New programs cannot turn out the numbers needed to make up for the controller shortfall. But they hope to have a higher success rate than the Federal Aviation Agency’s official academy.

© Hiroko Masuike/The New York Times

China’s far-reaching rules already affect manufacturers of semiconductors, cars and many other products. They will soon become much broader.

Already suffering a 40 percent inflation rate and critical shortages of power and water, many in Iran expect conditions to get worse.