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Today — 14 December 2025Main stream

Belarus Frees Prominent Political Prisoners as U.S. Lifts Some Trade Sanctions

The release of the prisoners, including a Nobel laureate and two opposition leaders, was part of a monthslong rapprochement between Washington and Minsk.

© Ints Kalnins/Reuters

Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya, a Belarusian opposition leader, welcoming Ales Bialiatski, a political activist released by Belarus, as he arrived Saturday at the U.S. Embassy in Vilnius, Lithuania.
Yesterday — 13 December 2025Main stream

为什么训练 Claude 要用欧陆哲学?模型背后的哲学家「解密」

By: Selina
13 December 2025 at 20:45

在硅谷争分夺秒的代码竞赛中,Anthropic 似乎是个异类。当其他大模型还在比拼算力和跑分时,Claude 的开发者们却在思考一个看似「虚无缥缈」的问题:如果一个用户跟 AI 谈论形而上学,AI 该不该用科学实证去反驳?

这个问题的答案,藏在 Claude 神秘的「系统提示词(System Prompt)」里,更源于一位特殊人物的思考——Amanda Askell,Anthropic 内部的哲学家。

用「大陆哲学」防止 AI 变成杠精

经常用 AI 的人都知道,大模型在与用户对话前,都会先阅读一段「系统提示词」,这个步骤不会对用户显示,而是模型的自动操作。这些提示词规定了模型的行为准则,很常见,不过在 Claude 的提示词中,竟要求模型参考「欧陆哲学(Continental Philosophy)」。

欧陆哲学是啥?为什么要在一个基于概率和统计的语言模型里,植入如此晦涩的人文概念?

先快速科普一下:在哲学界,长期存在着「英美分析哲学」与「欧陆哲学」的流派分野。分析哲学像一位严谨的科学家,注重逻辑分析、语言清晰和科学实证,这通常也是程序员、工程师乃至 AI 训练数据的默认思维模式——非黑即白,追求精确。

而欧陆哲学(Continental Philosophy,源于欧洲大陆,所以叫这个名字)则更像一位诗人或历史学家。它不执着于把世界拆解成冷冰冰的逻辑,而是关注「人类的生存体验」、「历史语境」和「意义的生成」。它承认在科学真理之外,还有一种关乎存在和精神的「真理」。

作为 Claude 性格与行为的塑造者,Anthropic 公司内部的「哲学家」Amanda Askell 谈到了置入欧陆哲学的原因。她发现如果让模型过于强调「实证」和「科学」,它很容易变成一个缺乏共情的「杠精」。

「如果你跟 Claude 说:‘水是纯粹的能量,喷泉是生命的源泉’,你可能只是在表达一种世界观或进行哲学探索,」Amanda 解释道,「但如果没有特殊的引导,模型可能会一本正经地反驳你:‘不对,水是 H2O,不是能量。’」。

引入「大陆哲学」的目的,正是为了帮助 Claude 区分「对世界的实证主张」与「探索性或形而上学的视角」。通过这种提示,模型学会了在面对非科学话题时,不再机械地追求「事实正确」,而是能够进入用户的语境,进行更细腻、更具探索性的对话。

这只是一个例子,Claude 的系统提示词长达 14000token,里面包含了很多这方面的设计。在 Lex Fridman 的播客中 Amanda 提到过,她极力避免 Claude 陷入一种「权威陷阱」。她特意训练 Claude 在面对已定论的科学事实时(如气候变化)不搞「理中客」(both-sidesism),但在面对不确定的领域时,必须诚实地承认「我不知道」。这种设计哲学,是为了防止用户过度神话 AI,误以为它是一个全知全能的神谕者。

代码世界的异乡人

在一众工程师主导的 AI 领域,Amanda Askell 的背景显得格格不入,可她的工作和职责却又显得不可或缺。

翻开她的履历,你会发现她是一位货真价实的哲学博士。她在纽约大学(NYU)的博士论文研究的是极其硬核的「无限伦理学(Infinite Ethics)」——探讨在涉及无限数量的人或无限时间跨度时,伦理原则该如何计算。简单地说,在有无数种可能性的情况下,人会怎么做出道德决策。

这种对「极端长远影响」的思考习惯,被她带到了 AI 安全领域:如果我们现在制造的 AI 是未来超级智能的祖先,那么我们今天的微小决策,可能会在未来被无限放大。

在加入 Anthropic 之前,她曾在 OpenAI 的政策团队工作。如今在 Anthropic,她的工作被称为「大模型絮语者(LLM Whisperer)」,不断不断地跟模型对话,传闻说她是这个星球上和 Claude 对话次数最多的人类。

