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简繁字库

偶然发现,思源字体的繁体字库文件,无法显示一些简体字。而思源的简体文件,似乎可以显示全部的繁体字?于是把常用的字体文件拆开,看看分别都能涵盖多少简繁汉字。

直接说结论:

  • 简体字的字体,如「思源简体」,包含了中国大陆 GB18030-2000 编码标准的全部汉字,是能够同时显示几乎所有的常用繁体字的,因为这个 GB18030 标准,也涵盖了所有的早期台湾 big5 编码的繁体字;
  • 反之,通常专门的「繁體 / 正體」字体,如「思源繁體」,很多简体字是不能显示的。因为相关的台湾汉字编码 CNS11643-1986(第 1 & 2 版面),只能覆盖 70% 的常用简体字。

首先,在最常用的几个字体中,

  • 微软雅黑 和 思源简体 基本一致
  • 思源繁体 和 思源香港 基本一致

两两之间的差别,只是少许生僻字、异体字、以及历史遗留的制作中文编码时的重复或疏忽。具体差别的内容,放在文末了。所以,这里主要对比「思源简体」和「思源繁体」,就可以了。

在思源字体 CJK 的说明文件里,写出了不同国家字体文件的字符数量,和需要支持的标准。可以看到,简中字体文件打包的字符,比繁中多了一万多个(这里的 Glyphs 不仅是中文,也包括西文、特殊符号、甚至一些 emoji)。

简中字体需要支持的标准,主要是

  • 大陆 2000 年颁布的《GB18030 标准简体中文字符集》,包含 27,533 个汉字。当然,是否能做到 100% 符合,思源的设计方也表示,编码标准比较复杂,不好说……
  • 2013 年颁布的《通用规范汉字表》,包含 8105 个汉字。其中有 199 个,不在 GB18030 的范围内。

繁体字体需要支持的标准,主要包括

  • 台湾 1986 年颁布的《CNS11643 通用汉字标准交换码》,包括 13051 个汉字,和早年的「big5 大五码」相同。最初只有 1 2 两个字面(Panel),后来逐渐扩展,现在 1~7 字面都已经被 ISO 纳入 Unicode 体系,但思源繁体里,只支持 1 2 字面。
  • HKSCS 香港增补字符集》,是香港从 1995 年开始,对台湾 big5 编码的补充,到 2016 年,收录汉字 5033 个。

从台湾的官网上,可以下载到目前最新的 CNS11643 – Unicode 之间的对应情况;大陆这边没有找到类似的官网资料,搜到的几个 GB18030 – Unicode 编码表,都是 PDF 格式(掀桌……)。但可以在 python 里把字符 encode,得到相应的编码,也可以变相确认,某个字符是否在某个编码里。

>>> print('劍'.encode('gb18030'))
b'\x84\xa6'
>>> print('劍'.encode('gb2312'))
报错
>>> print('劍'.encode('big5'))
b'\xbcC'
>>> print('劍'.encode('raw_unicode_escape'))
b'\\u528d'

实测结果,所有的 13053 个繁体 big5 汉字,也就是台湾最初规定的,最常用的繁体字,都包含在大陆的 GB18030 编码,也包含在思源简体的字体文件里。包含在思源繁体,而不在思源简体中的汉字,只有 1711 个(详见文末,——如果你觉得其中哪个字不够生僻,那么通常是历史遗留下来的编码重复、或者异体字。譬如,现在 Unicode 里,至少有 10 个各种形态的「龟」字了。

  • 简体「龟」 – U+9F9F、U+2EF2、U+2EF3
  • 繁体「龜」 – U+9F9C、U+2EF1、U+2FD4、U+F907、U+F908、U+FACE
  • 日文「亀」 – U+4E80
  • 还有 emoji 的 🐢 U+1F422 、埃及象形文的 𓆉 U+13189

相对的,包含在思源简体,而不在思源繁体中的汉字,有 11856 个之多。这其中,包括了非常多的常用简体字。以大陆最常用的 6763 个汉字(也就是 1980 年大陆发布的 GB2132 汉字编码集)为例。在这些汉字当中:

  • 包含在 1986 年台湾 big5 编码中的汉字:4383 个
  • 没有被 big5 收录,但是包含在「思源繁体」中的:482 个
  • 「思源繁体」中也不存在的:1898 个

具体字符清单见文末。可以看到,思源繁体字库中,不能显示的常用简体字,接近 30%,尤其是部首本身就有简繁体之分的,如:讠纟艹饣钅车马鱼鸟页……使用了这些简体字部首的字,有很大概率,在繁体字库里无法显示。

当然,这样的差异,不一定代表着台湾那边的汉字编码工作不力、或者对简体字的傲慢。无论是 GB18030 还是 CNS11643,都早已有了更新更全面的版本,在 CNS11643 2004 年的版本中,包含了 GB2312 的全部 6763 个汉字,而整个思源简体的三万多字符,也只有 500 多个不在其中。所以,还是一些神秘的历史差异,导致——

  • 简体字体支持大陆 2000 年的标准,而
  • 繁体字体只支持台湾 1986 年的标准

但目前我们在网上浏览,或者文字排版时,如果用统一的字体,且需要考虑简繁体的兼容性的话,还是使用满足 GB18030 的 “简体” 字库吧。


思源字体(黑体宋体)在 github 上的原始下载版本,分成了

  • Variable OTCs – 五个地区的合集(中国、台湾、香港、日本、韩国)
  • Language-specific Variable Fonts – 不同语言的合集
  • Region-specific Subset Variable Fonts – 适配不同地区的版本

本文之前分析的,都是 Region-specific 版本之间的区别。而更大一级的 Language-specific 的中文字体,无论是简体繁体,都收录了四万多个字符,大约是大陆和台湾编码标准的合集,甚至更多,推荐大家去使用这个。但 Github 的界面流程,对于非专业人士来说,还是过于复杂了。而 Google Fonts 上提供的下载版本,就只有 Region-specific 的版本。


