing suicide parked his car on the railway tracks in Ufton Nervet, Berkshire, England, causing a derailment that also killed six people on the train.
• 2012 – Tammy Baldwin became the first openly gay politician to be elected to the United States Senate.

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The Gunpowder Plot of 1605 was a failed assassination attempt against King James I of England and VI of Scotland by a group of provincial English Catholics led by Robert Catesby. The plan was to blow up the House of Lords during the State Opening of Parliament on 5 November, as the prelude to a revolt in the Midlands during which James's nine-year-old daughter, Princess Elizabeth, was to be installed as the Catholic head of state. Catesby may have embarked on the scheme after hopes of securing greater religious tolerance under King James had faded, leaving many English Catholics disappointed. His fellow plotters (pictured) were John and Christopher Wright, Robert and Thomas Wintour, Thomas Percy, Guy Fawkes, Robert Keyes, Thomas Bates, John Grant, Sir Ambrose Rookwood, Sir Everard Digby and Francis Tresham. Fawkes was given charge of the explosives. (This article is part of a featured topic: Gunpowder Plot.)

• ... that legend has it that Ko Myo Shin (statue pictured) became a spirit after allowing his head to be cut off?
• ... that the children's music singer Damaris Gelabert was the first Catalan music channel on YouTube to win a Silver Button?
• ... that a 2025 ecclesiastical trial had three successive prosecutors during its first three weeks?
• ... that Argentine admiral Enrique Molina Pico commanded the destroyer ARA Hércules during the Falklands War, and later coordinated the operations of Argentine forces in the Gulf War?
• ... that the film The Taverna was shot at a Greek restaurant in Melbourne over sixteen days?
• ... that Kelley Dolphus Stroud hitchhiked from Colorado Springs to Boston in twelve days to compete in the 1928 United States Olympic trials?
• ... that Edward D. Maryon's art was heavily influenced by his time stationed at the Presidio of Monterey after being drafted into the army?
• ... that condensed-matter physicist Zachary Fisk conducted chemistry experiments in secret because his father disapproved of his interest?
• ... that Max Verstappen won a record 19 Grands Prix in a season on his way to the 2023 Formula One World Drivers' Championship?

• In baseball, the Los Angeles Dodgers defeat the Toronto Blue Jays to win the World Series (MVP Yoshinobu Yamamoto pictured).
• At least 10 people are confirmed killed in election protests as the incumbent president of Tanzania, Samia Suluhu Hassan, is declared winner of the general election.
• In baseball, the Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks defeat the Hanshin Tigers to win the Japan Series.
• Hurricane Melissa leaves more than 75 people dead across the Caribbean.
• More than 120 people are killed in a police operation in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

November 5: Guy Fawkes Night in Great Britain and some Commonwealth countries; Guru Nanak Gurpurab (Sikhism, 2025)

• 1556 – At the Second Battle of Panipat, forces of the Mughal emperor Akbar captured Hemu, the Hindu emperor of north India.
• 1854 – Crimean War: Despite being severely outnumbered, and fighting in heavy foggy conditions, the allied armies of the United Kingdom and France defeated the Russians in present-day Inkerman, Ukraine.
• 1916 – An armed confrontation in Everett, Washington, between local authorities and members of the Industrial Workers of the World resulted in seven deaths.
• 1944 – World War II: Allied forces began a military campaign on Japanese-occupied Singapore.
• 1990 – Ultra-Zionist rabbi Meir Kahane (pictured) was assassinated in a New York City hotel by an Arab gunman.

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The 2019 Champion of Champions was a professional snooker tournament that took place between 4 and 10 November 2019 at the Ricoh Arena in Coventry, England. It was the ninth Champion of Champions event, the first of which was held in 1978. The tournament featured 16 participants who had won World Snooker events throughout the prior snooker season. The 2019 Women's World Champion (pictured) competed at the tournament for the first time. As an invitational event, the Champion of Champions tournament carried no world-ranking points. Ronnie O'Sullivan was the defending champion having defeated Kyren Wilson 10–9 in the final of the 2018 event. O'Sullivan lost 5–6 to Neil Robertson in the semi-finals. Robertson defeated reigning world champion Judd Trump 10–9 in the final to win the championship, having required foul shots in the penultimate frame to avoid losing the match. (Full article...)