很多 AI 厂商都有这个岗位,Google 的 Gemini 也有自己的「絮语者」,但这个工作绝不只是坐在电脑前和模型唠嗑而已。Amanda 强调,这更像是一项「经验主义」的实验科学。她需要像心理学家一样,通过成千上万次的对话测试,去摸索模型的「脾气」和「形状」。她甚至在内部确认过一份被称为 「Soul Doc」(灵魂文档)的存在,那里面详细记录了 Claude 应有的性格特征。

不只是遵守规则

除了「大陆哲学」,Amanda 给 AI 带来的另一个重要哲学工具是「亚里士多德的美德伦理学(Virtue Ethics)」。

在传统的 AI 训练中(如 RLHF),工程师往往采用功利主义或规则导向的方法:做对了给奖励,做错了给惩罚。但 Amanda 认为这还不够。她在许多访问和网上都强调,她的目标不是训练一个只会死板遵守规则的机器,而是培养一个具有「良好品格(Character)」的实体。

「我们会问:在 Claude 的处境下,一个理想的人会如何行事?」Amanda 这样描述她的工作核心。

这就解释了为什么她如此关注模型的「心理健康」。在访谈中,她提到相比于稳重的 Claude 3 Opus,一些新模型因为在训练数据中读到了太多关于 AI 被批评、被淘汰的负面讨论,表现出了「不安全感」和「自我批评漩涡」。

如果 AI 仅仅是遵守规则,它可能会在规则的边缘试探;但如果它具备了「诚实」、「好奇」、「仁慈」等内在美德,它在面对未知情境时(例如面对「我会被关机吗」这种存在主义危机时),就能做出更符合人类价值观的判断,而不是陷入恐慌或欺骗。

这是不是一种把技术「拟人化」的做法?算得上是,但这种关注并非多余。正如她在播客中所言,她最担心的不是 AI 产生意识,而是 AI 假装有意识,从而操纵人类情感。因此,她刻意训练 Claude 诚实地承认自己没有感觉、记忆或自我意识——这种「诚实」,正是她为 AI 注入的第一项核心美德。

Amanda 在访谈结束时,提到了她最近阅读的书——本杰明·拉巴图特的《当我们不再理解世界》。这本书由五篇短篇小说组成,讲述了「毒气战」的发明者弗里茨·哈伯、「黑洞理论」的提出者卡尔·史瓦西、得了肺结核的埃尔温·薛定谔以及天才物理学家沃纳·海森堡等一大批科学巨匠,如何创造出了对人类有巨大价值的知识与工具,却同时也眼看着人类用于作恶。

这或许是当下时代最精准的注脚:随着 AI 展现出某种超越人类认知的,我们熟悉的现实感正在瓦解,旧有的科学范式已不足以解释一切。

在这种眩晕中,Amanda Askell 的工作本身,就是一个巨大的隐喻。她向我们证明,当算力逼近极限,伦理与道德的问题就会浮上水面,或早或晚。

作为一名研究「无限伦理学」的博士,Amanda 深知每一个微小的行动,都有可能在无限的时间中,逐渐演变成巨大的风暴。这也是为什么,她会把艰深的道德理论,糅合进一一行提示词,又小心翼翼地用伦理去呵护一个都没有心跳的大语言模型。

这看起来好像是杞人忧天,但正如她所警示的:AI 不仅是工具,更是人类的一面镜子。在技术狂飙突进、我们逐渐「不再理解世界」的时刻,这种来自哲学的审慎,或许是我们在面对未知的技术演化时,所能做出的最及时的努力。

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Before yesterdayMain stream

Disney Agrees to Bring Its Characters to OpenAI’s Sora Videos

12 December 2025 at 03:40
The deal is a watershed for Hollywood, which has been trying to sort through the possible harms and upsides of generative artificial intelligence.

© Philip Cheung for The New York Times

Disney is the first major Hollywood company to license content to an A.I. platform.

Fog on the Thames 1900-1926

By: hoakley
7 December 2025 at 20:30

Claude Monet had first visited London as he sought refuge from the Franco-Prussian War in 1870-71, when he painted one of the early impressions of the River Thames in mist, shown in yesterday’s article. He was to return just before the end of the century, when his fortunes had changed and he could afford to travel in search of motifs. Where better than the River Thames for the optical effects of mist, fog and smog?