附——

同时出现在 GB2312,和台湾 big5 编码中的汉字:4383 个

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出现在 GB2312,没有被 big5 收录,但是包含在「思源繁体」中的:482 个

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出现在 GB2312,但「思源繁体」中不存在的常用简体字:1898 个

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思源繁體 比 思源简体 多的中文字符,1711 个

龜懶濫兩閭列烈例杻𠀡𠀾𠁆𠁎𠁨𠂆𠂊𠂔𠃊𠃋𠃍𠃑𠃮𠄌𠄎𠄘𠆤𠆩𠆫𠇁𠇔𠇲𠈄𠈌𠈔𠈹𠉛𠉴𠉵𠊙𠊞𠊠𠊷𠊿𠋀𠋥𠌊𠌥𠍁𠍅𠍆𠍇𠍾𠍿𠎀𠎠𠎧𠎵𠏉𠏋𠏵𠏼𠐓𠐔𠐟𠑥𠒇𠒎𠒑𠒒𠒣𠓗𠓼𠓾𠕇𠖎𠖥𠖳𠗃𠗊𠗐𠗕𠗟𠗠𠗫𠘑𠘕𠘙𠘚𠘰𠙖𠜎𠜱𠝹𠠬𠡳𠣕𠤖𠤣𠥔𠥹𠧧𠨑𠩐𠩯𠪊𠪴𠫂𠫍𠬍𠮏𠮟𠮨𠮩𠮿𠯆𠯋𠯢𠯫𠯻𠯿𠰋𠰍𠰠𠰴𠰺𠰻𠱁𠱂𠱃𠱓𠱥𠱷𠱸𠱼𠲍𠲖𠲜𠲵𠲸𠳏𠳓𠳔𠳕𠳖𠳝𠳭𠳿𠴕𠴨𠴱𠴲𠵆𠵇𠵈𠵉𠵌𠵍𠵎𠵯𠵱𠵴𠵼𠵾𠵿𠶖𠶜𠶧𠶲𠷈𠸄𠸉𠸊𠸍𠸎𠸏𠸐𠸑𠸖𠸝𠹌𠹭𠹳𠹵𠹶𠹷𠹸𠹹𠹺𠹻𠺌𠺖𠺘𠺝𠺢𠺪𠺫𠺬𠺶𠻗𠻘𠻝𠻸𠻹𠻺𠻻𠼝𠼦𠼭𠼮𠼰𠼱𠼻𠽌𠽤𠾍𠾐𠾭𠾴𠾵𠾶𠾼𠿟𠿪𠿫𠿬𠿭𡀔𡀝𡀞𡁏𡁜𡁯𡁵𡁶𡁷𡁸𡁻𡂈𡂖𡂝𡂴𡂿𡃀𡃁𡃇𡃈𡃉𡃏𡃓𡃤𡃴𡃵𡃶𡄯𡄻𡄽𡅅𡅈𡅏𡆀𡆇𡇙𡈼𡉏𡉼𡊨𡊩𡊰𡋣𡋾𡌂𡌃𡌄𡌅𡌶𡌺𡍵𡍶𡎎𡎘𡎜𡏅𡏆𡏭𡏾𡐖𡐤𡐿𡑒𡑔𡑕𡒊𡒗𡒶𡓨𡓽𡕷𡖂𡖖𡘊𡘓𡘙𡘾𡙡𡚒𡚸𡚺𡛀𡛁𡛂𡛓𡛕𡛟𡛦𡛧𡛨𡛺𡛻𡛼𡛾𡜍𡜐𡜦𡜺𡜻𡜼𡝗𡝬𡝭𡝮𡝯𡝰𡝱𡝳𡝴𡞫𡞰𡞱𡞲𡞳𡞴𡞵𡟃𡟇𡟙𡟚𡟛𡟜𡟟𡟯𡟵𡟶𡟸𡟹𡟺𡟻𡟼𡠠𡠨𡠩𡠪𡠭𡠹𡠺𡠻𡡀𡡅𡡒𡡞𡡡𡡢𡡣𡡤𡡷𡡻𡢃𡢄𡢅𡢞𡢟𡢠𡢡𡢢𡢾𡢿𡣑𡣖𡣗𡣘𡣙𡣺𡤃𡤄𡤅𡤐𡤑𡤒𡤕𡤜𡤢𡤧𡤻𡥄𡥘𡥪𡥼𡦀𡦃𡦈𡦖𡧛𡧳𡨭𡨴𡩅𡩋𡩣𡭄𡯁𡯂𡰪𡱰𡲢𡲥𡲬𡵆𡵓𡵞𡶐𡶶𡶺𡷊𡷑𡷫𡷹𡸜𡸣𡸷𡸽𡺉𡺤𡺨𡻈𡻕𡼏𡼕𡽪𡾞𡾡𡿨𢁅𢁉𢁾𢂚𢃇𢃼𢄪𢅛𢅳𢅺𢆡𢇁𢇃𢈈𢉼𢌡𢌥𢎽𢏐𢏗𢏺𢑥𢑱𢒋𢒑𢒰𢒼𢓁𢓉𢓌𢓭𢔓𢔛𢔰𢕔𢖍𢖯𢖾𢘛𢘜𢘫𢙨𢙺𢚖𢚘𢛴𢛵𢛶𢜒𢜔𢜛𢜟𢜪𢝵𢞁𢞖𢞴𢞵𢟍𢠃𢡟𢡠𢡱𢢭𢣁𢣷𢤦𢤹𢥏𢥧𢥫𢦀𢦓𢩦𢫏𢫕𢫦𢫨𢬎𢬢𢬿𢭃𢭪𢯊𢯎𢰦𢰧𢰸𢱌𢱑𢱕𢱢𢲈𢲛𢲡𢲩𢲲𢲷𢳂𢳆𢳉𢴇𢴈𢴒𢵄𢵌𢵧𢶍𢶕𢶠𢶣𢶤𢶷𢷮𢸍𢸶𢹂𢹸𢺋𢺳𢻯𢽴𢿌𢿣𣀳𣁄𣁋𣁦𣁽𣁾𣂎𣂷𣂼𣃚𣄃𣄽𣅽𣆂𣆤𣆥𣆳𣇈𣇉𣇪𣇷𣇸𣇹𣈏𣈥𣈯𣈱𣈲𣈳𣈴𣉖𣉞𣉢𣊁𣊉𣊊𣊫𣊬𣊭𣋒𣋠𣋡𣌀𣌊𣌟𣎴𣏌𣏞𣏦𣏴𣏵𣏹𣏺𣏾𣐀𣐿𣑐𣑯𣑲𣓥𣔙𣔰𣕑𣕚𣕧𣖕𣖙𣖜𣖻𣗍𣗎𣗏𣗳𣘀𣘗𣘚𣘼𣙀𣙙𣙟𣙷𣚎𣚞𣚦𣚭𣚺𣛟𣛮𣜃𣜖𣜠𣜭𣜯𣜿𣝦𣞁𣞢𣞼𣟂𣟕𣟖𣟗𣠺𣧂𣪧𣫛𣫮𣫺𣬚𣭚𣱣𣲙𣲚𣲛𣲵𣲷𣳇𣳈𣳉𣳼𣳽𣳾𣳿𣵀𣵛𣵾𣶏𣶶