• ... that future Olympic runner Maher Abbas (pictured) switched from basketball to track over his frustration of referees being "easy to bribe"?
• ... that non-destructive virtual unfolding was used to read burned or otherwise highly damaged scrolls?
• ... that the Hongguang Emperor was betrayed by his troops and handed over to the enemy, who criticised his poor battle strategy and allowed locals to humiliate him?
• ... that in 2025 the Pfizer Building was cited as the largest office-to-residential building conversion in the United States?
• ... that tenor Jean Bonhomme played for seven years on his university's Canadian football team before becoming an international opera star?
• ... that the Illinois Institute of Technology Academic Campus has been ranked as both one of the US's most significant architectural works and its least beautiful college campus?
• ... that, after proclaiming it was her duty as a revolutionary never to be "tied down by a family", Lyubov Radchenko got married and had a child?
• ... that Nejishiki was a manga with a following among the 1960s avant-garde movement?
• ... that, after Jeremy Hambly was attacked outside Gen Con, Gen Con banned him?

• In baseball, the Los Angeles Dodgers defeat the Toronto Blue Jays to win the World Series (MVP Yoshinobu Yamamoto pictured).
• At least 10 people are confirmed killed in election protests as the incumbent president of Tanzania, Samia Suluhu Hassan, is declared winner of the general election.
• In baseball, the Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks defeat the Hanshin Tigers to win the Japan Series.
• Hurricane Melissa leaves more than 40 people dead across the Caribbean.
• More than 120 people are killed in a police operation in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

November 4: National Unity and Armed Forces Day in Italy

• 1780 – Túpac Amaru II led a rebellion of Aymara, Quechua, and mestizo peasants in protest against the Bourbon Reforms in the Spanish Viceroyalty of Peru.
• 1924 – In a special election in Wyoming, Nellie Tayloe Ross became the first woman to be elected as a governor in the United States.
• 1970 – Authorities in California discovered a 13-year-old feral child, pseudonymously known as Genie, who had spent nearly her entire life in social isolation.
• 1995 – Israeli prime minister Yitzhak Rabin (pictured) was assassinated by Yigal Amir, a right-wing extremist, at a peace rally at Kings of Israel Square in Tel Aviv.
• 2010 – In the first aviation incident involving an Airbus A380, Qantas Flight 32 suffered an uncontained engine failure and made an emergency landing at Changi Airport in Singapore with no casualties.

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Nizaa is an endangered Mambiloid language spoken in the Adamawa Region of northern Cameroon. Most of the language's speakers live in and around the village of Galim in the department of Faro-et-Déo. Nizaa has a complex sound system with 60 consonant phonemes, eleven tones, and a contrast between oral and nasal vowels. In terms of grammar, it is the only Bantoid language that allows multiple verbal suffixes on one verb. It also is neither a head-initial nor head-final language (the head or main element of a clause appears both before and after its modifiers with roughly equal frequency). Nizaa was first extensively documented in the 1980s by Norwegian linguists Rolf Theil Endresen (pictured) and Bjørghild Kjelsvik. The language is endangered, but the exact number of active speakers is unknown, as the last census of speakers took place in 1985, and a 1983 survey reported drastically different figures. (Full article...)

• ... that a 13th-century wooden sculpture (pictured) of the bodhisattva Rāgarāja was carved from the debris of the Great Buddha Hall at Tōdai-ji in Nara, Japan?
• ... that Habib Mousa wrote a song about the village of Enhil to object to the Turkification of Assyrian villages in Tur Abdin?
• ... that the leading engineer during the 1702 siege of Liège was so angered by a colleague's disobedience that he threatened to abandon the siege?
• ... that A Far Better Thing is a retelling of Charles Dickens's A Tale of Two Cities with fairy changelings?
• ... that Soebekti Soenarto performed the duties of the governor, vice governor, and provincial secretary of the Special Region of Yogyakarta simultaneously for several weeks in 1998?
• ... that the roof designs of Bukit Gombak and Bukit Batok stations were based on the logo of the Singapore Housing and Development Board?
• ... that actor Rory Gibson was cast on The Young and the Restless despite the producers not liking his initial self-tape?
• ... that Antirrhinum barrelieri was split into two species in 1896, the other being Antirrhinum controversum?
• ... that Robert Uzgalis made the Leaning Tower of Pisa straight?