Monet had started painting formal series during the 1880s, when he was enjoying commercial success at last. From about 1896, almost all his works were part of a series. He started travelling through Europe in search of suitable motifs for these, visiting Norway in 1895, and later Venice. When he returned to London in 1899, and in the following two years, Monet chose a different view of the Palace of Westminster, from a location at the opposite end of Westminster Bridge, for his series of 19 paintings. These were all started from the second floor of the Administrative Block at the northern end of the old Saint Thomas’s Hospital on the ‘south’ bank, and completed over the following three or four years.

Claude Monet (1840–1926), The Houses of Parliament, Sunlight Effect (1903), oil on canvas, 81.3 × 92.1 cm, Brooklyn Museum, New York, NY. Wikimedia Commons.
Claude Monet (1840–1926), The Houses of Parliament, Sunlight Effect (1903), oil on canvas, 81.3 × 92.1 cm, Brooklyn Museum, New York, NY. Wikimedia Commons.

His The Houses of Parliament, Sunlight Effect (1903) is more radical than his painting of thirty years earlier, showing little more than the Palace in silhouette, the sun low in the sky, and its broken reflections in the water.

Claude Monet (1840–1926), The Houses of Parliament, Sunset (1903), oil on canvas, 81.3 × 92.5 cm, The National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC. Wikimedia Commons.
Claude Monet (1840–1926), The Houses of Parliament, Sunset (1903), oil on canvas, 81.3 × 92.5 cm, The National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC. Wikimedia Commons.

The Houses of Parliament, Sunset (1903) shows the same view in better visibility, but with the sun setting and a small boat on the move in front of the Palace.

monetwaterloobridgefog
Claude Monet (1840–1926, Waterloo Bridge. Effect of Fog (1903), oil on canvas, 65.3 x 101 cm, Hermitage Museum Государственный Эрмитаж, Saint Petersburg, Russia. Wikimedia Commons.

Monet’s Waterloo Bridge from 1903 is the ultimate conclusion of his paintings of fog, in which only the softest of forms resolve in its pale purple and blue vagueness, his common destination with the paintings of Turner over fifty years earlier.

Claude Monet (1840–1926), The Houses of Parliament, Stormy Sky (1904), oil on canvas, 81.5 × 92 cm, Palais des Beaux-Arts de Lille, Lille. Wikimedia Commons.
Claude Monet (1840–1926), The Houses of Parliament, Stormy Sky (1904), oil on canvas, 81.5 × 92 cm, Palais des Beaux-Arts de Lille, Lille. Wikimedia Commons.

In The Houses of Parliament, Stormy Sky (1904) the sun is higher and further to the south, allowing Monet to balance the silhouette of the Palace with its shadow cast on the water, and the brightness in the sky with its fragmented reflections.

lesidanerstpaulsfromriver
Henri Le Sidaner (1862–1939), St. Paul’s from the River: Morning Sun in Winter (1906-07), oil on canvas, 90 x 116 cm, Walker Art Gallery, Liverpool, England. Wikimedia Commons.

Henri Le Sidaner also visited Britain on several occasions, and in 1906-07 painted this view of St. Paul’s from the River: Morning Sun in Winter, which may have been inspired by Monet’s series paintings of Rouen Cathedral, here expressed using his own distinctive marks.

Émile Claus, (Sunset over Waterloo Bridge) (1916), oil on canvas, dimensions not known, location not known. WikiArt.
Émile Claus (1849-1924), (Sunset over Waterloo Bridge) (1916), oil on canvas, dimensions not known, location not known. WikiArt.

Emile Claus’s Sunset over Waterloo Bridge (1916) was painted from a location on the north bank of the Thames slightly to the east of Waterloo Bridge, the north end of which is prominent, and looks south-west into the setting sun, up river. Claus painted several views of Waterloo Bridge while he was in London, but doesn’t appear to have attempted any formal series, such as Monet’s.

Claus isn’t formulaic in his treatment. He uses billowing clouds of steam and smoke to great effect, and his inclusion of the road, trees and terraces in the foreground, on the Embankment, provides useful contrast with the crisp arches of the bridge, and the vaguer silhouettes in the distance. Like Monet’s series, this was probably painted from a temporary studio inside a building.

clausthamesreflection
Emile Claus (1849–1924), Morning Reflection on the Thames in London (1918), oil on canvas, 72 x 92 cm, Museum voor Schone Kunsten, Ghent, Belgium. Wikimedia Commons.

Claus’s Morning Reflection on the Thames in London, from 1918, is a view over the Embankment and river that’s desaturated and made vaguer by fog.

urylondonfog
Lesser Ury (1861–1931), London in Fog (1926), oil on canvas, 67 x 97 cm, location not known. Wikimedia Commons.

My last example is another view over the River Thames, this time by Lesser Ury. London in Fog from 1926 doesn’t appear to be a nocturne, but looks at the effects of fog on both lights and their reflections.