𣶷𣶸𣶹𣶺𣶻𣶼𣶽𣷣𣷸𣸆𣸑𣸬𣸭𣸮𣸯𣸰𣸱𣸹𣺈𣺉𣺊𣺋𣺹𣺿𣻗𣻷𣻸𣻹𣻺𣻻𣻼𣼵𣽁𣽊𣽡𣽿𣾀𣾁𣾂𣾏𣾴𣾷𣿀𣿅𣿫𣿬𣿭𣿮𣿯𣿰𤀑𤀹𤀺𤀻𤀼𤀽𤁗𤂅𤂋𤂌𤂍𤂑𤃉𤃡𤃬𤄄𤄏𤄙𤄿𤅀𤅄𤅎𤅕𤅖𤅗𤅜𤅟𤅡𤅷𤅺𤆣𤆤𤆥𤆬𤆵𤇍𤇢𤇼𤈛𤉋𤉖𤉙𤉶𤉷𤉸𤊄𤊓𤊕𤊥𤊿𤋁𤋉𤋊𤋮𤋺𤌍𤌚𤌴𤍈𤍢𤍣𤍤𤍥𤎌𤎖𤎜𤎽𤏁𤏩𤏪𤏲𤏸𤐄𤐵𤐶𤑚𤑛𤑳𤒇𤒈𤒹𤒼𤓎𤓓𤓖𤔅𤔡𤕸𤗈𤘘𤘪𤙥𤙴𤚗𤛔𤜆𤜥𤜯𤞏𤟠𤠒𤠣𤢂𤣰𤣱𤣲𤣳𤣻𤣿𤤀𤤁𤤌𤤖𤤗𤤙𤤯𤤳𤤴𤤾𤤿𤥀𤥁𤥂𤥃𤥢𤥣𤥴𤥵𤥶𤥻𤥿𤦂𤦈𤦉𤦊𤦋𤦌𤦍𤦎𤦏𤦔𤦤𤦧𤦩𤦫𤦬𤦭𤦷𤦸𤦹𤦺𤦻𤧅𤧐𤧚𤧞𤧟𤧣𤧥𤧬𤧭𤧶𤧷𤧸𤧹𤧻𤨎𤨒𤨓𤨕𤨡𤨢𤨣𤨤𤨥𤨦𤨧𤨨𤨩𤨪𤨾𤩂𤩅𤩊𤩎𤩏𤩐𤩑𤩝𤩥𤩦𤩧𤩱𤩷𤩸𤩹𤩺𤪌𤪓𤪔𤪕𤪖𤪤𤪥𤪦𤪧𤪱𤪲𤪳𤪺𤪻𤪼𤫀𤫇𤫊𤫑𤫟𤫢𤫩𤬏𤭮𤯵𤰉𤲞𤲟𤳉𤳙𤴆𤴓𤶸𤷪𤷫𤸻𤹐𤺥𤺧𤼎𤽜𤾂𤾆𤾗𤾚𤾩𤾸𤿂𥀬𥁒𥂝𥄫𥅈𥅽𥅾𥇍𥇣𥇦𥇧𥈠𥈡𥉐𥊙𥋇𥋘𥌎𥌑𥌓𥐙𥐥𥐯𥐰𥑆𥑬𥑮𥒚𥔱𥔵𥔿𥕛𥕜𥕝𥕞𥕥𥕦𥖁𥖄𥖏𥖹𥗕𥗛𥗠𥘅𥘵𥙑𥚃𥚕𥛣𥛶𥜆𥜝𥜥𥜽𥝲𥟇𥟟𥟠𥟡𥡗𥡝𥡲𥣈𥣞𥣡𥤃𥥆𥥖𥦬𥧌𥩔𥪕𥪜𥪮𥪯𥫩𥭴𥮉𥮳𥮴𥯆𥯤𥯨𥰁𥰆𥰡𥱊𥱥𥲑𥲤𥳀𥳁𥳾𥴠𥴰𥵃𥶙𥶹𥸎𥹉𥺁𥺂𥺃𥺦𥺼𥻘𥼚𥽋𥿡𥿢𦀡𦀩𦁈𦁤𦂃𦂗𦂤𦂥𦄂𦄡𦅙𦅚𦅛𦅜𦆭𦆮𦆲𦇝𦉘𦉡𦉪𦉫𦋐𦌵𦍋𦍌𦍑𦎾𦏵𦏸𦐂𦐐𦐑𦐒𦑊𦑩𦒄𦒈𦒉𦒘𦔒𦕲𦖠𦖭𦖿𦘒𦘦𦚯𦚱𦚵𦛚𦛨𦛼𦜖𦝁𦞙𦞳𦞴𦟌𦠜𦡆𦡞𦡮𦢈𦢊𦢓𦣇𦤎𦤑𦤦𦤹𦦨𦦵𦧲𦧺𦨭𦨮𦨴𦩂𦩑𦩒𦬅𦬊𦬓𦬕𦬣𦬨𦭐𦭑𦭒𦭓𦭛𦭵𦮂𦮖𦮗𦮝𦮳𦯀𦯷𦱀𦱁𦱆𦱾𦱿𦲀𦲁𦲂𦲤𦲷𦲸𦲽𦳀𦳃𦳑𦴢𦴣𦴤𦴥𦴦𦴧𦴨𦴩𦴪𦵑𦵴𦶠𦶡𦶢𦶣𦶤𦶥𦶦𦶧𦶮𦷜𦷪𦷫𦷰𦸀𦸅𦸇𦸒𦹂𦹃𦹄𦹅𦹮𦹲𦹷𦺄𦺈𦺋𦺙𦻐𦻑𦻒𦻓𦻔𦻕𦻖𦻗𦼦𦽳𦽴𦾟𦾡𦾾𦿞𦿟𧀎𧁋𧁒𧁓𧂈𧂭𧂮𧂯𧃍𧃒𧃰𧃸𧄉𧄌𧄍𧄦𧄧𧅤𧅥𧅵𧇍𧈛𧉧𧊀𧊅𧊋𧊲𧊶𧋦𧍒𧎚𧏿𧐢𧑐𧒄𧒆𧕴𧖣𧗠𧗤𧗽𧗾𧘇𧘌𧘲𧘹𧙕𧙖𧙗𧚔𧜏𧜵𧜶𧝁𧝞𧞄𧞅𧟌𧡘𧡰𧢝𧣈𧤤𧥧𧥺𧦠𧧝𧧽𧨊𧨎𧨾𧩓𧩙𧩹𧪄𧪽𧪾𧫴𧬆𧬋𧬘𧬸𧬹𧬺𧭈𧭥𧯯𧯴𧰒𧱬𧲱𧳅𧴯𧵓𧵔𧵦𧵳𧶄𧶏𧶘𧶽𧷜𧹍𧹏𧼮𨀂𨀉𨀞𨀣𨀤𨁈𨂃𨂐𨂽𨂾𨃨𨃩𨃴𨄮𨅏𨅝𨅯𨆉𨆯𨆼𨈇𨈘𨈚𨉖𨉼𨊛𨋍𨋢𨌆𨌘𨌯𨌺𨍥𨍭𨍽𨎊𨐒𨑨𨑬𨑳𨒂𨔁𨔼𨔽𨕬𨗨𨗴𨘀𨘋𨘥𨘻𨚪𨚫𨚲𨚼𨛘𨛦𨜏𨜓𨠄𨠫𨤍𨤳𨥈𨥉𨥖𨥤𨥨𨥬𨥭𨥾𨦉𨦨𨦪𨦫𨦸𨦼𨧀𨧜𨧞𨧡𨧣𨧤𨧧𨧨𨧹𨧺𨧻𨧼𨨏𨨖𨨥𨨩𨨲𨨶𨩄𨩅𨩆𨩇𨩈𨩉𨩊𨩋𨩙𨩚𨪁𨪂𨪃𨪚𨪛𨪜𨫀𨫆𨫋𨫌𨫎𨫞𨫟𨫠𨫡𨫢𨫣𨫥𨫪𨫼𨬌𨬓𨬡𨬢𨬫𨬬𨬭𨬯𨭆𨭌𨭎𨭐𨭣𨭤𨭥𨭦𨭬𨮏𨮙𨮜𨮝𨮹𨯂𨯅𨯔𨯗𨯙𨯚𨯧𨯨𨯩𨯪𨯫𨯬𨯵𨯿𨰃𨰉𨰜𨰝𨰣𨰦𨰫𨰰𨰹𨰻𨳊𨳍𨳒𨴴𨶙𨶹𨸶𨸹𨹥𨹦𨺗𨺬𨺲𨺳𨻙𨻧𨿅𩁹𩂈𩂋𩂓𩂯𩂰𩂱𩃀𩃤𩃥𩃬𩃭𩄍𩄐𩄼𩅍𩅛𩅞𩅰𩆜𩆨𩇕𩇫𩐝𩐠𩐳𩐿𩑈𩓐𩓙𩓚𩓥𩓧𩖞𩖰𩖸𩗗𩗩𩗴𩜠𩜲𩟔𩡗𩢤𩣑𩣪𩣱𩣺𩤃𩤅𩤯𩥅𩥇𩥈𩥉𩥝𩥪𩦝𩧃𩧉𩨨𩩍𩬅𩬎𩯕𩱳𩲭𩴾𩵚𩵼𩶘𩶛𩷶𩸆𩸭𩹨𩺬𩺰𩻃𩻸𩼣𩼰𩾷𩿞𪀔𪂇𪂹𪃡𪃭𪃳𪃸𪃾𪄇𪄣𪄳𪄴𪅐𪆒𪆓𪆫𪆴𪆵𪇟𪇵𪈠𪈳𪊓𪊟𪊲𪊴𪊶𪊺𪊽𪋟𪋿𪍑𪎩𪏭𪐴𪑛𪗆𪗋𪘁𪘲𪙊𪙛𪚩𪷿勇吆咢屮弢慈晉杞芳䕫蜨貫

