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李飞飞万字访谈:空间智能是 AI 的下一个前沿领域

在 AI 的世界里,大语言模型已经让人们感到惊艳。李飞飞却说,真正的突破还在后头。她认为,AI 如果不能理解三维世界,那它就不算完整。这是她的下一个疯狂目标。

两天前,Y Combinator 在其 YouTube 频道更新了李飞飞在旧金山的 AI 创业学校进行的访谈视频。在这次的谈话内容中,李飞飞回顾了 ImageNet 项目的创建,从物体识别到如今生成模型这一路,深度学习的飞速发展,重点提到了她目前正攻克人工智能最困难的一项前沿领域:空间智能。

李飞飞目前是空间智能公司 World Labs 的创始人兼 CEO,该公司致力于构建大型世界模型,以感知、生成和与 3D世界交互。她在这次的对谈交流中也提到了关于 3D 世界建模对通用人工智能(AGI)重要性的原因,以及为什么空间智能可能比语言更难实现等系列问题。

省流速看版:

这是机器学习领域一次范式的转变

ImageNet 的诞生不仅是李飞飞的个人梦想,更是计算机视觉和深度学习领域的一次范式转变。她分享自己那时只是对「让机器看见」充满执念,这种执着和努力,创造了数据、GPU 和神经网络结合在一起的重要时刻。而现在,她有了新的执着,打算继续引领一场新的 AI 革命。

我们要让空间智能成为 AI 的新战场

从物体识别到场景理解,AI 逐步开始有能力理解复杂的视觉信息。而新一轮的转变来到了当前 AGI 的时代,她相信,世界不是纯粹生成性的,只有让 AI 理解三维世界,才能真正迈向 AGI。大语言模型的数据获取是简单的,空间智能模型才是她下一需要攻克的难题。

World Labs 的具体细节 我无法透露太多

当被问到 World Labs 畅想的应用场景,以及与当前 LLMs 的架构有何区别时;李飞飞说软硬件的融合,以及实现元宇宙,都会需要他们的空间智能。而与实现 LLMs 不同,她提到人类对 3D 世界感知不强,难度很大,但相信自己的团队,有着世界上最聪明的人,和他们一起可以在 2D 世界解决这个问题。

在 AI 领域,永远不要害怕失败

访谈最后,李飞飞分享了自己的成长经历,无论是从一开始移民美国求学,到斯坦福人工智能实验室主任,谷歌副总裁,以及现在开始创业,她说自己始终是从零开始的心态,埋头苦干。她也鼓励年轻人追随自己的兴趣和好奇心,勇敢地面对挑战,去解决那些不可能的难题。

原视频:https://youtu.be/_PioN-CpOP0

以下是访谈实录,编译略作调整

机器学习领域需要一次范式的转变

主持人:我非常激动能够请到李飞飞博士,她在人工智能领域有着非常长的职业生涯。我相信很多人都知道她。你也被誉为「人工智能的教母」,你创立的第一个项目之一就是 2009 年的 Imagenet,距今已经 16 年了。这个项目已经被引用超过 80000 次,它实际上为人工智能奠定了一个重要的基石——数据问题。能谈谈这个项目是如何诞生的吗?那时的工作真的是开创性的。

李飞飞:是的,首先感谢 Diana、Gary 以及在场的每一个人邀请我来到这里。我非常激动能够在这里,因为我感觉自己和大家一样。我现在也是一名企业家,刚刚创办了一家公司,所以非常兴奋能够在这里。

是的,你说得对,实际上我们几乎是在 18 年前构思了这个项目,时间真的是飞快。那时我还是第一年来到普林斯顿大学当助理教授。那时的人工智能和机器学习的世界和现在完全不同。那时数据非常少,至少在计算机视觉领域,算法根本无法工作。那时没有产业,公众也几乎不知道「人工智能」这个词。但仍然有一群人从人工智能的奠基人开始,比如 John McCarthy,然后是像 Jeff Hinton 这样的人。我觉得我们都有一个人工智能的梦想,我们真的非常希望让机器具备思考和工作能力。而我的个人梦想就是让机器具备视觉能力,因为视觉是智能的基石,视觉智能不仅仅是感知,更是理解世界并在世界中做事情。

所以我当时非常执着于「让机器看见」这个问题。在我痴迷地开发机器学习算法的过程中,我们确实尝试过神经网络,但并没有成功。我们转向了支持向量机等其他方法,但有一个问题一直困扰着我,那就是泛化问题。如果你从事机器学习工作,你必须理解,泛化是机器学习的核心数学基础和目标。为了让这些算法能够泛化,数据是至关重要的,但当时在计算机视觉领域几乎没有数据。而我正好是第一代开始接触数据的研究生,因为我是第一代见证了互联网、物联网的出现的研究生。

时间来到大约 2007 年,我和我的学生决定必须做出一个大胆的尝试。我们赌机器学习领域需要一次范式的转变,而这个转变必须由数据驱动的方法引领。但当时并没有足够的数据。所以我们想,既然没有数据,那我们就去互联网下载数十亿张图片,这是我们能在互联网上找到的最大数量,然后我们就构建一个全球的视觉分类体系,利用这个体系来训练和评估机器学习算法。正是因为这个原因,ImageNet 项目应运而生且真正付诸实践。

数据和开源迎来了深度学习的春天

主持人:确实,直到出现一些有前景的算法,才开始有所突破。直到 2012 年 AlexNet 的问世,这才是通向人工智能的第二个关键因素,获得足够的计算能力并投入足够的资源。而算法则揭示了一个关键时刻,那就是当你用数据为人工智能播下种子时,社区开始逐渐找出更多的解决方案,这为人工智能的发展提供了动力,对吧?

李飞飞:在 2009 年,我们发布了一篇小论文,仅作为 CVPR Poster。

从 2009 年到 2012 年,直到 AlexNet 的问世,那三年里我们真的相信数据会驱动人工智能,但我们几乎没有任何明确的信号表明这个方法有效。

所以我们做了几件事情,首先,我们决定开源。我们从一开始就认为必须将其开源,供整个研究社区使用,大家一起合作解决这个问题。

其次,我们创建了一个挑战赛,因为我们希望全世界最聪明的学生和研究人员都来参与这个问题的解决。这就是我们所说的 ImageNet 挑战赛。每年我们都会发布一个测试数据集,整个平台的 ImageNet 数据用于训练,但我们会发布单独的测试数据集,并邀请大家公开参与。

最初的几年实际上是在设定基准。当时的性能错误率大约在 30% 左右,虽然不是零错误,也不是完全随机,但表现并不出色。但到了第三年,2012 年,我也有在我出版的书里写过这段经历。

▲ ImageNet 挑战赛第一名是 SuperVision

我仍然记得,那是夏末,我们正在将所有 ImageNet 挑战赛的结果在我们的服务器上运行。某天深夜,我收到了我研究生发来的消息,告诉我有一个结果非常突出,应该去看看。我们仔细查看后,发现这是一个卷积神经网络。那时它还不是 AlexNet,而是 Geoffrey Hinton 团队的一项工作,叫做「SuperVision」。这是一个非常巧妙的词汇玩弄,结合了「super」和「supervised learning」(监督学习)。我们看了 SuperVision 做的工作,这其实是一个老算法,卷积神经网络早在 1980 年代就已经发布,只是算法上做了一些调整,但最初看到它时,我们真的很惊讶,居然会有如此巨大的突破。

当然,接下来大家都知道了,我们在当年的 ICCV(国际计算机视觉大会)佛罗伦萨的 ImageNet 挑战赛工作坊上展示了这个成果,Alex Krizhevsky 和他的团队也来了,很多人也都来了。如今,大家都把这一刻称为 ImageNet 挑战赛的 「AlexNet 时刻」。

我还想补充一点,不仅仅是卷积神经网络的成功,这也是第一次由 Alex 和他的团队将两台 GPU 结合起来,用于深度学习的计算。这真的是数据、GPU 和神经网络结合的第一次重要时刻。

我的职业生涯不仅仅是讲述场景

主持人:沿着计算机视觉智能发展的趋势,ImageNet 确实为解决物体识别的问题奠定了基础。紧接着,人工智能达到了可以解决场景理解的问题。因为你和你的学生们,像是 Andre Karpathy 等人,开始能够描述场景。能否谈谈从物体识别到场景理解的转变?