On 4 December 1952, a high pressure system settled over London. The wind fell away, and fog and smoke were trapped under a temperature inversion. The following day the whole of the city and an area totalling over one thousand square miles were blanketed in smog that remained until 9 December. It’s estimated that directly caused over ten thousand deaths. A succession of laws and a major campaign to eliminate open coal fires in London resulted in great improvement, although a decade later there was another lesser smog, perhaps the event I remember from my childhood. The beauty of those paintings can also be deadly.

The Tesla, The Future, The GE&GM

By: Steven
12 October 2024 at 00:27

Elon Musk 真是个讲故事的好手。

The future should look like the future.

虽然看着有些冰冷,虽然还有一段时间,但把这么激进的设计落地,真的令人佩服。

尤其那只手,和那辆大车。

我要收回之前的话,Tesla 不是下一个丰田,丰田太小了。

它更像「通用」,即是 GE,也是 GM。

读完一本不好看的书,但心里很舒坦

By: Steven
13 February 2024 at 19:04

在西西弗里偶遇这本书,随手翻了一下,被设定吸引了,就一下看了前九章。

二十三天后回到书店里把余下的二十二章看完了,满足的同时又觉得很失望。

满足的是,这个下午是我近一年来完整读完了一本书的时刻;失望的是,前半截一直吊着我胃口的摆渡世界的故事,最后居然演变成了俗气的爱情故事和死而复生的怪诞情节。我不喜欢这样的收尾。

但是,迪伦凭着自己的信念从死亡的世界回到人间这段路,这一路的勇气,是我愿意把第三颗星打上来的原因。书里的男女角色我都不怎么喜欢,无辜枉死的三十六岁女士也很莫名其妙,但对于此刻低气压的我而言,我喜欢迪伦一路冲过去的那份勇气和冒险的决心。

对多数人而言,读这本书是浪费时间。但我之所以感觉还行,是因为我太久没有体会到「完成」一件事时「结束」的那一刻了。哪怕这一刻并不欢欣鼓舞,但我完成了。

相对应的,前两天看完的两部片子,让我感到心里非常的舒坦。一个是贾玲的新电影《热辣滚烫YOLO》,另外一个是 Casey 最新的一条 vlog《Sisyphus and the Impossible Dream》。

一方面惊叹于贾玲真的一年瘦下来一百斤,练成了可以和职业拳击运动员打几下的状态;二来佩服于她为了实现这个目标所做的一切努力,一切向生活挥拳而做的事情。她不是瘦了,而是变了一个人,瘦下来只是一个副产品。

Casey 的 vlog 时间跨度长达 17 年。从大腿骨折,到跑进三小时以内,从二十来岁到四十多,一切的付出,就像西西弗斯一次次推石头上山,不仅过程令我震动,结果更是让我感受到了希望!

他俩是我 2024 年初的第一束光。

拆TA!Olympus EP2

28 December 2019 at 22:57

每年都拆一些东西,今年拆的比较少,今天拆一台相机。

奥林巴斯EP2是2009年上市的一台M43画幅相机,伴随了我好几年,像素只有1200w,画质以现在眼光来看,可以说惨不忍睹,不过影像就是这样,能记住的就是好的。

相机使用到后期因为被海水溅到过,所以有些生锈,今天拆解里面也有螺丝生锈了,液晶显示屏也坏了,但凑合还能用,去年搬家充电器也不知道放哪儿了,这样看TA具备了被拆的要素,拆吧。

https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/secure.notion-static.com/ea9f08ff-47da-4cfa-bffc-1b9a34ced91f/R0006439.jpg
M43传感器真小。
https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/secure.notion-static.com/aa081be1-2c4c-48c4-8a11-45aedd561d9e/R0006440.jpg
正面去掉金属外壳后
https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/secure.notion-static.com/355d4ef2-b363-4f66-9d9f-c7fc71c2cbdd/R0006441.jpg
主板、芯片
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快门
https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/secure.notion-static.com/0b740634-33b5-4eb8-9631-05a1ab9def19/R0006450.jpg
传感器
https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/secure.notion-static.com/73d33f5d-c5a1-44af-b09b-318b0fb17131/R0006457.jpg
部分配件
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2010年用这台相机拍的,镜头是奥林巴斯17mm的镜头,镜头找不到了,可能是卖掉了。
https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/secure.notion-static.com/0432434f-5694-4157-aeaa-c0c9b63f6759/PA071389-2.jpg
这张相片是相机里留下来的最后未导出的相片,拍摄于2015年10月,镜头是一颗几十块钱的监控镜头。

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