Beijing ordered companies around the world not to allow critical minerals mined in China to reach the U.S., while deepening its efforts to replace imports with domestic products.

In his last announced trip abroad as president, Mr. Biden relished touring a U.S.-financed train line in Angola intended to transport goods and critical minerals to port.

The move escalates supply chain warfare and comes a day after the Biden administration expanded curbs on the sale of advanced American technology to China.

State-controlled companies now run an industry once known for its acid pits, radioactive waste and smugglers.

Already the dominant producer of rare minerals, Beijing is using export restrictions and its power over state-owned companies to further control access.