李飞飞:是的,ImageNet 解决的是当你看到一张图片时,如何识别出其中的物体,比如「这是只猫,这是张椅子」,这属于视觉识别中的基本问题。但自从我作为研究生进入人工智能领域时,我就有一个梦想。我觉得这个梦想可能需要一百年才能实现,那就是讲述世界的故事。想象一下,当人类睁开眼睛,你刚刚睁开眼睛,看到的不是「人、椅子、桌子」,你实际上看到的是一个会议室,看到屏幕、舞台、观众、摄像机等。你可以描述整个场景,这是一种人类的能力,是视觉智能的基础,它对我们日常生活至关重要。因此,我一直认为这个问题会占据我一生的时间。当我作为研究生毕业时,我告诉自己,如果我能创造出一个能够讲述场景故事的算法,那我就算成功了。这是我当时对自己职业生涯的设想。

然而,随着深度学习的崛起,那个时刻真的来临了。后来,Andre 和 Justin Johnson 加入了我的实验室,我们开始看到自然语言与视觉的碰撞信号。

Andre 和我提出了一个图像描述或讲故事的问题。简而言之,到了 2015 年左右,Andre 和我发布了一系列论文,其中包括一些与我们同期发表的论文,它们实际上是让计算机能够生成图像说明的最早工作之一。我几乎感觉到,我该怎么继续我的人生了?这本来就是我的一生的梦想啊。那一刻对我们俩来说,真的是无比震撼。

去年,我做了一个 TED 演讲,我还用了 Andre 几年前发的一个推文,那时他刚完成图像描述的工作。那几乎就是他的博士论文。我开玩笑对他说:「嘿,Andre,为什么我们不做个反向的呢?用一句话生成一张图像」。当然,他知道我是在开玩笑,他回答说「哈哈,我先走了」。当时的世界显然还没有准备好。但现在,快进到今天,我们都知道生成式人工智能现在可以通过一句话生成美丽的图片。所以这个故事的寓意是,人工智能经历了巨大的发展。

从个人角度来说,我觉得我是世界上最幸运的人,因为我的整个职业生涯从人工智能冬天的结束、人工智能崛起的开始就起步了,我的很多工作和职业生涯都与这一变革息息相关,或者在某种程度上推动了这场变革。所以,我感到非常幸运、感恩,并且以某种方式感到骄傲。

主持人:我认为最疯狂的事情是,即使你已经实现了描述场景,甚至通过扩散模型生成场景的梦想,你依然在做更大的梦想。因为计算机视觉的整个发展轨迹已经从物体识别到场景理解,再到现在的「世界」概念。而你决定从学术界,从教授职位转到创业,成为了 World Labs 的创始人兼 CEO 。能谈谈「世界」究竟是什么吗?它是不是比场景和物体更具挑战性?

李飞飞:是的,这确实很疯狂。当然,大家都知道过去的事情,对于我来说,过去五六年的进展真的是很难总结。我们正处在一个技术进步的文明时刻。作为一名计算机视觉科学家,我们见证了从图像到图像描述,再到利用扩散技术生成图像的令人难以置信的增长。尽管这些进展让人兴奋,但同时,我们也看到另一个极为激动人心的领域,那就是语言领域,尤其是 LLMs(大语言模型)。比如 2022 年 11 月,ChatGPT 的出现,真正开启了生成模型的大门,基本上可以通过图灵测试等等。所以,即使像我这样年纪较大的人,也感到非常激动,开始大胆地思考下一步的目标是什么。

作为一名计算机视觉科学家,我有一个习惯,我的灵感往往来自于进化和大脑科学。我的职业生涯中,很多时候我都在寻找下一个「北极星」问题来解决。我会问自己,进化或者大脑的发展做了什么?有一点非常值得注意和欣赏的是:人类语言的进化发展大约花费了 300 到 500 百万年,即便我们非常宽容地算,也仅仅是少于一百万年的时间。人类是唯一拥有复杂语言的物种。我们可以讨论动物语言,但从语言作为交流工具、推理、抽象的功能而言,只有人类拥有这种能力。这一进化历程花费了不到 50 万年。

但如果你想一想视觉,思考一下理解三维世界的能力,弄清楚如何在这个三维世界中行动,如何在三维世界中导航、互动、理解、与之交流,这一切的进化历程却花费了 5.4 亿年。

大约 5.4 亿年前,第一个三叶虫开始在水下发展视觉感知。从那时起,视觉成为了推动演化军备竞赛的关键。视觉出现之前,动物的生命形态相对简单,近 5 亿年间几乎没有复杂的变化。但在接下来的 5.4 亿年中,正是因为拥有了理解世界的能力,演化的军备竞赛开始了,动物的智能也不断提升。

▲ iWorld Labs 创始人团队,李飞飞(右一),Justin Johnson,Christoph Lassner,Ben Mildenhall

所以对我来说,解决空间智能的问题,理解三维世界,生成三维世界,推理三维世界,在三维世界中做事情,这对于人工智能来说是一个根本问题。对我而言,AGI 如果没有空间智能,是不完整的。我想解决这个问题。这涉及到创造「世界模型」,超越平面像素,超越语言,真正捕捉三维结构和空间智能的世界模型。幸运的是,无论我多大年纪,我总是能和最出色的年轻人一起工作。所以,现在我和三位了不起的年轻但世界级的技术专家,Justin Johnson、Ben Mildenhall 和 Christoph Lassner,一起创办了这家公司。我们将尝试解决,我认为目前人工智能领域中最难的问题。

获取空间智能的数据要比语言数据难得多

主持人:确实,这些都是非常出色的人才。Chris 是 Pulsar 的创始人,Pulsar 是一种可微分渲染技术,现在是用于 PyTorch3D 的基于球体的渲染后端。而 Justin Johnson,作为你曾经的学生,他真的有着极强的系统工程思维,曾实现了基于神经网络的实时风格迁移。然后是 Ben,他是 NeRF(Neural Radiance Fields 神经辐射场)论文的作者。所以这真的是一支超级精英团队。你需要这样一支精英团队,因为我们之前聊到过,视觉实际上比语言更难。也许这么说有点争议,因为LLMs 本质上是一维的,对吧,但你所谈论的是理解大量的 3D 结构。那么,为什么这如此困难?它为什么是比现在的大语言强大呢?

李飞飞:是的,你能理解我们问题的困难。语言本质上是一维的,语法是按顺序出现的,这就是为什么序列到序列(sequence-to-sequence)建模如此经典的原因。还有一点,语言是纯粹的生成性信号,很多人没有意识到这一点。自然界中是没有语言的,你不能触摸语言,也看不见语言,语言完全是从每个人的脑袋里生成出来的。语言是一个纯粹的生成信号。当然,当你把它写在纸上时,它就在那里,但语言的生成、构建和实用性本质上是非常生成性的,而世界远比这复杂得多。

首先,现实世界是三维的,如果再加上时间,那就是四维的,但我们暂且只考虑空间。现实世界本质上是三维的,这本身就是一个更具组合性挑战的问题。

第二,视觉世界的感知是一个投影过程,无论是你的眼睛、视网膜还是相机,它总是将三维信息压缩到二维,你必须理解这一点是多么困难。从数学上来说,这是一个不可逆过程,因此人类和动物才会拥有多重感官,才能解决这个问题。

第三,世界并不是纯粹的生成性。是的,我们可以生成虚拟的三维世界,但它仍然必须遵循物理规律,而且现实世界也存在于我们之外。你现在实际上是在生成和重建之间流畅地切换。用户行为、实用性和应用场景完全不同。如果你全程关注生成性,我们可以讨论游戏、元宇宙之类的内容;如果你全程关注现实世界,那我们就谈论机器人技术等。但这一切都在世界建模和空间智能的连续性中。

当然,当前的巨大难题是,互联网上有大量的语言数据,而空间智能的数据,虽然它全部存在于我们的大脑中,但不像语言数据那样容易获取。所以这些都是为什么这个问题如此困难的原因。但坦率地说,这正是让我兴奋的地方,因为如果这个问题很简单,那就意味着别人已经解决了。而我的整个职业生涯都在追求那些极其困难、几乎可以说是痴心妄想的问题。我认为这就是那个痴心妄想的问题。感谢你们对这个问题的支持。

我们的 World Labs 拥有世界上最聪明的人

主持人:是的,甚至从最基本的原理来看,人脑的视觉皮层处理视觉数据的神经元数量远远超过处理语言的神经元。这种差异是如何在模型中体现的呢?包括,你们正在研究的这些东西与 LLM 相比,架构上的差异也会非常大,对吧?

李飞飞:这是一个非常好的问题。其实,关于这个问题,目前有两种不同的思路。

一种是 LLMs 的方式,很多我们在LLMs 中看到的写作、写作扩展规律,几乎可以通过自监督学习来直接推进,直到实现一个「幸福的结局」。你几乎可以通过蛮力地推进自监督,直到达到目标。

另一种则是构建世界模型,这可能更加细致和有层次,因为世界是有结构的,我们可能需要一些信号来引导它。你可以把它看作是先验知识,也可以称之为数据中的监督信号,反正就是某种方式来引导学习。

我认为这些是我们必须解决的一些开放性问题,但你说得对。如果你考虑到人类的感知,首先,我们甚至没有完全解决人类视觉的所有问题,对吧?3D 如何在人的视觉中发挥作用?这仍然不是一个解决了的问题。我们知道从机械角度,双眼需要通过三角测量来获取信息,但即便如此,我们缺乏一个完善的数学模型,而实际上,人类在 3D 感知方面并不是特别优秀。我们并不是非常擅长理解和操作三维世界,所以有很多问题等待着解答。

▲ World Labs 部分成员截图

所以,我们现在确实处于「World Labs」的阶段。我唯一能依赖的就是,我相信我们拥有世界上最聪明的人才,能在「像素世界」里解决这个问题。

硬件和软件的融合终将到来

主持人:可以说,World Labs 正在构建的这些基础模型,最终的输出是 3D 世界吗?你们正在设想哪些应用场景呢?我看到你提到了从感知到生成的各种可能性。生成模型和判别模型之间总是存在一种张力,那么这些 3D 世界的作用是什么呢?