思源繁體(台灣) 比 思源香港 多的中文字符,3 个

㫚櫓魯

思源香港 比 思源繁體 多的中文字符,13 个

岃滑龜奈老省糧劣料類慄梨泥

微软雅黑 比 思源简体 多的中文字符,26 个

䶶䶷䶸䶹䶺䶻䶼䶽䶾䶿鿰鿱鿲鿳鿴鿵鿶鿷鿸鿹鿺鿻鿼鿽鿾鿿

思源简体 比 微软雅黑 多的中文字符,125 个

豈更車賈串句喇奈洛珞落酪駱嵐來勞櫓爐盧老蘆路露魯鷺弄磊賂雷壘漏勒肋丹異北磻便復不葉沈若略梁糧量勵呂濾礪力曆歷年煉輦瑩靈醴僚尿料燎暈阮類律慄隆利吏履易梨泥理里林淋狀什刺拓洞暴輻行見隷勉勤卑嘆器墨漢爫碑艹艹𠂇𠂉𠃌𠘨𡗗𢦏𤇾𤈎𤣩𤨁𥫗𦥑𧢲𧺯𧾷𨸏𩙿𩠐𭕄巽拔𰻝𰻞𱁬

Transcendence and death — The Chinese perspective

Transcendence and death — The Chinese perspective

Disclaimer: This contains my personal views on religious beliefs (not necessarily formal religions) as an ex-Christian and therefore might cause offense to others, viewer discretion advised

Everyone dies.