• In baseball, the Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks defeat the Hanshin Tigers to win the Japan Series (MVP Hotaka Yamakawa pictured).
• Hurricane Melissa leaves more than 40 people dead across the Caribbean.
• More than 120 people are killed in a police operation in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
• Javier Milei's La Libertad Avanza wins the most seats in the Argentine legislative election.
• In the Sudanese civil war, at least 2,500 people are killed in massacres after Al-Fashir is captured by the Rapid Support Forces.

November 3: Constitution Day in the Dominican Republic (2025); Culture Day in Japan

• 1534 – The Parliament of England passed the first Act of Supremacy, making King Henry VIII head of the Church of England, supplanting the pope and the Catholic Church.
• 1805 – War of the Third Coalition: The Treaty of Potsdam was signed compelling Prussia to join the coalition if it failed to negotiate peace between Russia and France.
• 1848 – A new constitution drafted by Johan Rudolph Thorbecke was proclaimed, limiting the powers of the Dutch monarchy.
• 1935 – Almost 98 percent of reported votes in a Greek referendum supported the restoration of George II (pictured) as King of the Hellenes.
• 1956 – Suez Crisis: During an invasion of the Gaza Strip, Israeli soldiers shot and killed hundreds of Palestinian refugees and local inhabitants in Khan Yunis.

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Allan Walters (2 November 1905 – 19 October 1968) was a senior commander in the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF). Over the course of World War II, Walters led No. 1 (General Reconnaissance) Squadron in Singapore, No. 1 (Fighter) Wing in Darwin, No. 72 Wing in Dutch New Guinea, and Northern Command in Papua New Guinea. He was decorated with the Air Force Cross in 1941 for his work with No. 1 Squadron, and mentioned in despatches in 1944 for his service with No. 72 Wing. Walters was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1946 for his service with Northern Command and later air officer commanding (AOC) Southern Area Command, AOC RAAF Overseas Headquarters in London, Head of the Australian Joint Services Staff in Washington, DC, AOC Home Command, Air Member for Personnel, and AOC Support Command. He was promoted to acting air vice-marshal in 1952 (substantive in 1954), and appointed Companion of the Order of the Bath in 1956 before retiring in 1962. (Full article...)

• ... that the Sursock bronze (pictured) was discovered in a damaged state with hacked parts, possibly after being vandalized by early Christian iconoclasts?
• ... that, according to a 2025 book about artificial superintelligence, If Anyone Builds It, Everyone Dies?
• ... that a Dutch publisher pirated the first four volumes of Memoirs and Adventures of a Man of Quality, then hired the author to write more?
• ... that King Owodo, the last Ogiso of Igodomigodo, was deposed after killing a pregnant widow, an act punishable by deposition under the kingdom's law?
• ... that NFL player Bill Gutteron estimated that he helped over 50,000 people learn how to swim?
• ... that an early Chinese women's magazine ran afoul of a government ministry due to its sexual content and nudity?
• ... that the first bank of the Republic of Lithuania was bankrupt after nine years of operation?
• ... that the Fernald Feed Materials Production Center produced uranium for nuclear weapons between 1951 and 1989?
• ... that Hilaire Belloc and G. K. Chesterton's first collaboration sold only thirty-five copies?

• In baseball, the Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks defeat the Hanshin Tigers to win the Japan Series (MVP Hotaka Yamakawa pictured).
• Hurricane Melissa leaves more than 40 people dead across the Caribbean.
• More than 120 people are killed in a police operation in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
• In the Sudanese civil war, at least 2,500 people are killed in massacres after Al-Fashir is captured by the Rapid Support Forces.
• Timor-Leste joins ASEAN as its 11th member.