李飞飞:是的,关于 World Labs 的具体细节我可能无法透露太多,但在空间智能方面,确实是让我非常兴奋的地方。就像语言一样,应用场景非常广泛。从创作开始,设计师、建筑师、工业设计师,甚至是艺术家、3D 艺术家、游戏开发者,都可以用到它。接着,机器人学和机器人学习也是一个非常重要的应用领域,空间智能模型或世界模型的用途非常广泛。此外,很多相关行业,比如营销、娱乐,甚至元宇宙,都会受到影响。对于元宇宙,我真的非常兴奋。虽然目前还没完全实现,我知道它现在还不是很成熟,但正是因为如此,我才更为兴奋。我认为硬件和软件的融合终将到来,未来的潜力非常巨大。这也是一个非常值得期待的应用方向。

主持人:我个人非常激动你们在解决元宇宙的问题,我之前在我的公司也尝试过这个方向,所以看到你们现在在做这件事真的非常兴奋。

李飞飞:是的,我觉得现在有更多的信号表明元宇宙正在逐步实现。我认为硬件确实是其中一个障碍,但更重要的是,你需要内容创作,而元宇宙的内容创作需要世界模型。

从零开始,这是我的舒适区

主持人:让我们换个话题。对于一些观众来说,你从学术界转型到现在做创始人兼 CEO 可能显得有些突然。但实际上,你的整个人生经历都非常非凡,这也不是你第一次从 0 到 1。你曾跟我讲过,你是如何移民到美国的,刚开始完全不会说英语,还和团队一起经营过洗衣店,做了好几年。能不能聊聊这些经历是如何塑造了今天的你的?

李飞飞:对吧?我知道你们肯定在这里想听我分享如何开洗衣店的故事。哈哈。

当时我19岁,完全出于无奈。我没有办法支持我的家人,我的父母需要我上大学,而我想成为普林斯顿大学的物理学专业学生。所以我开了一家干洗店。在硅谷的术语中,我就是一个筹款人,创始人兼 CEO,同时也是收银员和做所有杂事的人,最后我成功「退出」了,经营了七年。

回到 Diana 的观点,特别是对于你们所有人,我看着你们,真的很激动,因为你们比我年轻一半,甚至三分之一,你们那么有才华,真的去做吧,不要害怕。

我整个职业生涯都这样,当然,包括做洗衣店,甚至作为教授时,我也做过几次选择,我曾经选择去一些没有计算机视觉教授的部门,成为第一个,这和很多建议相悖。作为年轻教授,大家都会建议你去有社区和资深导师的地方,当然,我也希望有资深导师,但如果没有,我还是要自己走自己的路。所以我一点也不害怕这些。后来我去 Google 学到了很多关于商业的知识,关于 Google Cloud 和 B2B 的东西,然后我在斯坦福创办了一个创业公司,因为到了 2018 年,AI 已经不仅仅是行业问题,它变成了人类的问题。

人类总是会推动科技进步,但我们不能失去人性。我非常关注如何在 AI 的进步中创建一束光,设想 AI 如何能够以人为本,如何让 AI 帮助人类。所以,我回到斯坦福,创办了一个人类中心的 AI 研究所,并且把它当作创业公司运营了五年。可能有些人不太高兴我在大学里把它当作创业公司运营了这么久,但我对此非常自豪。所以从某种意义上讲,我觉得自己就是喜欢做创业者。我喜欢那种从零开始的感觉,就像站在零点,忘记过去做过的事,忘记别人怎么看你,埋头去做。这是我的舒适区,我真的非常热爱这种感觉。

我寻找的是「智识上的无畏」

主持人:你真的很酷,除了做了所有这些了不起的事之外,你还指导了很多传奇般的研究者,比如 Andrej Karpathy、Jim Fan(现在在 Nvidia)、Jia Deng(ImageNet 项目上的合作)。他们后来都成为了行业中的佼佼者。当他们还是学生的时候,是什么让你看出来他们将来会成就非凡呢?你有什么建议可以分享,告诉我们如何辨识出这些会改变 AI 领域的人?

李飞飞:首先,我觉得自己很幸运,不要觉得我对学生的贡献比他们多。他们真的让我成为一个更好的人、更好的教师和研究员。和这么多像你说的传奇般的学生共事,真的是我一生中的荣幸。每个学生都很不同,有些纯粹是科学家,专注于解决科学问题;有些则是工业领域的领军人物;还有一些是 AI 知识的伟大传播者。但我觉得有一件事是他们共同的特点,我也鼓励在座的每一位同学思考一下这个问题。

对于那些创业者,尤其是在招聘时,我的标准也是看重这个。我寻找的是「智识上的无畏」。

我认为这不仅仅和你来自哪里、我们要解决什么问题无关,最重要的是那份勇气,敢于面对困难,全身心投入并尽力去解决。这种无畏精神真的是成功者的核心特质。我从这些学生身上学到了这一点,作为我们实验室的 CEO,在我的招聘过程中,我也非常看重这一点。

主持人:你们也在为「World Labs」招聘很多人,所以你们也是在寻找相同的职位吧?

李飞飞:是的,我们确实在大规模招聘。我们正在招聘工程类人才、产品类人才、3D 人才,以及生成模型方面的人才。如果你觉得自己无所畏惧,并且对解决智能问题充满热情,欢迎联系我或者来我们的网站看看。

观众问答

提问者 1:你好,飞飞,谢谢你的演讲。我是你的超级粉丝!我的问题是,二十多年前你曾从事过视觉识别方面的工作。我现在想开始攻读博士学位,我应该研究什么方向,才能像你一样成为传奇人物呢?

李飞飞:我想给你一个深思熟虑的回答,因为我总是可以说做任何让你兴奋的事情。

首先,我认为 AI 研究已经发生了变化,因为如果你正在攻读博士学位,你就处于学术界。如今,学术界并不再拥有大多数 AI 资源,这与我当时的情况非常不同。现在的计算能力和数据资源在学术界非常有限,而产业界可以以更快的速度进行研究。因此,作为一名博士生,我建议你去寻找那些不与产业界能够利用更强大计算能力、更丰富数据和团队合作优势解决的问题发生冲突的方向。仍然有一些非常基础的问题,学术界可以继续探讨,哪怕你有再多的芯片,也能取得很大进展。

首先,跨学科的人工智能对我来说是学术界一个非常令人兴奋的领域,特别是在科学发现方面。有太多学科可以与 AI 交叉。我认为这是一个可以深入发展的领域。另一方面,在理论方面,我觉得非常有趣的是,AI 的能力已经完全超越了理论,我们不知道如何做到这一点,缺乏可解释性,也不知道如何揭示因果关系。我们对模型的理解还有很多未知之处,未来可以进一步推动这一领域的发展,这里还有非常多的方向。在计算机视觉领域,依然存在一些尚未解决的问题。另外,小数据也是一个非常有趣的领域,充满了可能性。

提问者 2:谢谢李飞飞教授,再次恭喜您获得耶鲁大学的荣誉博士学位。我很荣幸一个月前能亲自见证这一时刻。我的问题是,从您的角度来看,AGI 更有可能作为一个统一的、单一的模型出现,还是作为一个「模型-智能体」系统出现呢?

李飞飞:你问的这个问题已经提出了两种定义。一种定义更偏向理论层面,把 AGI 定义为通过某种类似 IQ 测试的标准来衡量的智能,另一部分问题则更偏向实用主义,聚焦于智能体能执行哪些任务。坦白说,我对于 AGI 的定义感到有些困惑。

这是因为,1956 年在达特茅斯会议上,人工智能的奠基人们,包括约翰·麦卡锡(John McCarthy)和马文·明斯基(Marvin Minsky),他们当时想要解决的是能「思考」的机器问题,这个问题实际上是图灵(Alan Turing)在他们之前提出来的。因此,这个命题并不是狭义的人工智能问题,而是一个关于智能的广义命题。所以,我并不清楚如何将这个人工智能的奠基问题与「AGI」这个新词区分开来。

对我而言,AGI 和 AI 是同一个问题,但我理解现在的行业里更倾向于把 AGI 看作超越 AI 的概念。我对这种理解有些挣扎,因为我不清楚到底什么是 AGI,它和 AI 到底有什么不同?如果我们说今天的「类 AGI」系统在某些任务上比上世纪 70、80、90 年代的狭义 AI 系统表现得更好,我认为这是对的,这只是该领域发展的一个自然过程。但从根本上讲,我认为人工智能的本质是创造能够像人类一样,甚至比人类更聪明地思考和做事的机器。所以,我并不清楚如何定义 AGI,既然无法定义它,我也就无法判断它是否是一个单一的体系。

如果从大脑的角度来看,它是一个整体,可以称之为单一系统,但它的功能是多样的,甚至大脑中还有像布罗卡区(Broca’s area)负责语言,视觉皮层负责视觉,运动皮层负责运动等等。因此,我也不太知道该如何回答这个问题。

提问者 3:你好,我叫Yasna。首先,我想说谢谢你。看到一位女性在这个领域中扮演领导角色,真的很令人鼓舞。作为一名研究员、教育者和企业家,我想请教一下,在人工智能飞速发展的今天,您认为什么样的人应该去攻读研究生学位?