The irony is, most humans live as if they are immortal, my explanation is because no one’s conscious mind has experienced unconsciousness, and thus death. It is surprisingly easy to forget that you will, and everyone around you, will one day die. Everyone we see on the streets are typically, not dead. Everyone reading this sentence is definitely not dead. So you walk through you daily life without ever thinking about this one great certainty.

I have an app called WeCroak remind this to myself five times a day. This made me appreciate the things I have much more, but also has created a great fear in me. Will I still be here tomorrow? What if I go to bed and never wake up? Obviousy the logical conclusion is, you won’t have to worry about that if it does happen anyways so don’t worry about it now.

But this wasn’t enough for me. Naturally, I started exploring religious beliefs. Turns out, in some religions, depending on who you are, what you did, and many other things, after you die you go live in a place, either good or bad, that we cannot experience while we are still living. In some other religions, you come back to this world, in some shape or another, also depending on who you are, what you did etc. In some others, you simply die and there is no afterlife.

All of this sounded insane to me. I cannot possibly convince myself to believe that there will be something waiting for me on the other side after I close my eyes for the last time, either that something is good or bad, because no one has ever seen it. I’ve read a couple dozen Christian books of visions of heaven and hell, back when I was still one. They offered many contradictory accounts. Buddhism’s version of coming back to this world, in one form or another did not make much sense to me either, how to we account for the population boom?

I was in a valley of despair. I was going through life without any meaning. What awaits me at the end is unknowable. I cannot choose a religion to believe in to convince me that there is something beyond the end of my life.

All of this fell on me about 2 weeks ago. I fainted, for the first time in my life, at my desk due to overworking. My head smashed against the keyboard. I was typing right before I felt my entire body was disconnected from my head, and I could not feel anything that is beneath my head, not even my neck muscles. It felt like a guillotine experience. I started falling towards the keyboard, without any control over any part of my body, but remained conscious even if I was extremely dizzy. The world started rotating in my eyes. I laid on the keyboard for 15 seconds before I started feeling my body again.

As I was falling, I thought, this is it. I’ve worked myself to death. If only I had more time to figure out more stuff and enjoy life more. Surprisingly, I was still alive. I took a few days off to recover and have a much better work-life balance now.

But what if I really died that day? Did I have any regrets (other than dying this early)? Did I have a good run? Was everything worth it?

In retrospect, I can say that everything has been worth it. 2 weeks after it, I finally figured it out via some very unexpected events.

It was late, I stumbled on a new (only to me) song called 兰亭序. For those not into Chinese culture, Lantingxu is one of the most important calligraphy in Chinese history written in the year 353. That is more than 1600 years ago. The modern song version is by Jay Chou, a Taiwanese singer.

I was in love with the song, particularly a slowed version of it, which made me very emotional. I went on to search for other versions of it, and stumbled on a version that used it as the BGM with edited scenes from the Three Kingdoms tv series showing Zhuge Liang, the chancellor and later regent of the state of Shu Han in that era. He is regarded as one of the most capable and accomplished strategist & statesperson in Chinese history. He died trying to achieve his goals, but he never gave up against overwhelming odds. The video I watched that portrayed his story was extremely moving, and I started crying. The comments show that many felt the same way.

Portrait of Zhuge Liang

Sound familiar? A great historical figure that inspires many across 2 millennia. Someone called Jesus is also someone who inspires many across 2 millennia.

Except there is one key difference.

No one believes Zhuge Liang came back from the dead. A lot of people believe Jesus did.

And that is where the key difference between the religion of the Chinese and other more formal and established religious beliefs lie.

Chinese people believe in a myriad of things. Many contradictory. However one thing remains constant. No one believes with all their heart that there is an after-life. Even if there are made up stories, many even written in history books, about how when an emperor was born, some magical supernatural things happened. Everyone knows they are made up, often at the command of the emperor themselves.

There is no one that can turn water into wine by just snapping a finger. There is no one that can create a road in the ocean without building a bridge or filling in the ocean with earth and sand.

So, does the Chinese believe in gods? No, but yes.

The Chinese believe that mortals who die can do godly things.

Yes, there is nothing after death. Yes, there is no way to avoid it. But no matter who you are born as, it does not necessarily preclude you from becoming anything. 王侯将相宁有种乎 (No one is nobler simply by their birth) was the spirit of the first peasant uprising in China in 208 B.C. Even as a deeply patriarchal society, there has been Wu Zetian(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_Zetian), the first and only female emperor who ruled China. No one needs to be given birth by a virgin mother to achieve greatness. No one needs to have riden flying horses to be impactful.

This belief is not regarded as religious belief by many as it lack the structures of a formal religion that the West is more familiar with, but that is the beauty of it. No one needs to communicate with the originator of this belief through a special class of people who interprets ancient texts. This belief is universal, yet personal. It is held in the subsconsciouness.

It is a belief in humankind. In ourselves.

No one will get an after-life? That is ok, just make sure you are using your life for a cause worthwhile.

I don’t know about you, but this feels oddly comforting. As a mortal, I know I do not have the ability to go 40 days without food and water. If that is the only way to transcend death, then I would be out of luck.

But if people who have died, remain dead, have been able to use their human ingenuity against all odds to do things that are so great that their writings are still taught in schools, their stories still make people drop tears, then as long as you are a human, there is hope.