November 2

• 1880 – James A. Garfield was elected as president of the United States with the smallest popular-vote margin on record.
• 1932 – The Australian military began a "war against emus", flightless native birds blamed for widespread damage to crops in Western Australia.
• 1949 – The Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference ended with the Netherlands agreeing to transfer sovereignty of the Dutch East Indies to the United States of Indonesia.
• 1994 – A lighting strike ruptured three oil tanks near Dronka, Egypt, causing a flood that killed 469 people.
• 2000 – As members of Expedition 1, American astronaut William Shepherd and Russian cosmonauts Sergei Krikalev and Yuri Gidzenko (all pictured) became the first resident crew to arrive at the International Space Station.

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The African striped weasel (Poecilogale albinucha) is a small mammal native to sub-Saharan Africa, where its range stretches from as far north as Kenya south to South Africa. It belongs in the family Mustelidae and is the lone member of the genus Poecilogale. It has a long, slender body with short legs and a bushy tail. One of the smallest carnivorans in Africa, it measures 24 to 35 cm (9.4 to 13.8 in) long excluding the tail, with males generally larger than females. It has black fur over most of its body, with distinctive white bands running from the top of its head down its back, with the tail being completely white. The closest living relative of this species is the striped polecat, and it may also be related to the extinct Propoecilogale bolti. The African striped weasel is most commonly seen in savanna and veld grasslands with termite mounds, but has also been recorded in semideserts, rainforests, fynbos and even areas used by humans such as pine plantations and agricultural land. (Full article...)

• ... that the freighter D. M. Clemson (pictured) was one of the largest vessels on the Great Lakes in 1903?
• ... that Filipino politician Miriam Defensor Santiago is known as the "Iron Lady of Asia"?
• ... that a 16th-century ethnic term used in Africa is still used today for a Brazilian religion, a Togolese and Beninese ethnic group, and their language?
• ... that it took 40 years for Raghunath Brahmbhatt to be credited for the lyrics to a popular song he wrote, 21 years after his death?
• ... that My Dad, the first entry in My Family Member, a series of illustrated children books, was inspired by the author's discovery of his father's old gown?
• ... that John Adams Cameron lost twice to John Culpepper in elections for the United States Congress that were 14 years apart?
• ... that neighbors thought Naughty Dog was filming adult films due to their setup of shooting moves for Way of the Warrior from an apartment hallway?
• ... that painter and designer Mia Lee used to make doll fashions from her grandmother's scraps?
• ... that Jack Fleck defeated Ben Hogan in a playoff to win the 1955 U.S. Open using Hogan's golf clubs?

• In baseball, the Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks defeat the Hanshin Tigers to win the Japan Series (MVP Hotaka Yamakawa pictured).
• Hurricane Melissa leaves more than 40 people dead across the Caribbean.
• More than 120 people are killed in a police operation in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
• In the Sudanese civil war, at least 2,500 people are killed in massacres after Al-Fashir is captured by the Rapid Support Forces.
• Timor-Leste joins ASEAN as its 11th member.

November 1: Samhain and Beltane in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, respectively; Rajyotsava (Formation Day) in Karnataka, India (1956)

• 1141 – After Empress Matilda released her rival King Stephen, he in turn released Robert of Gloucester, her strongest supporter, thus prolonging the Anglo-Norman civil war known as The Anarchy.
• 1824 – The disposable ship Columbus (pictured) arrived in the The Downs off England, becoming, at that time, the largest vessel to have crossed the Atlantic Ocean.
• 1914 – World War I: The first contingent of the First Australian Imperial Force departed Albany, Western Australia.
• 1956 – The Indian states Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, and Karnataka were formally created under the States Reorganisation Act.
• 1972 – Elvis on Tour, a concert film that documented Elvis Presley's tour throughout the United States, opened.

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Gott der Herr ist Sonn und Schild ('God the Lord is sun and shield'), is a church cantata for Reformation Day by Johann Sebastian Bach. He composed it in 1725 while Thomaskantor in Leipzig, and led the first performance on 31 October that year. It is possibly his first cantata for the occasion; the text was written by an unknown poet. Bach structured the work in six movements, with an aria following the opening chorus, and a recitative and duet following the first chorale. He scored the work for three vocal soloists, a four-part choir, and a Baroque instrumental ensemble. He achieved a unity within the structure by using two horns not only in the opening but also as obbligato instruments in the two chorales, the first time even playing the same motifs. He performed the cantata again, probably in 1730. He later reworked the music of the opening chorus and a duet again for his Missa in G major and the music of an alto aria for his Missa in A major. (Full article...)