李飞飞:这是一个很好的问题,甚至连家长们也曾问过我。研究生阶段是你拥有强烈好奇心的四到五年。

你是由好奇心驱动的,而这种好奇心非常强烈,以至于没有比这里更合适的地方来追求它。这与创业公司不同,因为在创业公司中,不能仅仅靠好奇心来推动。你必须小心,创业公司不仅仅是由好奇心驱动的,投资者会对你感到不满。它更侧重于实现商业目标,虽然其中也有好奇心的成分,但它并不完全是好奇心驱动的。而对于研究生来说,解决问题的好奇心或提问的能力是如此重要,我认为那些带着这种强烈好奇心进入研究生阶段的人,会真的享受这四五年,即使外部世界飞速发展,你仍然会因为追随自己的好奇心而感到满足。

提问者 4:首先,我想感谢您抽出时间,谢谢您来和我们分享您的观点。您提到,开源在图像智能的发展中起了重要作用,现在随着大语言模型的发布和发展,我们看到不同的组织在开源方面采取了不同的策略。一些组织完全闭源,一些组织则完全开源其整个研究框架,还有一些组织采取折中的方式,开源模型权重或采用有限制的许可证等等。所以我想请问,您如何看待这些不同的开源方式?您认为正确的做法是什么?作为一家人工智能公司,开源应该如何运作?

李飞飞:我认为当生态系统中有不同的开源方式时,整个环境是健康的。我并不固执于必须开源或必须闭源,这取决于公司的商业战略。例如,像Meta(前Facebook)为什么选择开源是非常明确的,他们目前的商业模式并不是通过销售模型来盈利,而是通过利用这些模型来发展生态系统,吸引更多人使用他们的平台。所以开源对他们来说是非常有意义的。而对于其他一些真正通过这些技术盈利的公司,你可以考虑开源和闭源相结合的方式,分层次地运作。因此,我对这些方式持开放态度。

▲ Meta 的 llama 开源模型在 Hugging Face 开源大语言模型排行榜上

从更高层次来看,我认为开源应该受到保护,无论是在公共部门(如学术界)还是私人部门,如果有开源的努力,都是非常重要的。它对创业生态系统至关重要,也对公共部门非常重要。我认为这些努力应该得到保护,而不应该被忽视。

提问者 5:你好,我叫 Carl,来自爱沙尼亚,我有一个关于数据的问题。你提到了机器学习从数据驱动方法转向的变化,特别是在 ImageNet 上取得的进展,而现在你们正在研究世界模型,并且你提到我们缺乏空间数据,互联网中并不存在这些数据,只有在我们的大脑中才有。你们是如何解决这个问题的?你们的研究方向是什么?你们是在从现实世界收集数据,还是生成合成数据?你们相信合成数据吗?还是更相信传统的先验知识?谢谢。

李飞飞:你应该加入我的「World Labs」,我会告诉你。作为一家公司,我不能分享太多,但我认为重要的是要承认我们采用的是一种混合方法。拥有大量数据确实很重要,但同样重要的是拥有高质量的数据。归根结底,如果你不注意数据的质量,最终结果还是垃圾进垃圾出。

提问者 6:你好,李飞飞博士,我叫 Annie,非常感谢您与我们交流。在您的书《The World》中,我看到您谈到了作为一名移民女孩和女性在 STEM 领域面临的挑战。我很想知道,您是否有过在职场中感受到自己是少数群体的时刻?如果有,您是如何克服这一困境或说服他人的?

李飞飞:谢谢你的问题。我在回答时会小心和深思,因为我们每个人的背景都不同,每个人的感受也非常独特。你知道的,这几乎不重要。我们每个人都有过感觉自己是少数群体或是房间里唯一一个人的时刻。所以,当然,我也曾有过这种感觉。

有时候这与我是谁有关,有时候与我的想法有关,有时候也许只是因为我穿的衣服颜色,反正总会有各种原因。但在这方面,我确实想鼓励大家。也许是因为我从小来到这个国家,我积累了一些经验。我已经接受了这一点:我就是一名移民女性。我几乎发展出了一个能力,就是不会过度在意这些。我在这里,就像你们每个人一样。我在这里学习、做事、创造东西。

我真的想对你们每一个人说,你们正要开始做一些事情,或者已经在做某件事情的过程中,你们会有脆弱或困惑的时刻,我每天都会有这种感觉,尤其是在创业生活中。有时候我会想,天啊,我不知道自己在做什么。别担心,专注于去做。像梯度下降一样,一步步朝着最优解前进。

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Kyiv hit by barrage of drone strikes as Putin spurns Trump's truce bid

DSNS An elderly woman and man with ambulances and smoke in the sky behind themDSNS
The latest Russian attack broke another record with 550 missiles raining down on Ukraine overnight

A pall of acrid smoke hung over Kyiv on Friday morning following a night of intensive Russian strikes that hit almost every district of the capital, according to Ukrainian authorities.

The hours of darkness were once again punctuated by the staccato of air defence guns, buzz of drones and large explosions. Ukraine said Russia had fired a record 550 drones and 11 missiles during a long night of bombardment.

The strikes came hours after a phone call between Donald Trump and Vladimir Putin, after which the US president said he was "disappointed" that Putin was not ready to end Russia's war against Ukraine.

A woman was killed in Russia following Ukrainian drone attacks, officials said.

The acting governor of the southern Rostov region said she had been killed in a strike on village not far from the Ukrainian border.

Russia's overnight air strikes broke another record, Ukraine's air force said, with 72 of the 550 drones penetrating air defences - up from a previous record of 537 launched last Saturday night.

Air raid alerts sounded for more than eight hours as several waves of attacks struck Kyiv, the "main target of the strikes", the air force said on the messaging app Telegram.

Ukraine's foreign minister condemned "one of the worst" nights in the capital and said "Moscow must be slapped with the toughest sanctions without delay".

"Absolutely horrible and sleepless night in Kyiv. One of the worst so far," wrote Andrii Sybiha on X.

Noting that it came directly after Putin's call with Trump, Sybiha added that "[Putin] does it on purpose" and "clearly shows his disregard for the United States and everyone who has called for an end to the war".

Footage shared on social media by Ukraine's state emergency service showed firefighters battling to extinguish fires in Kyiv after Russia's large-scale overnight attack.

At least 23 people were wounded in the attacks on Kyiv, according to Ukrainian authorities, with railway infrastructure damaged and buildings and cars set ablaze across the capital.

Friday's attacks were the latest in a string of major Russian air strikes on Ukraine that have intensified in recent weeks as ceasefire talks have largely stalled.

War in Ukraine has been raging for more than three years since Russia launched its full-scale invasion in February 2022.

Following his conversation with Putin on Thursday, Trump said that "no progress" to end the fighting had been made.

"I'm very disappointed with the conversation I had today with President Putin, because I don't think he's there, and I'm very disappointed," Trump said.

"I'm just saying I don't think he's looking to stop, and that's too bad."

The Kremlin reiterated that it would continue to seek to remove "the root causes of the war in Ukraine". Putin has sought to return Ukraine to Russia's sphere of influence and said last week that "the whole of Ukraine is ours".

Meanwhile, Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky said that he hoped to speak to Trump on Thursday about the supply of US weapons after a decision in Washington to halt some shipments of critical weapons to Ukraine.

Kyiv has warned that the move would impede its ability to defend Ukraine against escalating airstrikes and Russian advances on the frontlines.

Speaking to reporters, Trump said "we're giving weapons" and "we haven't" completely paused the flow of weapons. He blamed former President Joe Biden for sending "so many weapons to Ukraine that it risked weakening US defences".

Starmer told me he'd met every challenge. But things look bad right now - very bad

BBC Two men (Sir Keir Starmer and Nick Robinson) sit opposite each other at a table with microphones on top positioned towards themBBC
The interview marks 12 months since Labour came to power

Will Keir Starmer allow himself to celebrate his first anniversary as prime minister this weekend? Or will he be taking a long, hard look in the mirror and asking himself what went wrong?

That is what is in my mind as he greets me in the Terracotta Room on the first floor of 10 Downing Street for a long-planned conversation about his first 12 months in office, this week.

He looks surprisingly relaxed, given that his chancellor, Rachel Reeves, had been in tears sitting behind him in the Commons just hours earlier. That triggered fevered speculation about how long she would last in the job, moving markets to sell the pound and increase the cost of borrowing.

Perhaps that is the impression he wants to convey to me as he shares a story about his photo opportunity with Formula One cars parked outside his front door - the most famous door in the world.

Starmer is determined that the problems of recent weeks - and boy there's been a long list of those - will not overshadow the achievements he believes deserve just as much attention.

"We have done some fantastic things," he tells me, "really driven down the waiting lists in the NHS, really done loads of improvements in schools and stuff that we can do for children - whether that's rolling out school uniform projects, whether it's school meals, breakfast clubs, you name it - and also [brought in] a huge amount of investment into the country. And of course we've been busy getting three trade deals."

