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英特尔想造一种很新的 AIPC

By: 肖钦鹏
9 October 2025 at 21:00

这两年提起英特尔,总是坏消息多,好消息少。但最近一个月,事情起了变化——

先是英伟达宣布投资英特尔 50 亿美元,并计划推出集成 RTX GPU 的 X86 SoC 产品,这让英特尔总算能缓口气,股价也来到了近一年的新高。

而更实质性的好消息是,英特尔寄予厚望的下一代处理器——首个 Intel 18A(约为 1.8nm 制程工艺)的计算平台 Panther Lake 终于展露真容。

在刚刚结束的英特尔 Tech Tour (ITT 2025) 活动上,爱范儿也在美国亚利桑那州的英特尔晶圆工厂,看到了首批搭载 Panther Lake 的工程机。

英特尔这次没有让人失望。

Panther Lake 来了:更快、更强、更省电

英特尔作为半导体工业 IDM 模式(Integrated Device Manufacturer)的代表,集芯片设计、制造、封装和销售等环节于一体,因此保持先进的制程对英特尔来说就尤为重要。

这也是为什么 Intel 18A 制程工艺的 Panther Lake 被寄予厚望——因为英特尔亟需证明自己的产品是先进的,而自己的工厂也具备先进制程的制造能力。

▲ Panther Lake 主板开发板

从目前的表现来看,Panther Lake 的表现还是可圈可点的,兼具 Lunar Lake 在低功耗方面的出色表现,和 Arrow Lake 的强劲性能:

相同功耗下,CPU 单线程性能提升 10% 以上(对比 Lunar Lake)

  • 相同功耗下,CPU 多线程性能提升超过50%(对比 Lunar Lake & Arrow Lake)
  • 待机功耗降低 30% (对比 Arrow Lake)
  • GPU 整体性能提升超过50% (对比 Lunar Lake & Arrow Lake)
  • 相同算力面积下,NPU 性能提升 40% (对比 Lunar Lake)
  • 支持最高 96GB 的 LPDDR5 内存和 128GB 的 DDR5 内存
  • 配备更好的图像处理单元 IPU 7.5
  • 有着更先进的连接性(支持 Wi-Fi 7 R2、蓝牙 6 以及雷雳 4、雷雳 5)
  • 支持更智能的电源管理系统

具体来讲,Panther Lake 将会有三个规格的产品推出,分别对应:

8 核 + 4 Xe³-core,面向主流价位的轻薄本

16 核 + 4 Xe³-core,面向搭载独显的游戏本

16 核 + 12 Xe³-core,面向旗舰级的高性能轻薄本

▲ 三种不同规格的 Panther Lake 芯片

这次 Panther Lake 的 E 核采用了 DarkMont 的新架构,尤其大幅强化了 LPE 核的性能,使其能够参与到日常负载当中,配合 8MB L3 缓存和 Memory-Side Cache 架构,在保持低功耗的同时大幅提升了性能。

而新的 Xe³ GPU 和 XeSS 多帧合成技术,则带来了有史以来最强的英特尔核显,最多搭载 12 核 Xe³ GPU 的 Panther Lake 处理器,算力高达 120 TOPS,配合 XeSS 的帧生成技术,可以有媲美中端独立显卡的游戏表现——用轻薄本跑 120 帧的《三角洲行动》,不再是痴人说梦。

▲ Panther Lake 核显高帧数运行 3A FPS 游戏

值得一提的是,Panther Lake 也为 AI 的应用场景做足了准备。

新的 NPU 5 单位面积的性能提升超过 40%,总算力达到 50 TOPS,并且支持 FP8 的精度——这意味着,在保持精度的前提下,推理性能可以大幅提升,而功耗显著降低,配合更大的带宽升级,本地大模型也能有相当不错的可用性。

可以说,Panther Lake 满足了我们对于一个「先进」 X86 平台的所有想象——能打游戏,也能跑 AI,功耗能低得下去,性能也提得上来。

▲ Panther Lake 开发机,可以看到不同的尺寸规格差异

英特尔想造一种很新的 AIPC

在 2025 年之前,几乎所有 PC 厂商谈到 AI 时,都是在既有架构上塞进一个 NPU,然后再把微软 Copilot 的落地体验包装为「AI PC」。

但如今的英特尔不想这么干。

与上一代平台相比,Panther Lake 算是真正贯彻了 XPU 的理念—— CPU、GPU、NPU、IPU 是相互协调、资源共享的,因此,Panther Lake 总算力达到了 180 TOPS,而且可以将最多 86% 的内存调给显存,这意味着在 AI 能力方面,Panther Lake 较之前有长足的进步,作为 AIPC 能做的事情也变多了,英特尔称之为 Agentic AI。