The Chinese does not believe in immortal gods.

Instead, we believe in mortal, fragile, weak humans, who do godly things.

They transcend death by accepting it as their destiny, and fight for a cause worth living for.

Glory to the Godly mortals.

Behind Tesla

A hugely controversial company that aims to transform the future of transportation, and our world by introducing an electricity revolution, Tesla has been in the media spotlight for years. As its valuation surpassed all other car manufacturers that sell much more cars and have much more history than Tesla, we must ask ourselves, does the magical story of Tesla really stands?

Chapter 1: Elon’s cult of personality

Elon Musk has received many praises throughout the years and has managed to gather a very enthusiastic following. Arguably, he can be considered as a social media influencer that utilizes his following to achieve his goals. He frequently interacts with his fanbase on twitter and replies to requests from random users which keeps the flame going. It is like having a hand-shaking meeting which is practiced by singers and others alike in Japan, where their fans would be able to shake their hands and the star would typically say a sentence in return. This has proven to be hugely successful in Japan, and based on Elon’s twitter feed, the same works online.

His cult of personality has grown through arguably one of his most damning failures, the production numbers of Tesla Model 3, where for months the actual production numbers remained much less than his promised ones, and as Tesla faced more bottlenecks in increasing production capacity, he kept on promising more without delivering. However, he even managed to turn this in his personal following’s favor, when he finally delivered by pulling some ‘superman tactics’, such as by working extremely long hours, sleeping in the factory, being actual hands on with the production line, building a temporary factory in a tent, and flying in equipment from Germany. However, if we cut out Elon’s cult of personality, we will see that this as a huge red flag instead of Elon pulling his magic. It is unfathomable that Elon as the CEO of Tesla has to get on the production lines to make things worked out, as he was instead wasting precious time needed to make proper, good, and reasonable decisions as the CEO instead of a production line worker. Tesla does not pay him to be on the production lines making tweaks, Tesla pays him to make those proper, good, and reasonable decisions that he neglected to do, when he instead made bold claims about the production numbers without a way of fulfilling it. Flying in heavy equipment was the solution to increasing the production numbers but had there been better planning, such an expensive manoeuvre could have been avoided entirely.

The truth is, Elon remains much less than a responsible CEO and is more of an engineer that likes to focus more on the technical as seen by his role as chief engineer in SpaceX. A responsible CEO would not have said ‘The coronavirus panic is dumb’, ‘Am considering Tesla private at $420’, ‘Tesla stock price is too high imo’, and much more. What Elon has instead continuously demonstrated is that he is very much still an individual that is not willing to be bound by his duties and rules that apply to him, and such an individual in charge of the biggest car manufacturer in the world by valuation, makes him Tesla’s greatest asset and liability at the same time.

Elon Musk smoking a weed on a podcast live

Chapter 2: Underlying culture

‘Autopilot’ is a feature that can be included in Tesla EVs, but the term is misleading. For one, assisted driving technology is classified into different tiers, each representing the extent that machine is in control of the car, or autonomous level. Tesla’s autopilot feature is classified as level 2 where the car can act autonomously but requires constant driver supervision who needs to be prepared to take over control at all times. A German court has ruled Tesla’s claims misleading and there have been numerous cases where the driver who is supposedly in constant supervision instead falls asleep or is on their phone. The National Transportation Safety Board have criticized Tesla’s lack of system safeguards in a fatal 2018 Autopilot crash in California and for failing to foresee and prevent the ‘predictable abuse’ of autopilot.

The fact is, although the claims on ‘Autopilot’ are believed to be abusive and dangerous or at the minimum, misleading by many professionals, they are kept in Tesla’s marketing. This decision is just one of the many intentionally made decisions that show a truer picture of Tesla’s culture, one that does not consider itself to be accountable to rules that apply to Tesla, just like its CEO.

One such instance happened in China, the biggest car market in the world and where Tesla has gained huge grounds, some literal, as Gigafactory 2 was opened in Shanghai a few months ago. Just as the sales of Tesla cars grew, so did the problems that encountered it. Tesla has been ordered to recall 30,000 cars by the China’s State Administration for Market Regulation, but instead of addressing the suspension problem that forced the order to recall those cars, Tesla instead blamed it on ‘driver abuse’ without offering any evidence to support the claim. This came after Tesla executives were summoned by the China’s Ministry of Industry and Information Technology back in March 2020 because Tesla used the old version of computer chips in Model 3s instead of the new version as promised to the consumers, which sparked outrage and resulted in the same Chinese government agency to formally require Tesla to immediately correct the chip downgrade, which Tesla again, instead of recognizing the problem and their own fault, blamed their actions on the supply chain disruption due to COVID-19.

As these stories show, the below-grade manufacturing is far from just a few instances in Tesla, be it in China or elsewhere. It is in fact the culture of Tesla that causes this, of course, at the expense of its customers and potential future sales.

Beyond manufacturing problems that are caused by this culture, these has been numerous whistleblowers and articles that is alleging all sorts of crazy acts happening within Tesla. Mr. Karl Hansen has filed a lawsuit alleging Elon and Tesla’s management have ‘intentionally interfered with efforts to seek employment with other employers in retaliation for outspoken union support’, actively concealed and participated in spying on its employees, improper contracts, theft orchestrated by organized crimes, terminated a Tesla employee’s contract after reporting the theft of $13,000 USD of copper wire to law enforcement, and more. There are more claims after from Mr. Hansen’s, and numerous lawsuits have been filed in what is described by some media as ‘Whistleblower Hell’. It is likely that we continue to see more allegations to come out of Tesla, a terrible position to be in for anyone, especially so for a company that dissolved its U.S. PR unit in October 2020.

To a large extent, Elon is Tesla, and so is his mentality the Tesla culture. Just as his successes support the entire company, so does his own problems creep in. This translates into troubles for Tesla, and if not managed well enough, could be potential deathtraps that threatens the existence of the company itself. The mentality of Elon Musk to ignore the rules whether social expectations, constraints, or perfectly legitimate laws has sparked equal number of innovations and PR crises that lacks a PR department to manage (in the U.S.), and this does not always mean well for the culture of any company, let alone a multinational which is the most valuable car maker in the world.