It's clear that, given the chance, his list would go on. And yet, I point out, there is another long list - of things he's recently admitted to getting wrong.

In the last year, he's said hiring Sue Gray - Starmer's former chief of staff who left Downing Street in October - was wrong. He's also held his hands up about plans to end winter fuel payments, about rejecting a national grooming gang inquiry, and cutting benefits for disabled people. That's not even the full list, yet it's quite a number of things that he's admitting to being a mistake.

The prime minister thinks I've rather crudely summarised his personal reflections on what he might have done better. He challenges the idea, which is prevalent in Westminster, that changing your mind represents weakness, or a "humiliating U-turn".

This is the fourth time we've sat down for an extended and personal conversation for my Political Thinking podcast.

"You know this from getting to know me," he says. "I'm not one of these ideological thinkers, where ideology dictates what I do. I'm a pragmatist. You can badge these things as U-turns - it's common sense to me.

"If someone says to me, 'here's some more information and I really think it's the right thing to do', I'm the kind of person that says, 'well in which case, let's do it'."

There is, though, no doubt that scrapping so much of his welfare reforms was a U-turn - a costly and humiliating one. Starmer and his chancellor have not only lost authority and face, they've lost £5bn in planned savings, something that will have to be paid for somehow, through extra borrowing, lower spending or, most likely, higher taxes.

"I take responsibility," he says, "we didn't get the process right". But somehow he implies that it might have been someone other than the leader of the Labour Party's responsibility to persuade Labour MPs to back his plans.

He doesn't spell out what he means by getting the process right and, perhaps more importantly, he dodges my attempts to get him to spell out clearly what story he's trying to tell the country about benefits.

Should Labour be on the side of disabled people and people like his own mother, who had a crippling disease that meant she eventually had to have a leg amputated? Or should they adopt her unwillingness to be written off, which he described to me the last time we spoke? When told by her doctors that she wouldn't walk again she refused to listen.

Wounded by the events of the past week, Starmer refuses to even address that choice. But surely, I suggest to him, the nation doesn't just want a problem-solver, or a chief executive of UK plc? Voters surely want a leader who has a story to tell?

Starmer clearly knew this question - or a variation of it - was coming. I've pushed him on it every time we've spoken at length.

"It's about a passion, if that's the right word," he says. "But certainly a determination to change the lives of millions of working people and, in particular, to tackle this question of fairness."

"It's almost like a social contract," he adds, "that people are getting back what they're putting in, that there is a fairer environment for them that supports them and respects them."

That's a bit long to sew on to an election banner, to chant in the streets, or write in a post on X, but it is a theme. He is a self-proclaimed pragmatist who doesn't want there to be something that can be labelled as "Starmerism", but at least we can now say that his guiding principle is fairness.

Keir Starmer/Tom Baldwin Archive picture of Sir Keir Starmer kicks a football wearing red and black kitKeir Starmer/Tom Baldwin
Sir Keir is a lifelong Arsenal fan and has always been open about his passion for football

In truth, what matters more than anything else to him is not losing, something he tells me he hates, whether in politics or on the five-a-side pitch playing football regularly with his mates - as he still does and has done for decades.

I tell him people think he is losing now - some say he is the most unpopular prime minister since records began. He reacts with the defiance of a man whose football-playing friend recently described him as a "hard bastard".

A man who served in Jeremy Corbyn's shadow cabinet and then had him thrown out of the party; who stood to be leader on promises to keep much of Corbyn's agenda before tearing up those promises to win power; and someone who hired then fired Sue Gray as his first Downing Street chief of staff.

"Every challenge that's been put in front of me I've risen to, met it, and we're going to continue in the same vein," he says.

I end our conversation by reminding him what they say about failing football managers who have "lost the dressing room". Has he lost the Labour Party dressing room? His reply is emphatic.

"Absolutely not," he says. "The Labour dressing room, the PLP, is proud as hell of what we've done, and their frustration - my frustration - is that sometimes the other stuff, welfare would be an example, can obscure us being able to get that out there."

Almost as an afterthought he adds: "I'm a hard-enough bastard to find out who it was who said that, so that I can have a discussion with him." Knowing Starmer I suspect he's much more likely to deliver a crunching tackle on the pitch than a quiet word off it.

But the prime minister's message is clear to me: Don't count me out, however bad it looks now. To pretty much everyone other than him it currently does look bad. Very bad.

Gas Station Explosion Rattles Rome, Injuring Several

Several people were injured, including eight police officers and a firefighter, officials said. The cause of the blast was not immediately clear.

© Cecilia Fabiano/LaPresse, via Associated Press

A fuel tank exploded in an eastern neighborhood of Rome. Firefighters and police officers had already been called to the gas station after an earlier incident involving a truck.

UNAids chief ‘shaken and disgusted’ by US cuts that will mean millions more deaths

Portrait of Winnie Byanyimatheguardian.org

The head of the global agency tackling Aids says she expects HIV rates to soar and deaths to multiply in the next four years as a direct impact of the “seismic” US cuts to aid spending.

Winnie Byanyima, the executive director of UNAids, said that if the funding permanently disappeared, the world faced an additional 6 million HIV infections and 4 million Aids-related deaths by 2029.

“It is a deadly funding crisis, a global response knocked totally off course. This is a pandemic, and pandemics have no borders,” she said in an interview with the Guardian at the UN international development funding summit this week in Seville, Spain.

Byanyima, a Ugandan aeronautical engineer and politician who has led UNAids since 2019, said seeing the impact of Donald Trump’s cuts had been the worst experience of her life.

“Personally I am devastated. Appalled. Shaken and disgusted. I don’t have the English words to use,” she said, admitting that the sheer scale of the challenge in the face of such massive cuts had made her consider resigning from her role.

“But I can’t run away. I told myself I’m going to fix it. I need to take my gloves off.”

US global health funding has stagnated over the past few years, and countries including the UK have been actively moving away from investment in aid from the target spending of 0.7% of GDP that UN member states set themselves in 2015. But in February, Trump abruptly halted Pepfar – the president’s emergency plan for Aids relief set up by Republican George Bush in 2003 to provide treatment, prevention and care for people living with or affected by HIV/Aids. A later vaguely worded waiver on certain parts of Pepfar funding had not had an effect on the ground, said experts.

“Every year, donors were reducing and the war in Ukraine saw that accelerate,” Byanyima said. “But the shock … Pepfar was 60% of my budget.

“It is a drop, a drop of money that is nothing in one of these rich G7 countries,” she said. “And it did so much for people who are so vulnerable. And yet you are spending so much more on wars. The rich men at the top take away from the poorest at the bottom.

“To create such crisis, such pain and such anger on the ground. This cut, that’s dedicated people losing jobs, loyal support gone, research ended, vulnerable people abandoned. And it is deaths. What went away immediately was prevention services, so we are very worried about the new infections and about deaths. Then support services and clinics. Now research, cutting edge research, is going.

“I myself had to have therapy to keep myself strong to be there for others. We have to make sure people who are staying do not burn out to try to even out our workload.

“This is a huge shift because it is so connected to geopolitics and to power shifts. It is seismic. But after the first wave of panic, and of pain, we have now to work hard, on less than half of what we had, to get change quickly to save lives.

“We already lost 12 million people we should not have lost if ARVs [antiretrovirals] had been shared immediately around the world instead of held on to by the pharmaceutical companies making money. We now face this, more deaths. Health is a human right, no one should die if we can prevent it.

“But of course many people will die, so many vulnerable people have already lost support, young girls, men who have sex with men, these are people who hide, who are shunned.

“There will be an additional 6 million newly infected persons in the world,” she said. “That has started already.”

Byanyima said the loss of overseas development assistance on all sides was now focusing attention on the unfair way in which Africa was treated by the west in terms of financing, debt interest and risk rates, and regarding illicit funding flows.

“African countries are struggling. Some much more than others. But they are not lying down and dying, and they are not holding out a begging bowl for more aid. Huge efforts are being made to fill the funding gaps in smart ways.

“We need debt justice, we need tax justice. The amount of money flowing from the south to the north has been greater than what has gone the other way for a long time and that is clear to see.

“The message for us all is clear too. The aid model cannot stand any more, it’s too unpredictable, the future has to be less about charity and more about international solidarity.”

I understand what Trump cares about, says Starmer

Watch: PM says he understands what President Trump cares about

Sir Keir Starmer has said he "understands what anchors" US President Donald Trump, having built a relationship on shared family values.

Despite "different political backgrounds" the prime minister said he found common ground with Trump, and that their "good personal relationship" helped land a vital US tariff deal.

Speaking on BBC Radio 4's Political Thinking programme, Sir Keir revealed Trump reached out to console him after the death of his younger brother Nick Starmer on Boxing Day.

"For both of us, we really care about family and there's a point of connection there," he said.

"I think I do understand what anchors the president, what he really cares about."

Sir Keir revealed he first spoke to Trump as prime minister after the then-presidential candidate was shot at a rally in July last year.

"That was a phone call really to ask him how it was, and in particular I wanted to know how it impacted on his family," he said.

He added that Trump later called him after the death of his brother.

"We talked about my brother, and he was asking about him," Sir Keir said.