所谓「Agentic AI」,并不是传统意义上的语音助手或者问答机器人。它背后的逻辑是:AI 从最初的感知世界(识别、检测、语音理解),再到增强(去噪、分割、画质提升),接着生成(文本、图像、代码输出),如今,已经走到了能够推理、规划和执行的阶段。

在现场的 demo 中,我们看到搭载 Panther Lake 的 PC 可以跑一个 30B 的Qwen 大模型,与此同时还能腾挪出足够多的内存,来容纳较长的上下文,从而实现一系列的复杂操作:

当用户输入一句话——比如「帮我为英特尔生成一份紫色主题的 AIPC 市场分析 PPT」——PC 内部的智能体会分析任务,自动调用专门的 SlidesMaker Agent(现场演示的是来自中国珠海的 ChatPPT),通过 ChatPPT 工具在云端生成文档后,在浏览器里打开预览。整个过程中,用户并不需要逐步操作,而是让 PC 像一个真正的代理人一样完成任务。

这就对上下文容量提出了更高的要求,也是 Panther Lake 重点攻克的一项能力。

我们在现场还见到一个关于 AI 编程的演示:「生成一个飞船射击小球的游戏」——

在默认情况下,PC 只能调用有限的显存来写代码,这样写出来的代码质量自然也就一般,虽然能把游戏的框架搭出来,但飞船只能执行直线射击的动作,而小球都是同一个尺寸一动不动的。

但由于 Panther Lake 能够轻易地将内存转换为显存,因此当为大模型分配足够多的显存时,同一套提示词写出来的代码质量也大有不同——这次,飞船能够遵循一定的规律移动并射击,而小球也有了大小不一的尺寸,且具备一定的行动逻辑,整个游戏马上就活灵活现了起来。

显然,英特尔也注意到,光有强劲的算力能够跑一个大尺寸模型,但缺乏足够多的内存容纳充足的上下文时,AIPC 并不能带来很好的体验。

只有两两结合,找到一个算力与内存的平衡点,才能相得益彰。

也正是基于这样的理念,让 Panther Lake 在交通、医疗甚至具身智能方面,相比无法更换内存、空有 NPU 算力的 Lunar Lake,能有更为出色的表现。

▲ 由 Panther Lake 驱动的具身智能机器人

在爱范儿看来,英特尔实际上是在造一种「很新的 AIPC」,这不只是又一次性能迭代,而是一种角色转变。

在 XPU 的加持下,AIPC 具备更好的泛用性能,很多情况下不再只是用户驱动的工具,而是逐渐具备了主动解决问题、协作执行任务的能力。某种意义上,这是继图形加速、联网化之后,PC 平台的又一次身份升级。

未来,当用户面对设备时,输入的可能不再是操作指令,而是一种意图;而 PC 响应的,也不只是一个结果,而是一整套被执行过的流程。

对英特尔而言,这正是它想象中的 AIPC 时代。

要有先进制程,也要能先进制造

作为 Panther Lake 的实机首秀,展现出来的结果还是令人期待的,但更值得关注的,是其背后的英特尔先进制程制造能力。

在过去几年里,英特尔一直在吃制程落后的亏,由于自家的晶圆厂没法满足工艺需求,部分芯片还需要友商代工——这显然不是什么好现象。

好在,在 2nm 制程的关键节点,英特尔追上来了。

▲ Intel 18A 晶圆

在 ITT 2025 上,英特尔再次强调,亚利桑那州的 Fab 52 工厂将在 2025 年进入 Intel 18A 制程的高产阶段(High-Volume Manufacturing,HVM),而俄勒冈的工厂也将于 2026 年投入大规模量产——这是全球首个在量产阶段同时采用 RibbonFET 晶体管和 PowerVia 背面供电两项技术的制程节点。

RibbonFET 解决了晶体管继续缩小时面临的漏电流问题;PowerVia 则改变了 60 年来电源线和信号线混在芯片正面的设计。相比 Intel 3 制程,Intel 18A 的能耗比上最高提升 15%,密度提升 30%。

 

伴随 18A 制程进入 HVM 而来的,是首批基于这一先进制程的产品:面向 PC 市场的 Panther Lake,以及面向数据中心的 Clearwater Forest。它们计划在 2025 年末量产,Panther Lake 预计 2026 年初进入市场,Clearwater Forest 则计划在 2026 年推出。