• ... that a Hungarian nobleman (pictured) survived with a spear in his head?
• ... that Friday the 13th has been credited for popularizing the trope of teenage characters suffering violent murders after having premarital sex?
• ... that Tish Weinstock got married over the Halloween weekend in 2022 at a castle wearing a wedding dress made from antique lace styled after Morticia Addams?
• ... that Ingersoll's Ordinary was used as a prison during the Salem witch trials?
• ... that the art of Villains Are Destined to Die was said to be "almost in-between the Disney happy-ending fairy tales and the original Grimm's stories"?
• ... that police forced Eva Coo and her accomplice to reenact a killing at the crime scene using the victim's exhumed body?
• ... that one of the bosses of the video game CarnEvil can be replaced with a giant teddy bear?
• ... that the flatworm Freddius is named after Freddy Krueger's razor gloves?

• Hurricane Melissa (satellite image shown) leaves more than 40 people dead across the Caribbean.
• More than 130 people are killed in a police operation in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
• In the Sudanese civil war, at least 2,500 people are killed in massacres after Al-Fashir is captured by the Rapid Support Forces.
• Timor-Leste joins ASEAN as its 11th member.
• Catherine Connolly is elected President of Ireland.

October 31: Halloween

• 475 – Romulus Augustulus took the throne as the last emperor of the Western Roman Empire.
• 1517 – Martin Luther (pictured) posted his Ninety-five Theses onto the door of All Saints' Church in Wittenberg, marking the beginning of the Protestant Reformation.
• 1999 – Australian sailor Jesse Martin arrived in Melbourne, becoming the youngest person to circumnavigate the globe solo, non-stop, and unassisted.
• 2000 – Singapore Airlines Flight 006 collided with construction equipment while attempting to take off from Chiang Kai-shek International Airport in Taiwan during heavy rain, killing 83 people aboard.
• 2017 – An Uzbek immigrant drove a rented truck into cyclists and runners in Lower Manhattan, New York City, killing eight people.

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On 30 October 1858 a batch of sweets poisoned hundreds in Bradford, England. The confectionary had been accidentally adulterated with poisonous arsenic trioxide. About five pounds (two kilograms) of sweets were sold to the public, leading to around 20 deaths and more than 200 people suffering the effects of arsenic poisoning. With increasing urbanisation and the rise in shop-purchased food, adulterants became a growing problem. With the cost of sugar high, replacing it with substitutes was common. For the sweets produced in Bradford, the confectioner was supposed to purchase powdered gypsum, but a mistake at the wholesale chemist meant arsenic was purchased instead. Three men were arrested—the chemist who sold the arsenic, his assistant and the sweet maker—but all three were acquitted after the judge decided that, as it was all accidental, there was no case for any of them to answer. The deaths led to food-adulteration legislation and were a factor in the passage of the Pharmacy Act 1868. (Full article...)

• ... that Mikan (pictured), the cat station master of Ciaotou Sugar Refinery metro station, visited the Jiji line in Nantou County for the appointment of Longjiaosun as cat station master of Jiji railway station?
• ... that in 1973 Carme Travesset became the first woman in Andorra to hold elected office?
• ... that mull, mor and modor are humus forms?
• ... that Leo McLaughlin's government in Hot Springs, Arkansas, provided protection to Al Capone and Lucky Luciano?
• ... that the Office of the President of the Philippines released a diagram in 2019 it claimed revealed participants in an alleged ouster plot?
• ... that Matthew Vickers, who specialised in Italian opera, made his debut in Italy singing in French?
• ... that the warship USS Undine was captured and used by Nathan Bedford Forrest's Confederate cavalry?
• ... that Gene White's professional football career was interrupted by United States Army service, during which he continued to play as an officer?
• ... that the novel Lady Jennifer sometimes came with a book of advice promoting John Strange Winter Toilet Preparations?