Simply put, Tesla’s history of troubling actions will continue into the future as it is the company culture that shapes its actions, and Elon’s mentality that shapes its culture.

Chapter 3: Tesla China

Tesla in 2018 became the first foreign car manufacturer to be in sole possession of its Chinese subsidiary, this is followed by the construction of Gigafactory 2 in Shanghai after being offered very beneficial terms by the Shanghai Municipal Government. Construction progressed at a rapid pace and production started just 1 year later in 2019. One of the most impactful effect that Giga Shanghai has brought has been the lowered production cost of Tesla EVs in China, since localized production gets rid of import taxes and lower cost overall. As a result, Tesla has been able to lower its offerings in China to attract more customers, but the way this has been accomplished has tainted its image.

The way that Tesla has lowered the price of its offerings can be described as bad business practice at best, and on the far end, intentionally fooling its customers. Tesla lowers its prices without any prior warning or compensation for customers that have purchased the cars right before the price was lowered. Often customers find themselves to have purchased the car the very day before the price decrease, when Tesla sales agents employ marketing techniques to urge customers make the purchase quickly, presumably before the price is lowered. It is not one, or twice, or thrice that Tesla has lowered its prices this way, but Tesla has adjusted its prices near 60 times after entering the Chinese market which saw the price of Model 3 slashed in half. Predictably this has angered customers that think they were tricked into buying the cars right before the price decrease, often without any compensation and this has sparked outcry on Chinese social media.

Lowering the price of products is generally a good thing for a business because it attracts more customers, but the way that Tesla has done it has made Chinese consumers weary of purchasing Tesla cars because there would be no guarantee that the price would drop by 10% right after you have made the purchase.

Apart from the price issue, Tesla has sparked more outcry on Chinese social media after the recent article that came out with allegation such as quality control issues, ‘Giga-sweatshop’, Tesla operations in Greater China being isolated from the rest of the world bringing opportunities to use practices banned by the company elsewhere, and sales personnel selling Model 3s through private channels at a discount, in stark opposition with the direct sales model that Tesla embraces.

PingWest is the media that published the article, and this is the third instalments of their ‘Tesla China chaos’ series. Only the third is translated into English, and the Chinese version offers much more detail and includes links to the first two instalments of the series.

Chapter 4: Giga Shanghai, my observations and speculations

Disclaimer: My words do not constitute professional opinion, investment advice, or any similar notion in any way, it is only my personal speculation as a tourist and is not meant to be taken seriously beyond the mere literary expression, and the actions you take out of my words is taken entirely at your own responsibility.

In this chapter, I will only address the latest instalment of the series by combining what is described in the article and what I saw and speculate as a result at Tesla’s Giga Shanghai.

There was nothing notable about the factory, the east side expansion was on its way and trucks transporting construction materials were parked on the side of the road. However, given what I was able to see through the extremely limited information outside of the factory, I believe that the article mentioned prior is true.

Rubbish on the side of the road

On the road out of the factory gates, the side is littered with primarily 2 kinds of rubbish, masks and food packaging, in particular, masks were on top of food packaging suggesting that the food packaging existed before the pandemic began. This corroborates with the claim that Giga Shanghai’s food options have been deteriorating since it opened (in 2019, before the pandemic) and inadequate. The container made guard room at the gate of the factory also show signs of trouble, I was unable to take pictures inside due to the guards but if you believe what I say, there was the phone number for the local police station placed at a prominent position that is easy for viewing by the guards. I believe that it was placed later and was not there initially because it was in an awkward position, put on the wall surrounded by plans of the factory and other images, far away on the left-side from where other phone numbers are posted (on the right-side). This has led me to believe that the police number was put there later because they did not put it along with all the other phone numbers (that were on the right-side of the wall), but only felt it was necessary later, potentially due to the chaos described by PingWest.

The grey container is the guard room

The other speculation I would make is that Giga Shanghai faces management chaos. This is the car transporter truck that came out of the factory and this is the same truck a few minutes later stopped at the end of a road. You can tell it is the same truck because it carries Teslas and is white, the other car transporter truck that came out of the factory around that time is blue. The white truck stopped at the end of the road where I observed all other trucks make a U-turn to head towards the highway. I was unable to take a picture of the two workers (due to fear of increased risk as I have lingered around the factory for sometime already) so you have to take my word for it. Two workers were standing on the left side of the truck, one appears to be the driver as the driver’s cabin door was open and there was no one inside, and he wore the driver’s uniform I saw earlier, and the other one appears to be another type of worker, potentially a supervisor as he wore a different uniform than the two kinds I saw earlier. The ‘supervisor’ was holding a binder that contained documents and a pen, and he appeared to be checking with the driver on something. While it is impossible to speculate on the content of the binder or what they were specifically checking on, I believe this shows the management chaos as no reasonable company would conduct its final checks on its deliveries right outside the factory instead of inside, because of the increased risk. Furthermore, this appears to be an isolated instance as I did not see the blue truck that departed later, suggesting that they only discovered something wrong with the white truck last minute and managed to stop it right outside of the factory. In the best sense this shows mismanagement as it is risky to park a truck full of newly made cars at a road construction site, worse this shows the chaos in management that even the checks on new deliveries cannot be done properly.

Tesla has come far and has made giant leaps. Elon Musk has been monumental for Tesla in terms of pushing it to come to where it is today. Not willing to obey the rules is the reason behind Tesla’s numerous innovations, but also its crises. A Chinese proverb says that ‘water floats, and sinks a ship’, what has made Tesla Tesla, could also ultimately be its downfall.