Sir Keir denied this week's painful series of U-turns on welfare reforms were because he had been too focused on foreign affairs and "taken his eye off the ball" domestically.

On Tuesday, the government avoided defeat on its proposals to overhaul disability benefits by offering late concessions to Labour MPs threatening to rebel.

The prime minister said he took responsibility for the episode, admitting it had been a "tough" few days but insisting the government would "come through this stronger" after a period of reflection.

The prime minister said forging close ties with figures such as Trump and French President Emmanuel Macron were "always in the national interest".

"Building those relationships with international leaders is hugely important," he said.

The prime minister said the personal rapport had helped secure a deal removing UK industries from some of the sweeping tariffs announced by Trump.

Before the deal he said he had seen "anxiety writ large" on the faces of British factory workers at Jaguar Land Rover in Solihull.

"After the deal, the relief was palpable," he said.

Sir Keir said discussions "over a glass of wine" with Macron on a train to Kyiv had also paved the way for a new agreement with the EU, which he claimed would lead to lower food prices in British supermarkets.

"That is a good thing for millions of people across the country," he said.

Sir Keir is due to meet Macron again next week as the French president comes to the UK for a state visit.

Tackling small boat crossings will be a key point of discussion, after Downing Street said last month the situation in the English Channel was "deteriorating".

Official figures released this week showed nearly 20,000 people arrived in the UK in the first half of this year by crossing the Channel in small boats - up 48% on the same period last year.

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Katy Perry and Orlando Bloom confirm split

Reuters Katy Perry with Orlando Bloom at the Vanity Fair Oscars party. She is wearing a shoulderless silver dress, while he is wearing a traditional black and white tuxedo. Reuters
Katy Perry and Orlando Bloom have been romantically linked since 2016

Pop star Katy Perry and actor Orlando Bloom have officially confirmed they have split, US media outlets say, six years after getting engaged.

The couple have been romantically linked since 2016 and have a four-year-old daughter.

A joint statement said "representatives have confirmed that Orlando and Katy have been shifting their relationship over the past many months to focus on co-parenting," according to outlets including People magazine and USA Today.

"They will continue to be seen together as a family, as their shared priority is - and always will be - raising their daughter with love, stability and mutual respect."

The statement was being released due to the "abundance of recent interest and conversation" surrounding their relationship, it added.

The pop star, 40, and the 48-year-old actor split in 2017 but got back together shortly afterwards. They got engaged on Valentine's Day in 2019.

A year later Perry revealed she was pregnant in the music video for her single Never Worn White.

Their daughter Daisy Dove was born later that year, with Unicef announcing the news on its Instagram account. Both Perry and Bloom are goodwill ambassadors for the United Nations agency that helps children.

US singer Perry, who was previously married to Russell Brand, shot to fame in 2008 with the single I Kissed A Girl, which reached number one in the UK.

Her hits since then have included Roar, California Gurls, Firework and Never Really Over.

Bloom was previously married to Australian model Miranda Kerr, and they have a son, 14-year-old Flynn.

The British actor has starred in Pirates Of The Caribbean, The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit.

Dozens killed in Gaza as Israel intensifies bombardment, rescuers say

Reuters Mourners react during the funeral of Palestinians reportedly killed in an overnight Israeli strike on a tent in southern Gaza, at Nasser Hospital in Khan Younis (3 July 2025)Reuters
Women and children were said to have been killed in an Israeli strike on a tent in southern Gaza

At least 69 people have been killed by Israeli fire across Gaza on Thursday, rescuers say, as Israel intensified its bombardment of the Palestinian territory.

One air strike killed 15 people at a school-turned-shelter for displaced families in Gaza City, according to the Hamas-run Civil Defence agency. The Israeli military said it targeted a "key" Hamas operative based there.

The Civil Defence also reported that 38 people were killed while queueing for aid, or on their way to pick it up. The military said such reports of extensive casualties were "lies".

It comes as pressure mounts on both Israel and Hamas to agree to a new ceasefire and hostage release deal being pushed by US President Donald Trump.

Trump announced on Tuesday that Israel had agreed to the "necessary conditions" to finalize a 60-day ceasefire. However, there are still obstacles that could prevent a quick agreement.

Hamas has said it is studying the proposals - the details of which have still not been made public - but that it still wants an end to the war and an Israeli withdrawal from Gaza.

Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, who will travel to Washington on Monday, has meanwhile insisted that the Palestinian armed group must be eliminated.

On Thursday, the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) said its aircraft had struck around 150 "terror targets" across Gaza over the previous 24 hours, including fighters, tunnels and weapons.

Gaza's Hamas-run health ministry said 118 people had been killed during the same period.

Fifteen people, most of them women and children, were killed when a school housing displaced families in the al-Rimal neighbourhood of Gaza City was struck before dawn on Thursday, the Hamas-run Civil Defence agency and medics said.

Witness Wafaa al-Arqan told Reuters news agency: "Suddenly, we found the tent collapsing over us and a fire burning... What can we do? Is it fair that all these children burned?"

The IDF said it struck a "key Hamas terrorist" who was operating in a "command-and-control centre" in Gaza City, without mentioning the school.

The IDF added that it took numerous steps to mitigate the risk of harming civilians and accused Hamas of using human shields - an allegation the group has repeatedly denied.

At least another five displaced people were reportedly killed when a tent was struck overnight in the southern al-Mawasi area, where the IDF has told residents of areas affected by its evacuation orders to head for their own safety.

Ashraf Abu Shaba, who lived in a neighbouring tent, said he saw the bodies of children and women wrapped in blankets afterwards.

"The occupation [Israel] claims there are safe zones, but there are no safe zones. Every place is a target... The situation is unbearable," he added.

Later, Civil Defence spokesman Mahmoud Bassal told AFP news agency that another 38 people were killed by Israeli forces while seeking aid.

He said 25 were killed near the Israeli military's Netzarim corridor in central Gaza. Six died at another location nearby, while seven were killed in the southern Rafah area, he added.

Medics at Nasser hospital in the southern city of Khan Younis separately told Reuters that at least 20 people were killed while making their way to an aid distribution centre.

There was no direct response to the reports from the IDF.

Reuters Palestinian men are treated after reportedly being shot by Israeli forces while trying to collect aid in southern Gaza, at Nasser hospital, Khan Younis (3 July 2025)Reuters
Nasser hospital treated Palestinians men reportedly shot by Israeli forces while seeking aid

Last week, the IDF said it was examining reports of civilians being harmed while approaching sites in southern and central Gaza run by the US- and Israel-backed Gaza Humanitarian Foundation (GHF).

On Thursday, IDF spokesman Brig-Gen Effie Defrin acknowledged at a briefing that Israeli forces were facing a "complex challenge" and drawing "lessons from every incident to prevent similar cases in the future".

But he declared: "The reports of allegations of extensive casualties in the aid distribution centres are lies."

There have been reports of deadly incidents near the distribution sites almost every day since the GHF began operating on 26 May.

According to Gaza's health ministry, at least 408 people have been killed near GHF centres over the past five weeks. Another 175 people have been killed seeking aid elsewhere, including along routes used by UN aid convoys, it says.

The GHF, which uses US private security contractors, said "distribution at all sites ran smoothly" on Thursday and that it had now handed out more than one million boxes of food.

The GHF also rejected as "categorically false" allegations from a former security contractor, who told the BBC that he witnessed colleagues opening fire on civilians waiting for aid.

The UN and other aid groups refuse to co-operate with the GHF, saying its new system contravenes fundamental humanitarian principles.

The US and Israel say the GHF's system will prevent aid being stolen by Hamas.

The Israeli military launched a campaign in Gaza in response to Hamas's 7 October 2023 attack on Israel, in which about 1,200 people were killed and 251 others were taken hostage.

At least 57,130 people have been killed in Gaza since then, according to the territory's health ministry.

'Still holes in my game' - Draper on Wimbledon exit

'Still holes in my game' - Draper on Wimbledon exit

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'Why's he standing so far back?' - McEnroe's notes for Draper

  • Published

British number one Jack Draper says he was not "good enough" in a shock Wimbledon second-round exit, insisting a below-par performance was not because he felt increased pressure at this year's tournament.

Draper was seeded fourth at the All England Club, but lost 6-4 6-3 1-6 6-4 to 36-year-old Marin Cilic.

The 23-year-old was the highest seeded home player since Andy Murray defended the men's title in 2017.

In 2013, Murray, who retired last year, was the first British man to win Wimbledon in 77 years and added his second title three years later.

"It makes me think that Andy's achievement of what he did - winning here twice - [was] just unbelievable," Draper said.

"It's not the pressure. I wasn't going out there thinking I was under so much pressure. You [journalists] mention it all the time.

"I just didn't play good enough. I lost to a better player. That's the main reason. I just was not able to find the level I wanted. I came up short."

A stunning rise over the past year put Draper in the position of being a genuine Wimbledon contender.

In the space of a year, the Englishman has reached the US Open semi-finals, clinched the prestigious Indian Wells title and reached two other ATP Tour finals.

Having won a title on the Stuttgart grass last year, and reaching the Queen's semi-finals last month despite feeling unwell, many experts felt his game could translate on to the Wimbledon grass.