在封装方面,英特尔则展现出世界级的领先—— Panther Lake 采用 Foveros 技术(已量产 6 年,出货约 1 亿颗),而 Clearwater Forest 采用更先进的方案:EMIB(约 45 微米 pitch)+ Foveros Direct(约 9 微米铜对铜混合键合,相当于把两个比发丝还要细几十倍的元器件对齐)。Clearwater Forest 将是首批采用 Foveros Direct 技术的产品之一。

为了保证良率,英特尔也在 18A 制程上用上了 Known Good Die(已知良品)测试流程—— Panther Lake 和 Clearwater Forest 都采用了这项技术。

在 chiplet 和异构集成大行其道的今天,在 die 级别完成测试,筛选出良品后再封装,能够有效降低成本和并提升良率。

对 Intel Foundry 代工业务来说,Intel 18A 不光是扳回产品口碑的豪赌,也是重要的先进制造技术展示。从逻辑工艺到先进封装,英特尔提供的是一站式服务。

▲ 英特尔位于美国亚利桑那州的芯片工厂

根据英特尔透露的信息,当前 18A 的良率水平与上一代重大工艺转变时的 Meteor Lake 相当,可以说是对产能爬坡相当有信心了。

Intel 18A 倘若能顺利落成,英特尔赖以为生的 IDM 模式,也就能再转起来了。

▲ Intel 18A 的生产设备

尽管英特尔背靠着 AIPC 的大旗,仍不容有失——实际上,以芯片设计见长的 AMD、苹果、高通、英伟达,都会在 2026 年推出自己的芯片,而台积电、三星等晶圆厂的 2nm 制程产品也蓄势待发。

AI 席卷的算力狂潮仍在继续,并摧枯拉朽般地改变一切。

对于英特尔来说,最大的好消息是,先进制程已然准备就绪,先进制造的能力也已经就位。在 AI 浪潮的新一轮起跑线上,我开始期待英特尔能跑出个好成绩。

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Prepare to upgrade macOS

By: hoakley
11 September 2025 at 14:30

Apple has announced that macOS 26 Tahoe will be released on Monday 15 September, slightly earlier than had been speculated. Even if you’re not intending to upgrade to that, you might instead be looking at moving from Sonoma to Sequoia, or perhaps dragging your feet and considering Sonoma as it enters its final year of support. This article considers what you should do when preparing to upgrade macOS.

One of the surgeons I worked for in my first internship in hospital taught me an important lesson in life: when considering the outcome of anything that could go wrong, assume that it will go wrong, and prepare for that. When it actually works out better than you planned for, you can enjoy your success.

Emergencies

The worst case is that your Mac dies during the upgrade. Although that’s also the least likely, you need to think through your disaster plan. I ensure that all my most essential files and data are shared or copied up to iCloud so that I could get by for a day or three without that Mac. A recent full backup is also essential: if your Mac needs to go away to be resuscitated, one way or another that’s what you’ll be restoring from.

Upgrades do bring a tiny but significant risk of bricking your Mac in a way that only a full Restore will recover it. Although this can apply to Intel Macs with T2 chips if a T2 firmware update goes wrong, this is more the preserve of Apple silicon Macs. I’ve recently stepped through your options with full details here. Your first DFU Restore is daunting, but once you’ve done one, you’ll realise that they’re not that challenging if you have the right cable and DFU port. When you’ve restored firmware and macOS, you’ll then be restoring from that last backup, emphasising its importance.

In the days before the SSV, when there was only one boot volume and that could so readily be corrupted during upgrades, you also needed to have an emergency toolkit handy to repair an upgrade that went wrong. These days, the whole of the System in the SSV is either perfect, or macOS has to be reinstalled. Minor glitches are almost invariably corrected by restarting after the upgrade has completed, or starting up in Safe mode (remember on Apple silicon Macs that’s performed from Recovery).

Reverting macOS

The other possibility that you should plan for is beating a hasty retreat and reverting to an older version of macOS. Provided that you’re fully aware of the changes to the macOS interface brought in Tahoe, I think this is less likely for those upgrading from Sequoia, but if you’re skipping a version or two you could still find yourself unable to use a vital peripheral or one of your key apps, leaving you with reversion as your only option.

I’m sometimes asked by eternal optimists whether you can revert to your previous macOS simply by using its SSV snapshot. Sadly, snapshots are of no help: the only way back is to wipe and reinstall that macOS.

On Intel Macs, you’ll need to do this when booted from an external bootable installer, which doesn’t have to be on a USB ‘thumb’ drive, but does still require its own HFS+ volume to work. Apple explains this here, and Mr. Macintosh has links to all available installer apps.