Images taken at Giga Shanghai

White truck departing the factory
The blue truck came later
White truck stopped at the end of the road (do not enter sign can be clearly seen)
Map showing where white truck was parked

Further reading

252 judgements: Behind the lawsuits that Tesla brought onto itself in China (in Chinese)

Bibliography

Tesla’s ‘Autopilot’ misleading, Germany rules

NTSB warns about law oversight of new car tech

US agency opens probe into 115,000 Tesla vehicles over suspension issue

Tesla, recalling 30,000 cars in China, blames ‘driver abuse’

Tesla attributes recall of nearly 50,000 cars in China to driver abuse

Tesla is in trouble with the Chinese government after it quietly downgraded the chips in some of its Model 3 cars

How Elon Musk built a Tesla factory in China in less than a year

Tesla to recall 3,183 Model X vehicles in China, market regulator

好离乡 – 2

观影会上看纪录片,流亡的巴勒斯坦妇女们,合作编织一条传统工艺的挂毯,以此为线索,把个体的流亡叙述,联系在一起。电影拍的不错。观影者们,也纷纷映照自身经历,讨论各种美好的文化,被战争或强权摧残,是多么可惜;以及作为物理或精神上的流亡者,如何从文化叙事的角度,相互连接、支撑。进而强调口述性历史的学术意义。

然而,几乎所有的反映难民的作品或讨论,都是类似的视角,赞扬受害者原先的文化或者美好的生活,从而凸显破坏这些的行为,是多么的不义。

这样的视角看多了,忍不住想:从摧残文化的角度去谴责战争,真的是合理的么?

1.

我所在的文化里,有很多糟粕、或是庸碌,是我们日常在坚持努力抵抗着的。读到这篇文章的人,同样也有很多,是日常和这些文化氛围对抗着的少数派。如果有一天,我们也遭遇战火,成为难民,那么,在这个关于难民或离乡者(diaspora)的叙事中,我们之前在群体内部的反抗,那些苦苦坚持着的自我,就,消失了?变得全无意义?甚至,在和 diaspora 同温层的交流中,仅仅是提到这些,都变得不应该?

关于 diaspora 如何不自觉地被迫形成群体性,以对抗整体的政治性,在学术界大概也不是什么新鲜话题。我只是从被湮没的个体的角度,又一次想到这些。

2.

:这部电影让我很感动……我不想让我所在的文化,或者我自己,从历史上消失,被抹去。

:我也很感动,——但是,如果,我不在乎自己没有留下任何痕迹。这样的我,仍然会面对不公而反抗,也会为遭受不公的你们去反抗,那么,我的这些反抗,是否会因为我不想坚持自己的传统文化,就变得更弱一些呢?

就像我不是因为自身利益才支持女性主义那样,我反抗的,是更纯粹的不公。而不是什么相关利益,或者附加的理由。

3.

我承认,在难民群体中,用文化来团结大家,保持连接,在人们的现有认知中,是很有效的方式。但是,这样的操作,平空又多了一道工序:对自身文化的美化和维护。网上关于巴勒斯坦、乌克兰、乃至香港的争论,很多也都流于这个模式——

黄丝:香港原有的美好传统,被摧残得不剩什么了。

小粉红:就你们那点破传统,譬如啥啥啥陋习,有什么可保留的?(这里的很多例子,其实我是同意的……)

黄丝:艹,你们的啥啥传统才叫做垃圾,blah blah

然后争论的重点,就歪成了「这个文化是否足够好,是否值得保留。」——然而,如果这个被摧残的文化,它不够好,那么它反抗强权的合理性,就会减弱吗?

友人帐

我的双眼可以看见时光的流逝,目睹一切有生之物的死亡。在我的眼中,人类的肌肤干缩衰老,春天的树芽枯萎掉落,岩石粉碎成灰,只有长寿的精灵族中的少年在我看来不受影响。即使是如此,他们在我眼中也像是即将凋谢的花朵。

–《龙枪编年史》

这些年 emo 的主线之一,就是看着曾经能够一起讨论的朋友、乃至喜欢的人,渐渐地沉到各种坑里。——「坑」当然只是我的视角,他们都很快乐。

改变不是瞬间发生的。曾经还一起是好友的时候,我就能隐约感觉到这样的痕迹。甚至很多次的离开,也都与此有关。但离开后我无数次地回顾,质疑自己曾经的选择。每一次看到他们下沉,我都在问自己:如果我当时不离开,选择努力去沟通、改变,是否结果就不一样?于是我的离开,算不算一种逃避?我看着他们时,那种比看其它路人更深的难受,是否因为我没有继续尝试而内疚?

有时我试着去努力,但最终并没有掰赢,围绕着他们的更强力的文化;有的我从一开始就明白自己无能为力;有的我一直不知道答案。

甚至改行去学一些东西,也有很大程度是为了,把这些「隐约感觉到的痕迹」弄清楚。我做到了。关于如何从各种细微痕迹中,看到文化对人产生影响,以及如果当事人不警省或者放弃坚持,如何不自觉地渐渐沉入其中。——但这也只能让自己更清楚地看到那些变化的过程和原因,而不知如何去影响、扭转。

这一切仍然在重复。我仍然能交到各种,三观上有共同语言的朋友,其中大多数是比我年轻很多的人,乃至都没必要去考虑从朋友继续发展的可能性。但在很多人身上,我仍然有发现各种下沉痕迹的感觉。我仍然对他们一二十年后变成什么样子,表示悲观。

很多「痕迹」,在别人看来,可能是无理取闹的:当你刚刚毕业,抱怨上班很烦很累,却仍然去打卡的时候;当你交流社会经验和办公室技巧的时候;当你只是因为寂寞而去各种社交的时候;当你因为被客户认同又能赚到钱而欣喜的时候。

这就是阅历吧,我恨这种感觉。

我知道这一篇充斥着巨大的 ego。其中的很多环节,并不是必然的断言,只是我个人在这个时代的主观经历中,总结出的感受。不对劲的也很可能是我自己。我也能看到新的一代人的,可能的好的一面:虽然大多数人沉的更深,但幸存下来的人,也有更多的机会和氛围,变得更清醒,清醒到有足够能力来意识到,之前说的那些加诸自身的细微文化影响。希望能抱抱他们。

❌