"I've been really disappointed with the way my game's been on the grass this year, in all honesty," Draper said.

"I really struggled on the grass. I felt great on the hard courts, felt great on the clay.

"I felt there weren't many holes in my game. As soon as I came on to the grass, I felt a big difference."

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'The older man making new memories' - Draper falls to veteran Cilic

The left-hander's serve and forehand were highlighted as the key weapons, but he was pushed deep in the court by 2017 runner-up Cilic and saw his game neutralised as the veteran rolled back the years.

"I think the hole in my forehand showed up, for sure," Draper said.

"I wasn't able to deal with his pace of ball into my forehand. I was over-spinning a lot.

"I think a lot of my success this year with my forehand, when I have more time, it's a lot easier for me because I can create the speed and the spin that I want, and the effectiveness of that.

"My movement could have been better. There's many areas of my game which I still really, really need to work on to be the player I want to be."

Awkward match-up for Draper - analysis

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Cilic 'took all of Draper's weapons away' - Woodbridge analysis

Todd Woodbridge, 1997 Wimbledon singles semi-finalist and nine-time doubles champion, on BBC TV

I didn't think there were any nerves from Jack Draper, I thought he handled himself well.

I just thought the match-up didn't go so well for him. It was an awkward match-up because the left-handed serve got into the beautiful ball-striking return of Cilic.

Cilic then got the ball back in deep and he was able to dictate with his forehand. He took all of Draper's weapons away and he [Draper] never really got the chance to dictate play on his terms.

If you were to go over all the stats, Draper didn't return well enough.

I felt he got a lot of balls back but they were centre-balls which allowed Cilic to dictate. When Cilic had second serves, he had to get on top of him in that department.

Draper was using his backhand too much and that isn't his weapon.

He didn't get around and use his forehand enough, so I don't think he mixed up his positioning enough to give himself an opportunity to build pressure on the Cilic serve.

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特朗普强力施压,美国众议院通过“大而美”法案

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特朗普强力施压,美国众议院通过“大而美”法案

MICHAEL GOLD, ROBERT JIMISON, MEGAN MINEIRO
在特朗普总统这项标志性国内政策法案的表决中,迈克·约翰逊议长没有多少余地,不能容许太多共和党人背离党派路线。
在特朗普总统这项标志性国内政策法案的表决中,迈克·约翰逊议长没有多少余地,不能容许太多共和党人背离党派路线。 Haiyun Jiang/The New York Times
周四,众议院以微弱多数通过了一项旨在延长减税政策并大幅削减社会保障项目的全面法案。经过数月混乱博弈,共和党终于克服党内深刻分歧,兑现了特朗普总统的国内议程。
最终投票结果是218票对214票,基本按党派划线,此前议长迈克·约翰逊度过了繁忙的一天一夜,努力平息党内阻力,这些阻力直到最后一刻都可能使总统的这项标志性立法泡汤。除了两人外的所有共和党人都投了赞成票,民主党人则一致反对,法案赶在特朗普要求的7月4日截止期限前完成了送交总统签署的流程。
这项立法延长了2017年颁布、原定于年底到期的减税措施,同时新增特朗普在竞选期间承诺的针对某些小费和加班工资的减税措施,总成本达4.5万亿美元。法案还增加了国防和边境安全拨款,同时削减了近1万亿美元的医疗补助,并进一步缩减贫困人口食品救济等政府援助。此外,它还将逐步取消前总统拜登任内通过的清洁能源税收抵免,该政策长期遭特朗普和保守派共和党人抨击。
法案中还包括将债务上限提高5万亿美元,尽管共和党通常不愿支持此类措施,但这对于避免今年晚些时候联邦政府违约是必要的。
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对于国会共和党人和特朗普来说,该法案的最终通过是一次重大胜利,预计他将迅速签署这项其所谓“大而美法案”。共和党议员们曾就这项立法发生激烈争执,但最终几乎一致支持它,唯恐允许增税和违抗总统带来的政治后果——他要求坚定的忠诚,并向他们施压,要求他们俯首听命。
“如果你支持边境安全、社区安定和强大军队,这项法案就是为你准备的,”约翰逊在最终投票前为法案造势时说道。“如果你秉持财政责任常识并致力削减赤字,这项法案就是为你准备的。如果你追求更公平的低税率、更丰厚的薪水、可负担的汽油和食品价格,以及重拾勤劳的尊严,这就是你的法案。”
但对共和党而言,这也是政治上的豪赌,它将使那些处于劣势的议员在明年的中期选举前容易受到猛烈攻击
许多经济学家估计,该法案的最大受益者将是最富有的美国人,他们将获得最慷慨的减税。无党派的国会预算办公室不久前预测因医疗补助削减(包括实施严格的工作要求),到2034年可能会有多达1180万人失去医保。
国会预算办公室在研究法案之前的版本时还警告说,新增工作要求的食品券福利将大幅缩水,数百万人恐丧失受益资格。与此同时,与共和党声称该法案削减赤字的说法相反,预算办公室报告称,这项措施将在未来十年内使已经飙升的国债至少再增加3.4万亿美元。
民调显示,该法案极不受欢迎。民主党人一致谴责这是通过削减关键政府项目来为富豪减税的举措。他们一再指责共和党人完全被特朗普操控,竟会支持伤害自己选区民众的法案。
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纽约州民主党众议员、少数党领袖哈基姆·杰弗里斯在众议院议事厅发表了一场慷慨激昂的总结演讲,持续了八个半小时以上,打破了众议院的演讲记录,并将最终投票推迟到下午。他猛烈抨击该法案是“令人作呕的可憎之物”,将伤害美国人民。
作为民主党对该法案的最后抵抗,杰弗里斯花费了大量时间阅读美国民众的证词,他们表示自己依赖医疗补助、补充营养援助计划和其他政府援助,并担心削减会颠覆他们的生活。他特意强调,有几封信来自居住在共和党国会选区的人,这些选区是民主党中期选举的重要目标。
“这项法案是对美利坚合众国民众、辛勤工作的美国纳税人的医保发起的全面攻击,”杰弗里斯说。“这些人本应是我们要支持、要努力帮助改善生活的对象。但现在,他们却成了这项立法的受害者。”
在长达数月、导致党内分歧的立法进程中,参众两院的共和党人也坦言对部分条款不满,在最终大多数人团结起来通过它之前,他们都曾批评该立法存在缺陷。
从周三至周四上午,在最终投票前的几个小时里,众议院一度陷入瘫痪,少数共和党人拒绝投票支持该法案。
特朗普周三一整天都在约见负隅顽抗的共和党议员,向他们施压,要求他们支持这项法案,更在社交媒体上发帖怒斥,对不听话的议员发出威胁。
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“让MAGA阵营失望将付出选票代价!!!”他写道。
最终约翰逊险胜收官——这是他又一次在重大立法遭遇党内阻力后,借助特朗普强力施压惊险取胜。
周二该法案在参议院以小得不能再小的优势勉强通过。但为争取支持所做的修改加剧了党内分裂——这种分歧始终困扰着希望推进特朗普议程的共和党。财政保守派要求更大幅度的削减以控制赤字,而那些席位面临风险的主流议员则对大幅削减受欢迎的政府项目持谨慎态度。
周四,共和党内部两个派系各有一人投下反对票:来自肯塔基州深红选区的财政鹰派托马斯·马西众议员,他曾痛斥该法案成本高昂;以及布莱恩·菲茨帕特里克众议员,他是来自宾夕法尼亚州郊区一个战场选区的温和派,该选区在2024年总统大选中被民主党赢得,他曾对医疗补助、补充营养援助计划和其他社会保障网的削减表示担忧。

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What’s the future for your Intel Mac?

From its first announcement of Apple silicon Macs on 22 June 2020, there has been speculation as to when support of Intel models will cease. Now Apple has given exceptionally clear details of its future intentions, and we have a clearer idea of what’s coming in macOS Tahoe, we can make plans at last. This article looks at the years ahead. In each case, major events are scheduled to occur with the annual transition of macOS to the next major version, normally in September-October.

2025

Final security update for macOS 13 Ventura, ending support for:

  • iMac 18,1-3
  • MacBook 10,1
  • MacBook Pro 14,1-3.

If you’re still running Ventura on a Mac capable of Sonoma or later, now is the time to plan the upgrade.

2026

Final security update for macOS 14 Sonoma, ending support for:

  • MacBook Air 8,1-2.

First release of an Arm-only version of macOS, 27. However, that and all its updates will continue to include full support for running Intel binaries using Rosetta 2 translation. macOS 27 will be the last major version that supports Rosetta 2 fully in Virtual Machines.

2027

Final security update for macOS 15 Sequoia, ending support for:

  • iMac 19,1-2
  • iMac Pro
  • Mac mini 8,1
  • MacBook Air 9,1
  • MacBook Pro 15,1-4 16,3.

First release of macOS 28, with full Rosetta 2 support removed. Limited Intel binary support will continue for “older unmaintained gaming titles” only. As a result, virtual machines running macOS 28 will no longer be able to run most Intel binaries.

2028

Final security update for macOS 26 Tahoe, ending support for all remaining Intel models:

  • iMac 20,1-2
  • Mac Pro 7,1
  • MacBook Pro 16,1-2 16,4.