Although you can do that with an Apple silicon Mac, if you have a second Mac and the right USB-C cable, it’s usually quicker and simpler to do this by restoring from the appropriate IPSW file in DFU mode, then restoring your files from your latest backup, as explained here. This is particularly valuable, as it also restores the original firmware, which may be the root of your problems. Unfortunately, that doesn’t seem possible with Intel Macs. Once their firmware has been upgraded, the user isn’t able to downgrade it.

Checklist

  • Check you’re prepared to use your disaster plan if needed.
  • Consider sharing and copying to iCloud to help you use another Mac or device temporarily.
  • Make a full backup immediately before starting the upgrade.
  • Restart, or start up in Safe mode, if the upgrade leaves your Mac with problems.
  • Reverting to an older macOS isn’t trivial, and will require you to restore from your backup.
  • Revert an Intel Mac using a bootable external installer.
  • Consider reverting an Apple silicon Mac by restoring it in DFU mode, using an older IPSW.

Whatever you choose to do, I wish you success, and hope that your preparations prove completely unnecessary.

Is your Mac’s firmware up to date?

By: hoakley
6 August 2025 at 14:30

By now your Mac should have the latest macOS update installed, and be running the current firmware. This article takes stock of where EFI, T2 and Apple silicon firmware are now, and where they’re heading with the forthcoming release of macOS 26 Tahoe in a month or two.

For many years, the only way your Mac will have its firmware updated is when macOS or one of its updates is installed on it. There is one significant exception to that, in Apple silicon Macs, whose firmware will be completely replaced when it’s put into DFU mode and restored from an IPSW file.

Each macOS update or full installer comes with the firmware current at the time Apple built it. So if your Mac is still running macOS 12.7.6 Monterey and has never installed any later version, it will have the firmware that came with that, such as iBoot 10151.140.19, or T2 version 2022.140.5.0.0 with iBridge 21.16.6074.0.0,0.

Note that firmware is updated whether macOS is installed or updated on the internal storage, or on an external disk. So if your Mac’s internal SSD is still running 12.7.6, but it has been used to update Ventura to 13.7.7 on an external SSD, then it will have the firmware brought in that version of Ventura, rather than that for Monterey. That doesn’t of course apply to macOS installed in any virtual machines, as they can’t update the host firmware.

Intel Macs without T2 chips

All these models appear to have reached the end of their EFI firmware updates, with the versions shown.
iMac:

  • iMac18,1 529.140.2.0.0
  • iMac18,3 529.140.2.0.0
  • iMac19,1 2075.100.3.0.3

MacBook:

  • MacBook10,1 529.140.2.0.0

MacBook Pro:

  • MacBookPro14,1 529.140.2.0.0
  • MacBookPro14,2 529.140.2.0.0
  • MacBookPro14,3 529.140.2.0.0

All those date from 23 June 2024, apart from that for the iMac19,1, whose latest firmware is from March 2025. Although the latter could still be updated in a security update to Sonoma or Sequoia, that now looks increasingly unlikely.

Intel Macs with T2 chips

The current EFI version is 2075.140.4.0.0 and iBridge is 22.16.16083.0.0,0, and those are likely to continue to be updated over the coming year. However, T2 models still running macOS Ventura are likely to stay there, unless Apple releases one final extra update. To ensure that your T2 Mac continues to get firmware updates, it now needs to be running Sonoma or later.

Apple silicon Macs

The current iBoot version is 11881.140.96, and that is sure to see a substantial update with the release of macOS 26.0, and in the simultaneous security updates for Sequoia and Sonoma. However, any Apple silicon Mac still running Ventura or earlier will be running an older version of iBoot that it can’t update, unless it installs or updates a more recent macOS in another boot volume group, such as on an external disk.

Apple Studio Display

Display firmware remains at version 17.0 (build 21A329) as it was when updated with macOS Sonoma nearly two years ago in September 2023. Although there’s no sign of any update with the beta-test versions of Tahoe, maybe it’s likely that this will be updated with macOS 26.0 and its associated security updates.

Check

The currently installed firmware version is displayed in System Information, by selecting the Hardware item at the top left. It’s also checked against the current version in SilentKnight. However, in recent Mac models with T2 or Apple silicon chips it’s most unlikely to differ from that brought with the latest version of macOS that Mac has installed or updated. Macs without T2 chips were less reliable, and some older models often failed to update when expected. Thankfully that’s now a problem of the past. If there’s one thing you should be able to trust it’s firmware updating.

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