• Timor-Leste joins ASEAN as its 11th member.
• Catherine Connolly (pictured) is elected President of Ireland.
• The Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought is awarded to political prisoners and journalists Belarusian Andrzej Poczobut and Georgian Mzia Amaglobeli.
• Sanae Takaichi is elected as the first female prime minister of Japan by the National Diet.
• Eric Lu wins the International Chopin Piano Competition.

October 30

• 1888 – Lobengula, King of Matabeleland, granted the Rudd Concession (pictured) to agents of Cecil Rhodes, leading to the creation of the British South Africa Company.
• 1960 – At the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Michael Woodruff performed the first successful kidney transplantation in the United Kingdom.
• 1965 – English model Jean Shrimpton wore a controversially short minidress to Derby Day at Flemington Racecourse in Melbourne, Australia – a pivotal moment of the introduction of the miniskirt to women's fashion.
• 2010 – American comedians Jon Stewart and Stephen Colbert hosted the Rally to Restore Sanity and/or Fear in Washington, D.C.
• 2020 – A magnitude-7.0 earthquake occurred in the Aegean Sea between Greece and Turkey, triggering a tsunami and causing 119 deaths.

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John Bullock Clark Sr. (April 17, 1802 – October 29, 1885) was an American militia officer and politician. A lawyer with a colorful reputation, he was also an officer in the Missouri militia. During the 1838 Mormon War, Clark was given the Extermination Order. A candidate in the 1840 gubernatorial election, he was later a member of the Missouri state legislature. In 1857, he was elected to the United States House of Representatives. After the American Civil War began in 1861, he became a general in the pro-secessionist Missouri State Guard. He fought against the United States military at the Battle of Carthage and was expelled from the House. Clark later resigned his military commission to join the Provisional Confederate Congress. A Confederate senator for a term, he was not re-appointed due to concerns about his personal behavior. He was subsequently elected to the Confederate House of Representatives. Clark fled to Mexico after the defeat of the Confederacy, but later returned to Missouri. (Full article...)

• ... that the Dulles International Airport Main Terminal (pictured) was once so empty that it attracted more tourists than travelers?
• ... that the Mesadorm singer Blythe Pepino founded a movement of people refusing to have children until the climate crisis ends?
• ... that the narrator in The Path to Rome repeatedly argues with an imagined reader who is often combative and confused?
• ... that a 1965 proposal for South Station included a bus terminal, at least 3,000 parking spaces, and a heliport?
• ... that the music video for "Holy, Holy" is purposefully edited to show Geordie Greep consistently bowling strikes?
• ... that The New York Times once said that Reba Paeff Mirsky sounded like she had "two right hands and two left hands"?
• ... that P. J. Moriarty persuaded a judge to drop a charge of placing a fake fire hydrant in front of his restaurant because "the leprechauns" did it?
• ... that the Bop House has been called "a modern-day, TikTokified Playboy Mansion"?
• ... that a duck named Sergeant Siwash fought the Japanese in World War II?

• Timor-Leste joins ASEAN as its 11th member.
• Catherine Connolly (pictured) is elected President of Ireland.
• The Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought is awarded to political prisoners and journalists Belarusian Andrzej Poczobut and Georgian Mzia Amaglobeli.
• Sanae Takaichi is elected as the first female prime minister of Japan by the National Diet.
• Eric Lu wins the International Chopin Piano Competition.

October 29: Double Ninth Festival in China (2025); Republic Day in Turkey

• 1883 – The San Francisco Mint signed a contract to produce the Kalākaua coinage (coin pictured) for the Hawaiian Kingdom.
• 1948 – Arab–Israeli War: The Israel Defense Forces massacred at least 52 villagers while capturing the Palestinian Arab village of Safsaf.
• 1955 – An explosion, likely caused by a World War II–era naval mine, capsized the Soviet ship Novorossiysk in the harbor of Sevastopol, with the loss of 608 men.
• 1999 – About 10,000 people died when the most intense tropical cyclone ever recorded in the North Indian Ocean made landfall in the Indian state of Odisha near Bhubaneswar.
• 2007 – Somali pirates hijacked a North Korean ship in the Indian Ocean northeast of Mogadishu.