T2 firmware updates are almost certain to cease with the end of support for macOS 26. Major third-party vendors are likely to stop providing Universal binaries, as they too drop support for macOS 26 and Intel models. Apple may decide to remove x86 support from Xcode 29, but hasn’t yet made any statement either way.

Benefits of upgrading macOS in Intel models

Although macOS Sequoia and Tahoe have brought some new features for Intel Macs, much of Apple’s emphasis now requires Arm systems. Major reasons for upgrading your Intel Mac to the most recent version of macOS it can run include:

  • Third-party support. Major software vendors like Microsoft normally only support their products on versions of macOS still supported by Apple.
  • Safari is only updated in supported versions of macOS.
  • Bug fixes. Although new versions bring their own bugs, the chances of an existing bug being fixed in the current release of macOS are far greater than it being fixed in an older version.
  • Security vulnerabilities. Only the current version of macOS gets a full set of fixes in each round of security updates, and the older two supported versions often lag the current one.
  • Enhancements. Some new features are still provided for both platforms.
  • Compatibility. If you already use Apple silicon Macs, or intend doing so, they are more compatible when running the same version of macOS. One topical example is Tahoe’s new ASIF disk image format.
  • Quantum-secure encryption. Apple has already started to transition to cryptographic techniques designed to remain secure as and when quantum computers are used in the future to break older methods. This started with iMessage last year, and Apple has announced that macOS 26 Tahoe will support quantum-secure encryption in TLS. This is unlikely to be added retrospectively to older versions of macOS.

I hope you find that helpful in your planning, and wish you success in whatever you choose.

主观感受: CLI 式的 AI 工具更适合开发者

xiaohupro:

使用了一下 Gemini CLI ,整体给我的感觉比 Cursor 这类带有界面的 AI 编程工具要好,这只是我的主观感受,大家可以讨论。因为我平时使用 terminal 会多一点,喜欢这种通过命令直接操作的感觉,例如我要临时针对一个文件进行修改、拓展的操作,我不想关闭现有的编程工具(当然了,可以一直使用 cursor 这样的工具,但是个人习惯不一样,可能习惯 idea 或者 vscode 等等),这时候这种 cli 方式的 AI 工具就很直接了,在终端中 @ 指定文件,然后直接告诉想怎么修改,然后在现有熟悉的编辑器中进行查看或者人为完善。而且 Gemini CLI 我还喜欢用的一个功能是直接 @ 一个文件,将它转为音频文件,这个很不错。 大家喜欢 cli 还是 gui ?

看论坛里讨论自助洗车,入坑自己开了一家

ghwolf007: 今年 4 月份换了新能源车,新鲜劲没过折腾洗车,刚好论坛里一个兄弟发了这篇 https://www.v2ex.com/t/1127028 ,我看评论里大部分都不太看好。


我就在想自己是不是也可以尝试开一家,看看到底这行还能不能赚钱。
说干就干,找场地,看加盟,研究设备,谈租赁,谈装修,折腾了一两个月终于入场开始装修了,预计月底开业。

跟我之前搞返利机器人一样,先让子弹飞一会,过完年再分享一下这个行业到底还能不能赚钱。

程序员,还在幻想那个开源乌托邦吗

karnaugh:

有感而发,大家可以当我在逼逼叨,也可以当我在分享一些自己的想法

但鉴于维护您的形象,还请别在本帖中阴阳


刚才看隔壁教赚钱的帖子,有人说"谁会把真正赚钱的方法公开?",但同时又有人在默默收藏;

转头又看到另一个帖子,有人喷某个项目不开源,说什么"技术应该共享",但另一边也有人在咔咔付费;

引发了我的思考,赚钱技术不是技术吗?

到底什么是开源?

两种答案

关于开源,问不同的人会得到两种截然不同的答案。

开源是程序员的理想国:代码应该自由流动,技术进步应该惠及所有人,我们应该用技术让世界变得更美好。

开源就是一种商业选择:所有的付出都有回报,只是回报的形式不同而已。

哪种对?

适用范围

其实都对,关键看适用范围。

就像科学一样,科学也不是万能的,但在适用范围内,它是相对的真理。

如果你是大学生,吃穿不愁,有大把时间,第一种认知完全没问题。那时候追求理想主义,很正常。

但如果你已经工作几年,知道钱多难赚,还不去了解这个世界的运转逻辑,还抱着第一种想法不放,那就有点...

商业逻辑

那些大公司为什么热衷开源?真的是为了情怀吗?

人才招聘、市场渗透、生态控制、成本分摊...每一个动机背后都有清晰的商业逻辑。

这没什么不好,商业和理想并不冲突。

更大的视角

当然,如果站在整个人类的层面看,第一种认知又变得有意义了。技术的积累确实需要某种"公共品"的属性。

但这不意味着个体就要无偿奉献。

问题来了:你到底是哪一种身份?

你是吃喝不愁也不用找工作的大学生?还是打算出来创业独立面对商业世界的极客?还是在公司体系内打工的程序员螺丝钉?

开源不是信仰,是工具。

不同的身份,不同的选择。别用不适合自己处境的理想主义给自己套枷锁。


AI 只会加速程序员水平的分化,而不能快速抹平了菜鸟和高手的差距

weixind:
  1. AI 本质上带来的是信息轰炸,能够降低新事物的学习成本,但是同时会降低深入学习的欲望。是否能够深入学习事物或者工具底层是菜鸟到高手的必经之路,信息轰炸会无形中拉高这个的门槛。

  2. 大家无形中忽略了 AI 本身的学习成本,cursor 等工具本质上还是和大模型对话,prompt 本身又没有科学意义上的最优解,导致"和大模型对话"的能力学习玄而又玄,越灵性的人掌握的速度越快。

  3. 从招聘市场来看,现阶段还是 human with AI VS human without AI 。市场上还是有挺多人对 AI 的使用和理解程度非常浅,仅处于 deepseek 简短对话的程度。

总而言之,AI 只会让我这样的菜鸟更菜,以前大佬还需要我打打下手,往后大佬只需要多跑几个 agent 。

加班打车的钱,项目经理给报销了,可背后说很多我闲话,该退给她吗?

greatcourt: 已经离职的同事负责的项目在上周六出了点问题,由于之前交接工作不清,所以在上周六我来回项目地点跑了 3 趟,打车费花了 300 元。当天给她说了金额,给报销了。然后从这周一到周五,跟我走的近的同事悄悄给我说,项目经理说现在看到我就压抑。。说后悔当初把我招进来。。。等等类似的话。。真实性我判断大概有 60%吧。。。 现在有点抑郁。是不是该把打车钱退给她?不想再听闲话了。。

做了个小插件,让你在 AI 思考的时候有点事做

sjtugzj:

等 AI 思考,就跟等电梯一样,时而需要很久,时而只要一会,但一样无聊。

自从用 o3 的频率提升后,我每天都要等很多次电梯。

于是就想做个插件 interlude ,缓解等待的无聊。

安装 interlude 后,在你使用 ChatGPT 或者 Deepseek 的时候,如果检测到 AI 在思考或生图,右下角就会自动弹出一个单词小卡片,你可以利用这一小会的时间学英语背单词,AI 思考结束后就会自动消失。

能学多少单词不知道,但肯定能缓解无聊。

https://chromewebstore.google.com/detail/interlude/oafhmpindfnaffeacgjohkkbpdbahgdn?authuser=0&hl=en

(在任意网站,手动点击扩展图标,也会出现小卡片)

周一才上线的网站,现在已经有日 1000+的流量了

37Y37:

时间线

周六:写文章时要配一张拼图,没找到合适的拼图工具,于是萌生了自己写个的想法

周日:从早上开始 Vibe Coding ,连续高强度对话了大几个小时,下午还陪老婆出去吃了个饭看了个电影,回来继续,直到凌晨第一个我满意的版本算是基本开发完

周一:添加了构建程序,申请了个新解析,算是正式上线了,顺便写了篇文章介绍了一下,收到了不少朋友的反馈

周二:修复了一些 BUG ,顺便增加了新功能,适配移动端、增加图片视区平移、增加了背景图片,优化了反馈的体验问题

周三:继续接收反馈,增加了新的功能,主要偏向于画布内编辑,可以添加文字、添加箭头,以及自定义边框,还上线了 Landing Page 介绍页,顺便也优化了下项目的 SEO ,接入了流量统计

周四:继续增加朋友们提到的新功能,照片缩放、鼠标/键盘控制、画布添加方框、圆圈,编辑功能拼长图模式同步支持,同时还优化了画布大小以及生成图片的清晰度有上线了个新版本

这个过程我每一天都有记录,如果感兴趣可以看看这几天的文章:

流量

昨天是接入流量统计完整的一天,看了下统计昨天已经有 1.29k 的访问量,十分惊喜

今天看访问量统计已经超过 500 了,特别开心,算是这段时间以来最高兴的事情了

工具

工具是纯免费的,甚至连登录都不需要,浏览器打开用完即走,纯前端实现,隐私安全

工具地址: https://img.ops-coffee.cn

期待朋友们的反馈和建议,感恩

❌